震动图快速生成方法研究
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摘要
为了实施及时、有效的震后应急救援和工程抢修,人们必须首先了解地震的致灾程度和范围。借助于现有的地震监测台网,在短时间内获取地震的震级和和震中位置已不成问题。但是,地震造成的破坏并不是这两个参数的简单函数,需要更详细的信息(如地震烈度、地震动)才能合理估计。目前,国外许多国家和地区已经建立了地震动强度(烈度)速报系统,可以在地震发生后几分钟之内,快速估计地震动分布(也称为震动图)。本文着重研究美国震动图Shakemap快速生成的基本原理,并就其在我国的应用进行初步探讨。
首先,回顾了美国震动图研究、发展和应用的历程,对我国震动图的研究现状和应用情况进行了介绍,分析了在我国局部地区应用震动图系统的可行性。
其次,对震动图产出的基本原理和过程进行了详细的分析,对其产出过程中涉及到的衰减关系选择、场地条件考虑方法、无台地区地震动参数估计以及仪器烈度计算方法进行了讨论。
第三,本文选择汶川地震中得到的强震动观测数据,应用美国Shakemap震动图快速生成过程的基本方法,计算得到了汶川地震加速度等值线分布图以及仪器烈度图,并将其与其他学者的研究成果进行了比较。
同时,选择汶川地震强震动观测数据,应用几种烈度计算方法计算了各台站处的烈度,并与现场调查烈度进行了对比分析,给出了一种我国震动图生成系统可应用的烈度计算方法。
最后,本文应用H/V谱比法和汶川地震四川地区强震动观测数据,计算给出了四川地区场地放大系数等值线图和场地卓越频率等值线图。
When an earthquake occurred,in order to implement timely and effectively emergency rescue and repairing work,we must first understand the extent and scope of the earthquake hazard. With the existing seismic monitoring network, it is not a problem that we confirm the earthquake magnitude and epicenter location in a short time.However,the damage pattern is not a simple function of these two parameters alone,and more detailed information is necessary to properly evaluate the situation. Currently, Many foreign countries and regions have established a ground motion intensity quick report system .After the earthquake within few minutes, these system can quickly determines the groudmotion distribution caused by the earthquake(also called shakemaps). This article focuses on the United States Shakemap’s basic principles,and preliminarily study its application in our country.
First, This article reviews the Shakemap of research, development and application, and introduces shakemap Research and application in china, analyzes the feasibility of applicating Shakemap in our local area.
Second, This article analysis the basic principles and the processes of Shakemap in detail, and attenuation relationship,site conditions,the ground motion parameter’s estimation in non station areas and intensity calculation method involved in the process of selection is discussed.
Third, the research select the strong motion data that getting from Wenchuan earthquake.I applicate the basic method of Shakemap,and get the t earthquake acceleration contour maps and intensity distribution, and compare the results with other academic research results.
At the same time,I compute station intensity with kinds of methods using station records in WenChuan earthquake,and then compare the difference among these methods,and get which method we should use in our shakemap system.
Finally, This article applicate the H / V spectral ratio method, using the strong motion data getting from WenChuan earthquake in the region of Sichuan,and then get coefficient of Sichuan site effect contour map and the predominant frequency of site contour maps.
首先,回顾了美国震动图研究、发展和应用的历程,对我国震动图的研究现状和应用情况进行了介绍,分析了在我国局部地区应用震动图系统的可行性。
其次,对震动图产出的基本原理和过程进行了详细的分析,对其产出过程中涉及到的衰减关系选择、场地条件考虑方法、无台地区地震动参数估计以及仪器烈度计算方法进行了讨论。
第三,本文选择汶川地震中得到的强震动观测数据,应用美国Shakemap震动图快速生成过程的基本方法,计算得到了汶川地震加速度等值线分布图以及仪器烈度图,并将其与其他学者的研究成果进行了比较。
同时,选择汶川地震强震动观测数据,应用几种烈度计算方法计算了各台站处的烈度,并与现场调查烈度进行了对比分析,给出了一种我国震动图生成系统可应用的烈度计算方法。
最后,本文应用H/V谱比法和汶川地震四川地区强震动观测数据,计算给出了四川地区场地放大系数等值线图和场地卓越频率等值线图。
When an earthquake occurred,in order to implement timely and effectively emergency rescue and repairing work,we must first understand the extent and scope of the earthquake hazard. With the existing seismic monitoring network, it is not a problem that we confirm the earthquake magnitude and epicenter location in a short time.However,the damage pattern is not a simple function of these two parameters alone,and more detailed information is necessary to properly evaluate the situation. Currently, Many foreign countries and regions have established a ground motion intensity quick report system .After the earthquake within few minutes, these system can quickly determines the groudmotion distribution caused by the earthquake(also called shakemaps). This article focuses on the United States Shakemap’s basic principles,and preliminarily study its application in our country.
