跨座式单轨车辆车体结构分析
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摘要
跨座式单轨车辆的车体主要承担装载乘客和各种电气设备安装基础两大功能。它应具有足够的强度、刚度和动态特性,以满足运输使用要求和保证乘员的安全和舒适性;为了尽量减少车辆运行时的能耗,还应尽可能减轻自重;另外,为了保证车体在一定时期内的运行安全,还要求其必须达到规定的疲劳寿命。因此,有必要对跨座式单轨车辆的车体结构进行分析和优化。
本论文在国内首次以跨座式单轨车辆车体结构为研究对象,利用现代CAE技术,对其进行了如下研究:
1)分析了该车体的结构特征,在跨座式单轨车辆车体的三维几何模型的基础上,采用二维板单元建立了车体结构分析的有限元分析模型。
2)针对跨座式单轨车辆的运行特点,确定和选择了典型载荷工况,对车体进行了静强度分析,得到了车体的应力及变形分布,并根据相关标准对车体结构的强度和刚度进行了评定。
3)对车体结构进行了模态分析,得到了各阶固有频率和振型。
4)根据有限元分析得到的应力结果、材料的疲劳特性和载荷谱,对车体进行了疲劳寿命分析,计算表明车体的疲劳寿命为20.4年。
5)通过车体结构强度、刚度、模态和疲劳寿命分析,提出了结构改进建议,并验证了改进方案的可行性。
6)以车体构件厚度为设计变量,车体质量最小化为目标函数,车体构件应力为约束条件,对其进行了优化设计尝试。
Straddle-Type Monorail vehicle body is mainly responsible for two functions of carrying passengers and installing various electrical equipment. It should have sufficient strength, stiffness and dynamic properties, to meet the transportation requirements and ensure the passengers’safety and comfort.To minimize power consumption when the vehicle is running,it should also minimize the weight. In addition, to ensure the safe operation of the body in a given period, it also called for the need to achieve the required fatigue life. Therefore, it is necessary to analyze and optimize the Straddle-Type Monorail vehicle body structure.In this paper, it is the first time to make the Straddle-Type Monorail vehicle body structure as the research object at home, using modern CAE technology, research was carried out as follows:
1) The features of the body structure were analysed.Based on the three-dimensional geometric model of the Straddle-Type Monorail vehicle body,the finite element analysis model was established by using two-dimensional plate elements.
2) Against the operational characteristics of Straddle-Type Monorail vehicles, typical loading conditions were determined and selected.The body static strength was analysed,and the stress and deformation distribution of the body was received.Then, in accordance with the relevant standards, body structure strength and stiffness were evaluated.
3) The body structure modal analysis was conducted on,and the natural frequency and vibration mode of it was obtained.
4) According to the finite element analysis stress results, the fatigue properties of the material and the load spectrum,the fatigue life analysis of body was conducted.The calculations result show that the fatigue life of the body is 20.4 years.
5) Through the body structure strength, stiffness, modal and fatigue analysis, structural improvement proposals were proposed, and the feasibility of the improvement program was verified.
6) An optimum design was attempted by using the thickness of body components as design variables,using the minimization of body mass as objective function,using the stress of body components as constraints.
本论文在国内首次以跨座式单轨车辆车体结构为研究对象,利用现代CAE技术,对其进行了如下研究:
1)分析了该车体的结构特征,在跨座式单轨车辆车体的三维几何模型的基础上,采用二维板单元建立了车体结构分析的有限元分析模型。
2)针对跨座式单轨车辆的运行特点,确定和选择了典型载荷工况,对车体进行了静强度分析,得到了车体的应力及变形分布,并根据相关标准对车体结构的强度和刚度进行了评定。
3)对车体结构进行了模态分析,得到了各阶固有频率和振型。
4)根据有限元分析得到的应力结果、材料的疲劳特性和载荷谱,对车体进行了疲劳寿命分析,计算表明车体的疲劳寿命为20.4年。
5)通过车体结构强度、刚度、模态和疲劳寿命分析,提出了结构改进建议,并验证了改进方案的可行性。
6)以车体构件厚度为设计变量,车体质量最小化为目标函数,车体构件应力为约束条件,对其进行了优化设计尝试。
Straddle-Type Monorail vehicle body is mainly responsible for two functions of carrying passengers and installing various electrical equipment. It should have sufficient strength, stiffness and dynamic properties, to meet the transportation requirements and ensure the passengers’safety and comfort.To minimize power consumption when the vehicle is running,it should also minimize the weight. In addition, to ensure the safe operation of the body in a given period, it also called for the need to achieve the required fatigue life. Therefore, it is necessary to analyze and optimize the Straddle-Type Monorail vehicle body structure.In this paper, it is the first time to make the Straddle-Type Monorail vehicle body structure as the research object at home, using modern CAE technology, research was carried out as follows:
1) The features of the body structure were analysed.Based on the three-dimensional geometric model of the Straddle-Type Monorail vehicle body,the finite element analysis model was established by using two-dimensional plate elements.
