预置裂隙试样的力学参数及其渗流特性试验研究
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摘要
摘要
近几十年来,随着我国经济大规模高速发展,对能源及资源的需求旺盛,导致国内的矿产资源出现逐渐减少的趋势。人们一直在寻求一切可开发利用资源尤其加大了地质条件复杂矿产的开采。在水文地质条件不清楚的情况下进行开采,常常会导致矿井突水事件的发生。矿井突水一般是指矿井在正常生产中突然发生来势凶猛的涌水现象。突水可能来自底板、顶板、老采区、老窑、地表等,形成矿井突水的基本条件是水源和导水通道的存在,是否发生突水则取决于采动影响下水源与工作面之间是否形成贯通裂隙带及其渗透系数超过产生突水的阀值。为了更好地弄清岩体中裂隙的力学性能及其渗流和突水之间的相互关系,开展不同类型的节理裂隙对岩体渗流规律的影响研究具有重大的意义。
本文对预置裂隙的水泥砂浆试样进行了室内力学与渗流试验研究,在分析总结大量试验数据的基础上,根据断裂力学理论推导了非贯通节理的起裂公式及试件在剪切载荷作用下渗流系数的变化规律。主要研究成果如下：
(1)考虑不同结构面对岩体强度的影响,通过试验验证了不同倾角的预置节理与岩石剪切强度的关系。并以断裂力学为基础,推导出了预置裂隙试样在裂纹扩展时的初始强度。
(2)设计制作了多组含不同尺寸裂隙的试样,并对每组试样进行了力学参数测试,得出了裂隙面与主应力成一定角度时,在不同连通率条件下初裂强度的变化规律。
(3)以立方定律为基础,在假设裂隙表面为光滑表面的同时,推导出轴向流情况下不稳定渗流系数公式,为研究裂隙渗流特性奠定了基础。
(4)对不同试样组的试件按最大剪切初裂强度的不同比率进行加载和卸载,然后进行渗流试验,从而得出节理等效水力隙宽、水力梯度以及与在裂隙扩展后的渗透系数之间的相互关系。
In recent decades, with the large-scale and high-speed development of China's economy, demands for energy and resources in industries increase day by day, which results in a gradual decreasing trend of domestic mineral resources. People always are in the search for utilization of all available resources; especially they have increased the exploitation of complex geological conditions of mineral. However, in the case of unclear Hydro geological conditions, exploitation usually leads to a large number of mine water inrush incidents.
Mine inrush water generally refers to ferocious water gushing phenomenon which suddenly happens to the coal mine during the normal exploitation, and it maybe comes from floor, roof, old mining areas, the old gob, surface and so on. The basic condition of mine inrush water is that there are water sources and the presence of hydraulic channel, whether inrush water will happen depends on whether the fractured zone between the water sources and the workface is formed in the influence of mining, and whether its permeability coefficient is over the threshold when inrush water is produced. In order to understand the relationship between the mechanical properties, seepage of fractured rock mass and inrush water better, studies about the influence on regular pattern of rock seepage from different types of jointed impact are carried out and they will make a lot of significance.
In this paper, based on analyzing and summarizing a large number of test data, pre-crack of the cement mortar specimens were researched through lab mechanics and seepage test, according to fracture mechanics theory, the discontinuous joints'crack formula and the test specimen in the shear loads seepage coefficient of variation was deduced.
Main findings are as follows:
(1) Different structural plane impact on the strength of rock is considered, verified by experiment of the relationship between different inclination of pre-crack and rock shear strength. Based on the fracture mechanics, the initial strength of pre-crack specimen is derived when crack propagation occurs.
(2) Design and produce multiple set of specimens containing different size of cracks, and each sample of mechanical parameters were tested, obtained with the variation discipline of initial strength when fracture surface and main stress at a fixed angle and at different rates of connectivity.
(3) Based on cubic law, and assume the fracture surface is a smooth surface, derived the unstable flow of seepage coefficient formula in axial flow, which for the studying of the fracture seepage characteristics.
(4) Maximum shear strength of the different rates were applied to crack-loaded and unloaded which in different groups of specimens, then seepage test was taken to achieve the joints of hydraulic effective aperture, hydraulic gradient and the crack expanded permeability coefficient of the mutual relations.