First, This article reviews the Shakemap of research, development and application, and introduces shakemap Research and application in china, analyzes the feasibility of applicating Shakemap in our local area.
Second, This article analysis the basic principles and the processes of Shakemap in detail, and attenuation relationship,site conditions,the ground motion parameter’s estimation in non station areas and intensity calculation method involved in the process of selection is discussed.
Third, the research select the strong motion data that getting from Wenchuan earthquake.I applicate the basic method of Shakemap,and get the t earthquake acceleration contour maps and intensity distribution, and compare the results with other academic research results.
At the same time,I compute station intensity with kinds of methods using station records in WenChuan earthquake,and then compare the difference among these methods,and get which method we should use in our shakemap system.
Finally, This article applicate the H / V spectral ratio method, using the strong motion data getting from WenChuan earthquake in the region of Sichuan,and then get coefficient of Sichuan site effect contour map and the predominant frequency of site contour maps.
引文
[1]陈会忠,侯燕燕,王东斌,泽仁志玛等.汶川地震综合参数处理与地震台网救灾作用研究[J].地震.2009,1(29):207-215.
[2]白世彪,陈晔,王建.等值线绘图软件surfer7.0中九种差值方法介绍[J].物探化探计算技术.2002,24(2):157-162.
[3]杜巧玲,吴秀芹,张淼.Mapinfo7中文版入门与提高[M].清华大学出版社.
[4]胡聿贤.地震工程学[M].地震出版社,2006.
[5]黄玉龙,郑斯华,刘杰等.广东地区地震动衰减和场地响应的研究[J].地球物理学报.2003,46(3):54-61.
[6]康兰池,金星.四川地区地震动峰值衰减规律研究[J].地震学报.2009,31(4):403-410.
[7]李山有,金星,陈先,马强.地震动强度与地震烈度速报研究[J].地震工程与工程震动.2002,22(6):1-7.
[8]李山有.强震动观测的应用[J].东北地震研究.2004,20(4):64-74.
[9]林淋.竖向地震动特征分析[D].中国地震局工程力学研究所硕士学位论文.
[10]李山有,金星,刘启方,孔戈.中国强震动观测展望[J].地震工程与工程震动.2003,23(2):1-7.
[11]廖士毅.台湾Shakemap震度之研究—以九二一集集地震序列为例[D].国立中央大学地球物理研究所硕士论文.
[12]李杭生,陈丹.频谱分析中窗函数的应用[J].微计算机信息.2008,24(4):117-121.
[13]卢大伟,李小军.我国强震动观测现状与发展趋势[J].山西地震.2008,3:40-43.
[14]欧阳行艳,章文波.利用强震记录进行场地反应分析研究综述[J].世界地震工程.2008,24(3).
[15]欧阳行艳,章文波,张有兵.利用集集地震余震记录分析场地地震动反应[J].中国科学研研究生院学报,2009,26(3): 373-382.
[16]苏有锦,刘杰,郑斯华.云南地区S波非弹性衰减Q值研究[J].地震学报.2006,28(2):206-212.
[17]孙其政,吴书贵.中国地震监测预报40年[M].地震出版社.
[18]王虎栓.地震烈度物理标准研究[J].中国地震.1994.10(3):197-205.
[19]温瑞智,周正华等.汶川强余震流动观测与典型余震记录分析[J].地震工程与工程震动.2009,22(5):13-19.
[20]许嘉峻.台北盆地的场址效应放大效应—谱比法应用于强震资料与理论分析的探讨[D].台湾国立中央大学地球物理研究所硕士论文.
[21]徐锡伟,闻学泽,叶建青,马宝起.汶川8.0级地震地表破裂带及其发震构造[J].地震地质.2008,3(30).
[22]于海英,王栋等.汶川8.0级地震强震动加速度记录的初步分析[J].地震工程与工程震动,2009,29(1):1-13.
[23]章文波,谢礼立,郭明珠.利用强震记录分析场地的地震反应[J].地震学报.2009,23(6):604-614.
[24]曾志雄,陈慧娴.如何使用Surfer8.0画等值线[J].广东气象.2006,3:64-65.