2) Against the operational characteristics of Straddle-Type Monorail vehicles, typical loading conditions were determined and selected.The body static strength was analysed,and the stress and deformation distribution of the body was received.Then, in accordance with the relevant standards, body structure strength and stiffness were evaluated.
3) The body structure modal analysis was conducted on,and the natural frequency and vibration mode of it was obtained.
4) According to the finite element analysis stress results, the fatigue properties of the material and the load spectrum,the fatigue life analysis of body was conducted.The calculations result show that the fatigue life of the body is 20.4 years.
5) Through the body structure strength, stiffness, modal and fatigue analysis, structural improvement proposals were proposed, and the feasibility of the improvement program was verified.
6) An optimum design was attempted by using the thickness of body components as design variables,using the minimization of body mass as objective function,using the stress of body components as constraints.
引文
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[24]曾攀.有限元分析及应用.清华大学出版社.2004.
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[32]于开平,周传月,谭惠丰等.HyperMesh从入门到精通.科学出版社.2005.
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[37] Shinichi CHIBA,Kimihiko AOYAMA,Kenji YANABU.Fatigue Strength Prediction of Truck Cab by CAE. Technical review.2003(15):53-58.
[38] Kim K S,Yim H 1,Kim C B.Computational durability prediction of body structure in propotype vehicle ,International Journal of automotive technology vol,3, 2002: 129-136.
[39] Martin Arnlod. Simulation algorithims in vehicle system dynamics. Luther University Ha11e,Germany.Technical Report 27(2004).
[40]朱剑月,沈培德.地铁B2型铝合金车体结构设计与静强度分析[J].铁道机车车辆.2005.25(1):14-16.
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[42]乔淑平,轿车车身建模及刚度分析,吉林工业大学硕士论文,1999.2.
[43] TB/T1335-1996.铁道车辆强度设计及试验鉴定规范.1996.
[44]王启广,叶平.现代设计理论.中国矿业大学出版社.2005.
[45]张鄂,买买提明.现代设计理论与方法.科学出版社.2007.
[46] Yoshimi Tamaki.Research into achieving a lightweight vehicle body utilizing structure optimizing analysis:aim for a lightweight and high and rigid vehicle body.
[47]王安麟,刘广军,姜涛.广义机械优化设计.华中科技大学出版社.2008.
[48]赵少汁,王忠保.疲劳设计.机械工业出版社.1997.3.
[49]陈传尧.疲劳与断裂.华中科技大学出版社.2001.
[50]姚卫星.结构疲劳寿命分析.国防工业出版社.2003.1
[51]吕澎民,赵邦华.货车铸钢侧架随机载荷谱下的疲劳寿命预估研究.北京:铁道学报.1994.
[52]吕澎民,赵邦华.车辆振动系统结构疲劳寿命预测方法及应用.兰州铁道学院学报.1996.
[53] Peter J.Heyes,斌.基于有限元的疲劳分析系统MSC.FATIGUE.中国机械工程.1998.(11):12-15.
[54] Mark Pompetzki Vladimir Ogarevic.Intergrated fatigue analysis for CAE.Sixth ISSAT International Conference on Reliability and Quality Design,Orlando, Florida USA, August 2000.
[55]王成国,孟光伟,原亮明,刘敬辉.新型客车技术构架的疲劳寿命数值仿真分析.中国铁道科学.2001(3).
[56]刘德刚,候卫星,王凤州等.基于有限元技术的构件疲劳寿命计算.铁道学报.2004.
[57] Johan Martinsson.Fatigue assessment of complex welde steel structures.PhD thesis,Royal institute of technology,Stockholm, 2005,2.
[58]刘志明,随机载荷下焊接构架疲劳寿命及可靠性研究.北方交通大学博士学位论文.2001.3.
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[2]彭辉.城市轨道交通系统.人民交通出版社.2008.
[3]谭复兴,高伟君.城市轨道交通系统概论.中国水利水电出版社.2007.
[4]李芾,张丽平,黄运华.城市轻轨车辆发展及其应用前景.西南交通大学学报.2002.37(2):111-116.
[5]王午生,许玉徳,郑其昌.铁道与城市轨道交通工程.同济大学出版社.2003.
[6]张庆贺,朱合华,庄荣.地铁与轻轨.人民交通出版社.2006.
[7]王伯铭.城市轨道交通车辆工程.西南交通大学出版社.2007.
[8]张振淼.城市轨道交通车辆.中国铁道出版社.1998.
[9]王显民,高存永.欧洲的轻轨车辆与轻轨线路.城市轨道交通研究.2000.3(3):66-67.
[10] I. P. Burdon. Execution and Administration of Light-Rail Projects. Engineering Management Journal.1996.6(1):51-5.
[11] Sidoriak, William. Rail Isolation on the Baltimore Central Light Rail Line. Materials Performance.1993.32(7):34-39.
[12]户取征二郎.日本铝合金车辆的最新技术与发展趋势.国外铁道车辆.2003.(3):7～11.
[13]松本·阳.新一代轻轨车辆的发展动向.国外铁道车辆.2001.(2):11-13.
