玉米秸秆直接还田对土壤中氮素生物有效性的影响
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摘要
本研究采用15N标记氮肥和15N标记秸秆,在两种氮素水平土壤上进行盆栽试验,研究不同土壤氮素条件下,短期秸秆腐解过程中的N素固持及释放规律,明确秸秆中的氮素短期能否供给作物吸收利用。同时,考察了长期秸秆还田条件下(始于1981年),土壤氮素的变化趋势及生物再利用可行性,为华北平原的长期秸秆还田后的氮肥管理提供依据。
盆栽试验设置如下：1)不同土壤氮素水平的秸秆还田盆栽试验,对照(CK)、单施秸秆(9000kg/hm2,S)、中量氮肥处理(150kg/hm2,N1)、高量氮肥处理(300 kg/hm2,N2)、秸秆还田配施中量氮肥处理(N1S)和秸秆还田配施高量氮肥处理(N2S)；2)填埋秸秆分解的盆栽试验,填埋秸秆配施中量氮肥处理(N1S填埋)和填埋秸秆配施高量氮肥处理(N2S填埋)。
本研究主要结论如下：
1对小麦氮素来源分析得出,氮肥是成熟期小麦氮素的主要来源,且随着施氮量的增加而增加。中等氮肥用量(N1)条件下,高氮素土壤小麦60%以上的吸氮量来自于肥料氮,低氮素土壤则在68%以上；N2处理,高氮素土壤和低氮素土壤成熟期小麦都有75%以上的氮素由氮肥提供；秸秆则提供小麦吸氮量的8%～30%不等,且随着氮肥用量增加,秸秆氮素所占比例下降。单施秸秆(S)处理,秸秆氮素占低氮素土壤成熟期小麦吸氮量的30%,秸秆配施中量氮肥(N1S)处理,秸秆氮素占小麦吸氮量的10%,秸秆配施高量氮肥(N2S)处理,秸秆氮素占7.6%。
2随着施氮量增加,氮肥的作物回收率下降,土壤残留率也在下降,配施施秸秆后,氮肥作物回收率下降、土壤残留率增加。低氮素土壤N1处理,氮肥作物回收率为41.0%,氮肥残留率为16.9%；N2处理,氮肥作物回收率为34.6%,较N1下降了5.4个百分点,氮肥残留率下降为14.7%；与N1处理相比,N1S处理氮肥作物回收率下降15.7个百分点,残留率则增加15.3个百分点；与N2处理相比,N2S处理氮肥作物回收率下降12.4个百分点,残留率则增加12.2个百分点。高氮素土壤有相似规律。随着氮肥用量的增加,小麦对秸秆氮素利用增加。单施秸秆(S)处理,低氮素土壤小麦利用了秸秆氮素的4.2%,秸秆配施中量氮肥(N1S)小麦利用13.5%的秸秆氮素,秸秆配施高量氮肥(N2S)小麦利用秸秆氮素14.5%。高氮素土壤有相同趋势。
3施用氮肥和秸秆均增加土壤微生物氮的含量,秸秆配施氮肥处理的微生物氮含量大于单施秸秆和氮肥处理。低氮素土壤,返青期,单施秸秆的微生物氮为32.3 mg/kg,中量氮肥处理微生物氮为35.5 mg/kg,秸秆配施中量氮肥处理则为52 mg/kg。高氮素土壤有相同趋势。通过15N可以区分出微生物氮的来源状况。1)随着施氮量的增加,肥料氮所占微生物氮的比例也在增加。低氮素土壤,成熟期时N1处理有12%的微生物氮来源于氮肥,N2处理则有21%的微生物氮来源于氮肥,高氮素土壤也有相同趋势。2)随着施氮量增加,土壤微生物对秸秆的利用能力增加,同一氮肥水平下,高氮素土壤微生物对秸秆氮素利用程度大于低氮素土壤。单施秸秆(S)处理,返青期,低氮素土壤秸秆和高氮素土壤秸秆分别供应氮素22.5 mg/盆和35.5mg/盆,占施入秸秆氮素的11.1%和17.3%。秸秆配施氮肥后,前期微生物利用秸秆氮素有所增加。N1S处理,返青期,低氮素土壤秸秆和高氮素土壤秸秆分别供应了36.5mg/盆和43mg/盆的氮素,占施入秸秆氮素的17.7%和20.8%。3)土壤氮素是最大的微生物氮源,高氮素土壤供氮能力强于低氮素土壤。N1、N2处理,土壤氮素提供了微生物氮素的75%以上,且随着施氮量增加,土壤供应微生物氮素的量和比例均下降。秸秆配施氮肥没有降低土壤氮素对微生物的供应。高氮素土壤也有相同趋势。
4秸秆填埋实验表明,秸秆在分解的过程中,对土壤氮素和肥料氮素有固定-释放过程。填埋秸秆在苗期均表现出氮素净固定,在低氮素土壤中量和高量氮肥处理条件下分别固定11.3kg/hm2和20.3kg/hm2,而高氮素土壤为12.0 kg/hm2和22.7 kg/hm2；随后在各生育期氮素释放,成熟期时,低氮素土壤的填埋秸秆在中量氮肥和高量氮肥条件下分别净释放氮素17.5 kg/hm2和8.5 kg/hm2,占秸秆氮素施入量的33.3%和16.2%；而高氮素土壤填埋秸秆净释放氮素22.9kg/hm2和20.9 kg/hm2,占秸秆氮素施入量的43.6%和39.8%。
5利用华北潮土区长期秸秆还田试验的土壤全氮含量及和土壤微生物氮含量,结合华北潮土区小麦—玉米轮作体系下的氮肥用量调查结果和本论文的盆栽试验研究结果得出：华北潮土区施氮量150 kg/hm2时,秸秆全量还田条件下低氮素土壤可能造成作物减产,需要额外添加氮素；施氮量为300 kg/hm2时,秸秆全量还田不会导致作物减产。