近几十年来,随着我国经济大规模高速发展,对能源及资源的需求旺盛,导致国内的矿产资源出现逐渐减少的趋势。人们一直在寻求一切可开发利用资源尤其加大了地质条件复杂矿产的开采。在水文地质条件不清楚的情况下进行开采,常常会导致矿井突水事件的发生。矿井突水一般是指矿井在正常生产中突然发生来势凶猛的涌水现象。突水可能来自底板、顶板、老采区、老窑、地表等,形成矿井突水的基本条件是水源和导水通道的存在,是否发生突水则取决于采动影响下水源与工作面之间是否形成贯通裂隙带及其渗透系数超过产生突水的阀值。为了更好地弄清岩体中裂隙的力学性能及其渗流和突水之间的相互关系,开展不同类型的节理裂隙对岩体渗流规律的影响研究具有重大的意义。
本文对预置裂隙的水泥砂浆试样进行了室内力学与渗流试验研究,在分析总结大量试验数据的基础上,根据断裂力学理论推导了非贯通节理的起裂公式及试件在剪切载荷作用下渗流系数的变化规律。主要研究成果如下：
(1)考虑不同结构面对岩体强度的影响,通过试验验证了不同倾角的预置节理与岩石剪切强度的关系。并以断裂力学为基础,推导出了预置裂隙试样在裂纹扩展时的初始强度。
(2)设计制作了多组含不同尺寸裂隙的试样,并对每组试样进行了力学参数测试,得出了裂隙面与主应力成一定角度时,在不同连通率条件下初裂强度的变化规律。
(3)以立方定律为基础,在假设裂隙表面为光滑表面的同时,推导出轴向流情况下不稳定渗流系数公式,为研究裂隙渗流特性奠定了基础。
(4)对不同试样组的试件按最大剪切初裂强度的不同比率进行加载和卸载,然后进行渗流试验,从而得出节理等效水力隙宽、水力梯度以及与在裂隙扩展后的渗透系数之间的相互关系。
In recent decades, with the large-scale and high-speed development of China's economy, demands for energy and resources in industries increase day by day, which results in a gradual decreasing trend of domestic mineral resources. People always are in the search for utilization of all available resources; especially they have increased the exploitation of complex geological conditions of mineral. However, in the case of unclear Hydro geological conditions, exploitation usually leads to a large number of mine water inrush incidents.
Mine inrush water generally refers to ferocious water gushing phenomenon which suddenly happens to the coal mine during the normal exploitation, and it maybe comes from floor, roof, old mining areas, the old gob, surface and so on. The basic condition of mine inrush water is that there are water sources and the presence of hydraulic channel, whether inrush water will happen depends on whether the fractured zone between the water sources and the workface is formed in the influence of mining, and whether its permeability coefficient is over the threshold when inrush water is produced. In order to understand the relationship between the mechanical properties, seepage of fractured rock mass and inrush water better, studies about the influence on regular pattern of rock seepage from different types of jointed impact are carried out and they will make a lot of significance.
In this paper, based on analyzing and summarizing a large number of test data, pre-crack of the cement mortar specimens were researched through lab mechanics and seepage test, according to fracture mechanics theory, the discontinuous joints'crack formula and the test specimen in the shear loads seepage coefficient of variation was deduced.
Main findings are as follows:
(1) Different structural plane impact on the strength of rock is considered, verified by experiment of the relationship between different inclination of pre-crack and rock shear strength. Based on the fracture mechanics, the initial strength of pre-crack specimen is derived when crack propagation occurs.
(2) Design and produce multiple set of specimens containing different size of cracks, and each sample of mechanical parameters were tested, obtained with the variation discipline of initial strength when fracture surface and main stress at a fixed angle and at different rates of connectivity.
(3) Based on cubic law, and assume the fracture surface is a smooth surface, derived the unstable flow of seepage coefficient formula in axial flow, which for the studying of the fracture seepage characteristics.
(4) Maximum shear strength of the different rates were applied to crack-loaded and unloaded which in different groups of specimens, then seepage test was taken to achieve the joints of hydraulic effective aperture, hydraulic gradient and the crack expanded permeability coefficient of the mutual relations.
引文
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[3]夏才初.工程岩体节理力学[M].上海：同济大学出版社,2002
[4]刘远明,夏才初.非贯通节理岩体直剪试验研究进展,岩土力学,200728(8)：1719～1724
[5]Lajai E Z. Shear strength of weakness planes in rock[J]. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences,1969,6(7):499～515
[6]Lajai E Z. Strength of discontinuous rocks in direct shear [J]. Geotchnique, 1969,19(2):218～233
[7]朱维申,梁作元,冯光北,等.节理岩体强度特性的物理模拟及其强度预测分析[A].葛修润主编：计算机方法在岩石力学及工程中的应用国际学术讨论文集[C].武汉：武汉测绘科技大学出版社,1994.486～493
[8]梁作元,朱维申.压剪应力作用下含共而闭合节理岩石材料的剪切破坏准则探讨[A].中国青年学者岩土工程力学及其应用讨论会议论文集[C].朱维申编,北京：科学出版社,1994.470～474
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