[14]李青山,李晶才.模块化概念在城市轨道车辆中的应用[J].国外铁道车辆.2000.37 (4):11～12.
[15]南京浦镇车辆厂.地铁车辆技术介绍[R].南京:南京浦镇车辆厂.2002.
[16]冯伯欣.国产地铁车辆的发展及展望[J].铁道车辆.2000.38(1):1～5.
[17]徐志强,范忠胜.天津津滨轻轨工程轨道车辆选型分析.城市轨道车辆.2003.41(7):22-26.
[18]王娟,谢谦,黄宪.地铁车辆国产化探讨[J].铁道车辆.2003.41(8):24～29.
[19]俞展猷,李海川.单轨轨道交通发展的现状和展望.城市轨道交通.2002.1.
[20]谭继锦.汽车有限元法.人民交通出版社.2005.
[21]丁科,陈月顺.有限单元法.北京大学出版社.2006.
[22]王瑁成,邵敏.有限元法基本原理和数值方法.清华大学出版社.2000.
[23]田红旗.铁道车辆结构分析理论.中南大学出版社.2009.
[24]曾攀.有限元分析及应用.清华大学出版社.2004.
[25]李亚智,赵美英,万小朋.有限元法基础与程序设计.科学出版社.2004.
[26]周昌玉,贺小华.有限元分析的基本方法及工程应用.化学工业出版社.2006.
[27]米彩盈.有限元法基础与铁道车辆结构分析.西南交通大学出版社.2006.
[28]戴嘉鹏.铝合金地铁车体静动态分析及碰撞仿真研究.东南大学硕士学位论文.2006.3.
[29]杜平安,甘娥忠,于亚婷.有限元法-原理、建模及应用.国防工业出版社.2005.
[30]海邦群.铝合金车体设计研究[J].铁道车辆.2003.41(10):26～29.
[31]袁源.客车车身骨架的静强度分析与轻量化研究.吉林大学硕士学位论文.2006.11.
[32]于开平,周传月,谭惠丰等.HyperMesh从入门到精通.科学出版社.2005.
[33]严隽耄.车辆工程.中国铁道出版社.2003.
[34] Heinrich Hüsken.波特兰低地板轻轨车辆结构设计及试验.国外铁道车辆. 1999(4):27-30.
[35]陆娟,洪荣晶,朱壮瑞.铝合金地铁车体零件有限元模拟分析[J].铁道工程学报.2005 (6): 48～50.
[36] TB/T2395-1993.机车车轴设计与强度计算方法.1993.
[37] Shinichi CHIBA,Kimihiko AOYAMA,Kenji YANABU.Fatigue Strength Prediction of Truck Cab by CAE. Technical review.2003(15):53-58.
[38] Kim K S,Yim H 1,Kim C B.Computational durability prediction of body structure in propotype vehicle ,International Journal of automotive technology vol,3, 2002: 129-136.
[39] Martin Arnlod. Simulation algorithims in vehicle system dynamics. Luther University Ha11e,Germany.Technical Report 27(2004).
[40]朱剑月,沈培德.地铁B2型铝合金车体结构设计与静强度分析[J].铁道机车车辆.2005.25(1):14-16.
[41]孙彰,贾宇,肖守讷.地铁车辆不锈钢车体的强度[J].电力机车与城轨车辆.2005.28(4):32-34.
[42]乔淑平,轿车车身建模及刚度分析,吉林工业大学硕士论文,1999.2.
[43] TB/T1335-1996.铁道车辆强度设计及试验鉴定规范.1996.
[44]王启广,叶平.现代设计理论.中国矿业大学出版社.2005.
[45]张鄂,买买提明.现代设计理论与方法.科学出版社.2007.
[46] Yoshimi Tamaki.Research into achieving a lightweight vehicle body utilizing structure optimizing analysis:aim for a lightweight and high and rigid vehicle body.
[47]王安麟,刘广军,姜涛.广义机械优化设计.华中科技大学出版社.2008.
[48]赵少汁,王忠保.疲劳设计.机械工业出版社.1997.3.
[49]陈传尧.疲劳与断裂.华中科技大学出版社.2001.
[50]姚卫星.结构疲劳寿命分析.国防工业出版社.2003.1
[51]吕澎民,赵邦华.货车铸钢侧架随机载荷谱下的疲劳寿命预估研究.北京:铁道学报.1994.
[52]吕澎民,赵邦华.车辆振动系统结构疲劳寿命预测方法及应用.兰州铁道学院学报.1996.
[53] Peter J.Heyes,斌.基于有限元的疲劳分析系统MSC.FATIGUE.中国机械工程.1998.(11):12-15.
[54] Mark Pompetzki Vladimir Ogarevic.Intergrated fatigue analysis for CAE.Sixth ISSAT International Conference on Reliability and Quality Design,Orlando, Florida USA, August 2000.
[55]王成国,孟光伟,原亮明,刘敬辉.新型客车技术构架的疲劳寿命数值仿真分析.中国铁道科学.2001(3).
[56]刘德刚,候卫星,王凤州等.基于有限元技术的构件疲劳寿命计算.铁道学报.2004.
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