This paper use nitrogen fertilizer and straw labeled by 15N separately to study 1) straw nitrogen mineralization at short time; 2) soil nitrogen and nitrogen bio-availability change under different straw and fertilizer application, then suggest nitrogen application advice
Pot experiments,1) straw return pot experiment under two different nitrogen soils, including CK, straw return only (S), middle nitrogenous fertilizer application(150kgN/hm2,Nl), high nitrogenous fertilizer application(300kgN/hm2,N2), straw return matched with middle nitrogen application (N1S), straw return matched with high nitrogen application (N2S); 2) straw decomposition pot experiment, including straw return matched with middle nitrogen application (N1S)、straw return matched with high nitrogen application (N2S). Two pot experiments answer the following questions lthe rule of straw-N mineralization and immobilation after straw return, and the utilization extent in a short time; 3) nitrogen change and nitrogen bio-availability after long-term straw return, then suggest nitrogen application advice. The main results are as follows:
1 15N tracing shows that:1) Fertilizer-N is the main source of wheat nitrogen accumulation in pot experiment. N1 treat, above 60% wheat nitrogen accumulation derive from nitrogen fertilizer in high nitrogen content soil, while above 68% in poor nitrogen content soil. N2 treat, above 75% nitrogen accumulation derive from fertilizer in two soils. Straw nitrogen offer 8%-30%, which decreased with nitrogen application adding. S treat, straw-N offered 30% of nitrogen accumulation, N1S, straw-N offered 10%, N2S,7.6%.
2 Pot experiment with 15N tracing showed that: N recovery for winter wheat and residual rate in soil decreased with nitrogen application increasing, while N recovery for winter wheat decreased and residual rate in soil increased when nitrogen fertilizer applied with straw. Poor nitrogen content soil, Nl treat, N recovery for winter wheat was 41.0%, residual rate in soil was 16.9%, Compared with N1 treat, N recovery of N2 treat decreased by 5.4percent, residual rate decreased by 2.2 percent.Compared with N1 treat, N recovery of N1S decreased by 15.7 percent. The utilization of straw-N increased with nitrogen application. S treat, wheat use 4.2% of straw-N, N1S,13.5%, while N2S,14.5%.