[25]朱荣欢,苏有锦.用H/V谱比法计算云南区域数字地震台站的场地响应[J].地震研究.2007,30(3):248-252.
[26]张勇,许力生,陈运泰.2008年汶川大地震震源机制的时空变化[J].地球物理学报.2009,2(52):379-389.
[27]泽仁志玛,陈会忠,何加勇.震动图快速生成系统研究[J].地球物理学报.2006,21 (3):809-813.
[28] Allen,T.I., and Wald, D.J., 2007, Topographic slope as a proxy for global seismic site conditions (VS30) and amplification around the globe: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report, 2007-1357.
[29] Aaron Moya and Kojiro Irikura. Estimation of Site Effects and Q Factor Using a Reference Event[J]. 2003,93(4):1730-1745.
[30] David M.Boore and William B.Joyner.Site Amplifications for Generic Rock Sites[J]. Bulletin of the Seismoligical Society of America.1997.87(2): 327-341.
[31] David J. Wald,Vincent Quitorriano,Thomas H. Heaton,Hiroo Kanamori. Relation between Peak Ground Acceleration,Peak Ground Velocity,and Modified Mercalli Intensity in California[J].Earthquake Spectra.Volume.1999,15(3):557-564.
[32] David J. Wald,Vincent Quitorriano,Thomas H. Heaton,Hiroo Kanamori.TriNet“Shakemaps”:Rapid Generation of Peak Ground Motion and Intensity Maps for Earthquakes in Southern California[J]. Earthquake Spectra. 1999,15(3).
[33] David Wald,Kuo-Wan Lin,Keith Porter,and Loren Turner.Shakecast:Automating and Improving the Use if ShakeMap for Post-Earthquake Decision-Making and Response[J]. Earthquake Spectra.Volume.2008,24(2): 533-553.
[34] David J.Wald ,Trevor I. Allen.Topographic Slope as a Proxy for Seismic Site Conditions and Amplification[J]. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America.2007,97(5):1379-1395.
[35] David J.Wald, Paul S. Earle, Kuo-Wan Lin, Vincent Quitoriano and Bruce Worden, Challenges in Rapid Ground Motion Estimation for the Prompt Assessment of Global UrbanEarthquakes[J]. Bull. Earthq. Res. Inst. Univ. Tokyo. 2006,81:273-281.
[36] David J. Wald, Bruce C. Worden, Vincent Quitoriano, and Kris L. Pankow ShakeMap Manual TECHNICAL MANUAL, USERS GUIDE, AND SOFTWARE GUIDE Version 1.0 6/19/06.
[37] Eric P. Chael. Spectral scaling of earthquakes in the miramichi region of new Brunswick[J].BSSA.,Vol.77,1987,2,pp.347-365.
[38] H.Steidl,Alexei G.tumarkin,and Ralph J.Archuleta.What Is a reference Site? [J] Bulletin of the Seismoligical Society of America.1996, 86(6):1733-1748.
[39] J. Palencia and Francisco Luzon. Estimation of local site effects during earthquake:an overview[J].ISET Journal of Earthquake Technology.2002,39(423): 167-193.
[40] Kuo Liang Wen,Tao Ming Chang,Che Min Lin,HslenJen Chiang.Identification of Nonlinear Site Response Using the H/V Spectral Ratio.[J]Method.Terr,atmos. Ocean. Sci., 2006,17(3):533-546.
[41] Kenneth W.Campell.Strong Motion Attenuation Relations:A ten-Years Perspective[J].Earthquake Spectra.1985,1(4).
[42] Liu Qifang and Li Xiaojun. Preliminary analysis of the hanning wall effect and velocity pulse of the 5.12 Wenchuan earthquake.Earthquake[J].Engineering and Engineering Vibration,2009,8:165-177.
[43] P. L. Bragato.Assessing Regional and Site-Dependent Variability of ground Motion for ShakeMap Implementation in Italy[J]. Bulletin of the Seismoligical Society of America., 2009,99(5): 2950-2960,.
[44] Trevor I. Allen,David J.Wald.Topographic Slope as a Proxy for Seismic Site-Conditions(V30) and amplification Around the Globe[R]. U.S.Geological Surver Open-File Report:2007-1357.
[45] Yih Min Wu,Tzay-Chyn Shin,and Chien-Hsin Chang.Near Real-Time Mapping of Peak Ground Acceleration and Peak Ground Velocity Following a Stong Earthquake[J].BSSA.,2001,95(5):1218-1228.