3 Nitrogen applications and straw return improved soil microbial biomass nitrogen (SMBN), and the content in high nitrogen soil is higher than that in poor nitrogen soil at the same fertilizer application and straw. S treat, MBN is 32.3mg/kg, N1 treat,35.5mg/kg, N1S 52mg/kg, in poor nitrogen soil. The trend in high nitrogen soil is the same. We can distinguish the source of SMBN by 15N tracing,15N tracing show that:1) fertilizer-N account fod more proportion with nitrogen level increasing. Mature period in poor nitrogen soil,12% SMBN derive from fertilizer-N in Nl treat,21% MBN derive from fertilizer-N in N2 treat.2) soil microbial biomass use more straw-N with nitrogen fertilizer level rising. Microbial biomass in high nitrogen soil use more straw-N than in poor nitrogen soil under the same nitrogen and straw condition. S treat, straw in poor and high nitrogen content soil provide 22.5mg and 35.5mg in returning green stage, account for 11.1% and 17.3%, respectively. When straw applied with middle nitrogen, straw provide 36.5mg and43mg in returning green stage, account for 17.7% and 20.7%, respectively.3) soil nitrogen is the main source of microbial biomass.the proportion decreases with nitrogen fertilizer application.N1 N2 treat, soil-N provide more than 75%.
4 Straw burying show that:buried straw adsorbed or immobiled and released nitrogen process, seedling stage, buried straw showed net immobilization, straw fixed 11.3kg/hm2 and 20.3kg/hm2 nitrogen under middle and high nitrogen application in poor nitrogen content soil, respectively, while fixed 12.0kg/hm2 and 22.7kg/hm2 in high nitrogen content soil, then released in the following developing period. Harvesting period, buried straw net mineralized 17.5kg/hm2 and 8.5kg/hm2,33.3% and 16.2% of the straw-nitrogen application, respectively, while net mineralized 22.9kg/hm2 and 20.9kg/hm2, accounting for 43.6% and 39.8% of the straw-N, respectively.
5 This paper choosed soil total nitrogen content and soil micrial bimass nitrogen as index to analyze soil after longterm straw return and nitrogen application, then conbined with nitrogen application in northchina and the results of pot experiment, we found soil need extra nitrogen application under straw return (9000kg/hm2) and middle nitrogen level (150kg/hm2) condition, and soil donot need more nitrogen fertilizer under straw return (9000kg/hm2) and high nitrogen level (300kg/hm2) condition
盆栽试验设置如下：1)不同土壤氮素水平的秸秆还田盆栽试验,对照(CK)、单施秸秆(9000kg/hm2,S)、中量氮肥处理(150kg/hm2,N1)、高量氮肥处理(300 kg/hm2,N2)、秸秆还田配施中量氮肥处理(N1S)和秸秆还田配施高量氮肥处理(N2S)；2)填埋秸秆分解的盆栽试验,填埋秸秆配施中量氮肥处理(N1S填埋)和填埋秸秆配施高量氮肥处理(N2S填埋)。
本研究主要结论如下：
1对小麦氮素来源分析得出,氮肥是成熟期小麦氮素的主要来源,且随着施氮量的增加而增加。中等氮肥用量(N1)条件下,高氮素土壤小麦60%以上的吸氮量来自于肥料氮,低氮素土壤则在68%以上；N2处理,高氮素土壤和低氮素土壤成熟期小麦都有75%以上的氮素由氮肥提供；秸秆则提供小麦吸氮量的8%～30%不等,且随着氮肥用量增加,秸秆氮素所占比例下降。单施秸秆(S)处理,秸秆氮素占低氮素土壤成熟期小麦吸氮量的30%,秸秆配施中量氮肥(N1S)处理,秸秆氮素占小麦吸氮量的10%,秸秆配施高量氮肥(N2S)处理,秸秆氮素占7.6%。