[46] Yih Min Wu,Nai Chi Hsiao,Ta Liang Teng,Tzay Chyn Shin.Near Real-Time Seismic Damage Assessment of the Rapid Reporting System [J]. TAO, 2002, 13(3):313-324.
[47] Trevor I.Allen,David J.Wald,Alicia J.Hotovec,Kuowan Lin,Paul S. Earle, and Kristin D.Marano,An Atlas of ShakeMaps for Selected Global Earthquakes[R]. U.S. Geological Survey.Open-File Report:2008-1236.
[48] Wang Dong,Xie Lili.Attenuation of peak ground accelerations from the great WenChuan earthqua[J].Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration, 2009, 8:179-188.
[2]白世彪,陈晔,王建.等值线绘图软件surfer7.0中九种差值方法介绍[J].物探化探计算技术.2002,24(2):157-162.
[3]杜巧玲,吴秀芹,张淼.Mapinfo7中文版入门与提高[M].清华大学出版社.
[4]胡聿贤.地震工程学[M].地震出版社,2006.
[5]黄玉龙,郑斯华,刘杰等.广东地区地震动衰减和场地响应的研究[J].地球物理学报.2003,46(3):54-61.
[6]康兰池,金星.四川地区地震动峰值衰减规律研究[J].地震学报.2009,31(4):403-410.
[7]李山有,金星,陈先,马强.地震动强度与地震烈度速报研究[J].地震工程与工程震动.2002,22(6):1-7.
[8]李山有.强震动观测的应用[J].东北地震研究.2004,20(4):64-74.
[9]林淋.竖向地震动特征分析[D].中国地震局工程力学研究所硕士学位论文.
[10]李山有,金星,刘启方,孔戈.中国强震动观测展望[J].地震工程与工程震动.2003,23(2):1-7.
[11]廖士毅.台湾Shakemap震度之研究—以九二一集集地震序列为例[D].国立中央大学地球物理研究所硕士论文.
[12]李杭生,陈丹.频谱分析中窗函数的应用[J].微计算机信息.2008,24(4):117-121.
[13]卢大伟,李小军.我国强震动观测现状与发展趋势[J].山西地震.2008,3:40-43.
[14]欧阳行艳,章文波.利用强震记录进行场地反应分析研究综述[J].世界地震工程.2008,24(3).
[15]欧阳行艳,章文波,张有兵.利用集集地震余震记录分析场地地震动反应[J].中国科学研研究生院学报,2009,26(3): 373-382.
[16]苏有锦,刘杰,郑斯华.云南地区S波非弹性衰减Q值研究[J].地震学报.2006,28(2):206-212.
[17]孙其政,吴书贵.中国地震监测预报40年[M].地震出版社.
[18]王虎栓.地震烈度物理标准研究[J].中国地震.1994.10(3):197-205.
[19]温瑞智,周正华等.汶川强余震流动观测与典型余震记录分析[J].地震工程与工程震动.2009,22(5):13-19.
[20]许嘉峻.台北盆地的场址效应放大效应—谱比法应用于强震资料与理论分析的探讨[D].台湾国立中央大学地球物理研究所硕士论文.
[21]徐锡伟,闻学泽,叶建青,马宝起.汶川8.0级地震地表破裂带及其发震构造[J].地震地质.2008,3(30).
[22]于海英,王栋等.汶川8.0级地震强震动加速度记录的初步分析[J].地震工程与工程震动,2009,29(1):1-13.
[23]章文波,谢礼立,郭明珠.利用强震记录分析场地的地震反应[J].地震学报.2009,23(6):604-614.
[24]曾志雄,陈慧娴.如何使用Surfer8.0画等值线[J].广东气象.2006,3:64-65.
[25]朱荣欢,苏有锦.用H/V谱比法计算云南区域数字地震台站的场地响应[J].地震研究.2007,30(3):248-252.
[26]张勇,许力生,陈运泰.2008年汶川大地震震源机制的时空变化[J].地球物理学报.2009,2(52):379-389.
[27]泽仁志玛,陈会忠,何加勇.震动图快速生成系统研究[J].地球物理学报.2006,21 (3):809-813.
[28] Allen,T.I., and Wald, D.J., 2007, Topographic slope as a proxy for global seismic site conditions (VS30) and amplification around the globe: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report, 2007-1357.
[29] Aaron Moya and Kojiro Irikura. Estimation of Site Effects and Q Factor Using a Reference Event[J]. 2003,93(4):1730-1745.