2随着施氮量增加,氮肥的作物回收率下降,土壤残留率也在下降,配施施秸秆后,氮肥作物回收率下降、土壤残留率增加。低氮素土壤N1处理,氮肥作物回收率为41.0%,氮肥残留率为16.9%；N2处理,氮肥作物回收率为34.6%,较N1下降了5.4个百分点,氮肥残留率下降为14.7%；与N1处理相比,N1S处理氮肥作物回收率下降15.7个百分点,残留率则增加15.3个百分点；与N2处理相比,N2S处理氮肥作物回收率下降12.4个百分点,残留率则增加12.2个百分点。高氮素土壤有相似规律。随着氮肥用量的增加,小麦对秸秆氮素利用增加。单施秸秆(S)处理,低氮素土壤小麦利用了秸秆氮素的4.2%,秸秆配施中量氮肥(N1S)小麦利用13.5%的秸秆氮素,秸秆配施高量氮肥(N2S)小麦利用秸秆氮素14.5%。高氮素土壤有相同趋势。
3施用氮肥和秸秆均增加土壤微生物氮的含量,秸秆配施氮肥处理的微生物氮含量大于单施秸秆和氮肥处理。低氮素土壤,返青期,单施秸秆的微生物氮为32.3 mg/kg,中量氮肥处理微生物氮为35.5 mg/kg,秸秆配施中量氮肥处理则为52 mg/kg。高氮素土壤有相同趋势。通过15N可以区分出微生物氮的来源状况。1)随着施氮量的增加,肥料氮所占微生物氮的比例也在增加。低氮素土壤,成熟期时N1处理有12%的微生物氮来源于氮肥,N2处理则有21%的微生物氮来源于氮肥,高氮素土壤也有相同趋势。2)随着施氮量增加,土壤微生物对秸秆的利用能力增加,同一氮肥水平下,高氮素土壤微生物对秸秆氮素利用程度大于低氮素土壤。单施秸秆(S)处理,返青期,低氮素土壤秸秆和高氮素土壤秸秆分别供应氮素22.5 mg/盆和35.5mg/盆,占施入秸秆氮素的11.1%和17.3%。秸秆配施氮肥后,前期微生物利用秸秆氮素有所增加。N1S处理,返青期,低氮素土壤秸秆和高氮素土壤秸秆分别供应了36.5mg/盆和43mg/盆的氮素,占施入秸秆氮素的17.7%和20.8%。3)土壤氮素是最大的微生物氮源,高氮素土壤供氮能力强于低氮素土壤。N1、N2处理,土壤氮素提供了微生物氮素的75%以上,且随着施氮量增加,土壤供应微生物氮素的量和比例均下降。秸秆配施氮肥没有降低土壤氮素对微生物的供应。高氮素土壤也有相同趋势。
4秸秆填埋实验表明,秸秆在分解的过程中,对土壤氮素和肥料氮素有固定-释放过程。填埋秸秆在苗期均表现出氮素净固定,在低氮素土壤中量和高量氮肥处理条件下分别固定11.3kg/hm2和20.3kg/hm2,而高氮素土壤为12.0 kg/hm2和22.7 kg/hm2；随后在各生育期氮素释放,成熟期时,低氮素土壤的填埋秸秆在中量氮肥和高量氮肥条件下分别净释放氮素17.5 kg/hm2和8.5 kg/hm2,占秸秆氮素施入量的33.3%和16.2%；而高氮素土壤填埋秸秆净释放氮素22.9kg/hm2和20.9 kg/hm2,占秸秆氮素施入量的43.6%和39.8%。
5利用华北潮土区长期秸秆还田试验的土壤全氮含量及和土壤微生物氮含量,结合华北潮土区小麦—玉米轮作体系下的氮肥用量调查结果和本论文的盆栽试验研究结果得出：华北潮土区施氮量150 kg/hm2时,秸秆全量还田条件下低氮素土壤可能造成作物减产,需要额外添加氮素；施氮量为300 kg/hm2时,秸秆全量还田不会导致作物减产。
This paper use nitrogen fertilizer and straw labeled by 15N separately to study 1) straw nitrogen mineralization at short time; 2) soil nitrogen and nitrogen bio-availability change under different straw and fertilizer application, then suggest nitrogen application advice
Pot experiments,1) straw return pot experiment under two different nitrogen soils, including CK, straw return only (S), middle nitrogenous fertilizer application(150kgN/hm2,Nl), high nitrogenous fertilizer application(300kgN/hm2,N2), straw return matched with middle nitrogen application (N1S), straw return matched with high nitrogen application (N2S); 2) straw decomposition pot experiment, including straw return matched with middle nitrogen application (N1S)、straw return matched with high nitrogen application (N2S). Two pot experiments answer the following questions lthe rule of straw-N mineralization and immobilation after straw return, and the utilization extent in a short time; 3) nitrogen change and nitrogen bio-availability after long-term straw return, then suggest nitrogen application advice. The main results are as follows:
1 15N tracing shows that:1) Fertilizer-N is the main source of wheat nitrogen accumulation in pot experiment. N1 treat, above 60% wheat nitrogen accumulation derive from nitrogen fertilizer in high nitrogen content soil, while above 68% in poor nitrogen content soil. N2 treat, above 75% nitrogen accumulation derive from fertilizer in two soils. Straw nitrogen offer 8%-30%, which decreased with nitrogen application adding. S treat, straw-N offered 30% of nitrogen accumulation, N1S, straw-N offered 10%, N2S,7.6%.
2 Pot experiment with 15N tracing showed that: N recovery for winter wheat and residual rate in soil decreased with nitrogen application increasing, while N recovery for winter wheat decreased and residual rate in soil increased when nitrogen fertilizer applied with straw. Poor nitrogen content soil, Nl treat, N recovery for winter wheat was 41.0%, residual rate in soil was 16.9%, Compared with N1 treat, N recovery of N2 treat decreased by 5.4percent, residual rate decreased by 2.2 percent.Compared with N1 treat, N recovery of N1S decreased by 15.7 percent. The utilization of straw-N increased with nitrogen application. S treat, wheat use 4.2% of straw-N, N1S,13.5%, while N2S,14.5%.
3 Nitrogen applications and straw return improved soil microbial biomass nitrogen (SMBN), and the content in high nitrogen soil is higher than that in poor nitrogen soil at the same fertilizer application and straw. S treat, MBN is 32.3mg/kg, N1 treat,35.5mg/kg, N1S 52mg/kg, in poor nitrogen soil. The trend in high nitrogen soil is the same. We can distinguish the source of SMBN by 15N tracing,15N tracing show that:1) fertilizer-N account fod more proportion with nitrogen level increasing. Mature period in poor nitrogen soil,12% SMBN derive from fertilizer-N in Nl treat,21% MBN derive from fertilizer-N in N2 treat.2) soil microbial biomass use more straw-N with nitrogen fertilizer level rising. Microbial biomass in high nitrogen soil use more straw-N than in poor nitrogen soil under the same nitrogen and straw condition. S treat, straw in poor and high nitrogen content soil provide 22.5mg and 35.5mg in returning green stage, account for 11.1% and 17.3%, respectively. When straw applied with middle nitrogen, straw provide 36.5mg and43mg in returning green stage, account for 17.7% and 20.7%, respectively.3) soil nitrogen is the main source of microbial biomass.the proportion decreases with nitrogen fertilizer application.N1 N2 treat, soil-N provide more than 75%.
4 Straw burying show that:buried straw adsorbed or immobiled and released nitrogen process, seedling stage, buried straw showed net immobilization, straw fixed 11.3kg/hm2 and 20.3kg/hm2 nitrogen under middle and high nitrogen application in poor nitrogen content soil, respectively, while fixed 12.0kg/hm2 and 22.7kg/hm2 in high nitrogen content soil, then released in the following developing period. Harvesting period, buried straw net mineralized 17.5kg/hm2 and 8.5kg/hm2,33.3% and 16.2% of the straw-nitrogen application, respectively, while net mineralized 22.9kg/hm2 and 20.9kg/hm2, accounting for 43.6% and 39.8% of the straw-N, respectively.
5 This paper choosed soil total nitrogen content and soil micrial bimass nitrogen as index to analyze soil after longterm straw return and nitrogen application, then conbined with nitrogen application in northchina and the results of pot experiment, we found soil need extra nitrogen application under straw return (9000kg/hm2) and middle nitrogen level (150kg/hm2) condition, and soil donot need more nitrogen fertilizer under straw return (9000kg/hm2) and high nitrogen level (300kg/hm2) condition
引文
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