[30] David M.Boore and William B.Joyner.Site Amplifications for Generic Rock Sites[J]. Bulletin of the Seismoligical Society of America.1997.87(2): 327-341.
[31] David J. Wald,Vincent Quitorriano,Thomas H. Heaton,Hiroo Kanamori. Relation between Peak Ground Acceleration,Peak Ground Velocity,and Modified Mercalli Intensity in California[J].Earthquake Spectra.Volume.1999,15(3):557-564.
[32] David J. Wald,Vincent Quitorriano,Thomas H. Heaton,Hiroo Kanamori.TriNet“Shakemaps”:Rapid Generation of Peak Ground Motion and Intensity Maps for Earthquakes in Southern California[J]. Earthquake Spectra. 1999,15(3).
[33] David Wald,Kuo-Wan Lin,Keith Porter,and Loren Turner.Shakecast:Automating and Improving the Use if ShakeMap for Post-Earthquake Decision-Making and Response[J]. Earthquake Spectra.Volume.2008,24(2): 533-553.
[34] David J.Wald ,Trevor I. Allen.Topographic Slope as a Proxy for Seismic Site Conditions and Amplification[J]. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America.2007,97(5):1379-1395.
[35] David J.Wald, Paul S. Earle, Kuo-Wan Lin, Vincent Quitoriano and Bruce Worden, Challenges in Rapid Ground Motion Estimation for the Prompt Assessment of Global UrbanEarthquakes[J]. Bull. Earthq. Res. Inst. Univ. Tokyo. 2006,81:273-281.
[36] David J. Wald, Bruce C. Worden, Vincent Quitoriano, and Kris L. Pankow ShakeMap Manual TECHNICAL MANUAL, USERS GUIDE, AND SOFTWARE GUIDE Version 1.0 6/19/06.
[37] Eric P. Chael. Spectral scaling of earthquakes in the miramichi region of new Brunswick[J].BSSA.,Vol.77,1987,2,pp.347-365.
[38] H.Steidl,Alexei G.tumarkin,and Ralph J.Archuleta.What Is a reference Site? [J] Bulletin of the Seismoligical Society of America.1996, 86(6):1733-1748.
[39] J. Palencia and Francisco Luzon. Estimation of local site effects during earthquake:an overview[J].ISET Journal of Earthquake Technology.2002,39(423): 167-193.
[40] Kuo Liang Wen,Tao Ming Chang,Che Min Lin,HslenJen Chiang.Identification of Nonlinear Site Response Using the H/V Spectral Ratio.[J]Method.Terr,atmos. Ocean. Sci., 2006,17(3):533-546.
[41] Kenneth W.Campell.Strong Motion Attenuation Relations:A ten-Years Perspective[J].Earthquake Spectra.1985,1(4).
[42] Liu Qifang and Li Xiaojun. Preliminary analysis of the hanning wall effect and velocity pulse of the 5.12 Wenchuan earthquake.Earthquake[J].Engineering and Engineering Vibration,2009,8:165-177.
[43] P. L. Bragato.Assessing Regional and Site-Dependent Variability of ground Motion for ShakeMap Implementation in Italy[J]. Bulletin of the Seismoligical Society of America., 2009,99(5): 2950-2960,.
[44] Trevor I. Allen,David J.Wald.Topographic Slope as a Proxy for Seismic Site-Conditions(V30) and amplification Around the Globe[R]. U.S.Geological Surver Open-File Report:2007-1357.
[45] Yih Min Wu,Tzay-Chyn Shin,and Chien-Hsin Chang.Near Real-Time Mapping of Peak Ground Acceleration and Peak Ground Velocity Following a Stong Earthquake[J].BSSA.,2001,95(5):1218-1228.
[46] Yih Min Wu,Nai Chi Hsiao,Ta Liang Teng,Tzay Chyn Shin.Near Real-Time Seismic Damage Assessment of the Rapid Reporting System [J]. TAO, 2002, 13(3):313-324.
[47] Trevor I.Allen,David J.Wald,Alicia J.Hotovec,Kuowan Lin,Paul S. Earle, and Kristin D.Marano,An Atlas of ShakeMaps for Selected Global Earthquakes[R]. U.S. Geological Survey.Open-File Report:2008-1236.
[48] Wang Dong,Xie Lili.Attenuation of peak ground accelerations from the great WenChuan earthqua[J].Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration, 2009, 8:179-188.
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