毛乌素沙地土壤吸湿凝结水研究
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摘要
吸湿凝结水是干旱地区动植物赖以生存的重要水源之一,对维持干旱地区的水分平衡起着重要的作用。为探讨毛乌素沙地土壤吸湿凝结水的变化特点,本研究以毛乌素沙地开发整治研究中心内0~10cm深沙土为研究对象,采用称重法对不同深度沙土吸湿凝结水开始发生的时间、所持续的时间、吸湿凝结量的大小、吸湿凝结速率及吸湿水和凝结水之间的对比等方面进行测定与分析,最终实验得出以下结论:
1、毛乌素沙地内沙土的吸湿凝结开始发生的时间都会随着沙土深度的增加而向后推迟,雨季沙土凝结开始的时间要早于旱季;在一天当中浅沙土吸湿凝结持续的时间要长于深沙土,季节之间(除2cm之外),雨季沙土吸湿凝结在一天当中所持续的时间要略长于旱季。
2、雨季沙土的日吸湿凝结量明显大于旱季;在旱季,地表下一定深度的沙土(0~10cm)吸湿凝结量随沙土的深度变化规律为先增加后减少,在6~8cm深处达到最大。在雨季,沙土吸湿凝结量的变化规律则随沙土深度的增加逐渐减少,2cm深沙土凝结量最大;毛乌素沙地空气中水汽在沙土吸湿凝结所达到的深度在6cm附近;沙土的含水量越高,沙土以吸收地下包气带中水汽产生吸湿凝结水的方式所占的比例越高。
3、旱季沙土的吸湿凝结水的速率在20:00达到最大,随后速率降低;雨季沙土的吸湿凝结水的速率也是在20:00达到峰值,直到4:00之后速率才开始降低。
4、旱季沙土几乎无凝结水的形成,即使有也是很微量的,水分的增加全部由吸湿水提供。雨季沙土中出现凝结水,凝结时间持续了大约10h左右,而且在雨季沙土的吸湿水量大于凝结水量。
5、在影响沙土吸湿凝结水的各个环境因子中,地表温度与地表下10cm地温之差与吸湿凝结变化量相关性最高,达到-0.89;吸湿凝结水与地面水汽压与地面50cm水汽压之差的相关性最小,只有-0.235。
Soil Absorbtion and Condensation is one of the important water sources which surport the existence of plants and animals, it played an important role on maintaining the Water balance of arid region. In order to discuss the characteristics of Soil absorbtion and condensation in Mu Us Sandland, the paper took the sand soil which between the depth of 0~10cm in Mu Us Sandland development and research center courtyard as research object,using the weighing method to determine the aspects of the start time、duration、amouts、speed and the comparation between absorbtion and condensation of soil absorbtion and condensation. The result as fellow.
1、The start time of absorbtion and condensation will Postponed along with the soil depth increasing in Mu Us Sandland; The start time of absorbtion and condensation in rainy season was earlier than dry season; The duration of absorbtion and condensation will shorten along with the soil depth increasing, the duration in rainy season was longer than dry season.
2、In rainy season, the soil could condense more water than dry season; Within the range of soil depth between 0~10cm, the soil condensation amouts was biggist in the depth of 6~8cm in dry season. the soil condensation amouts were the biggist in the depth of 0~2cm in rainy season; The Water vapor in air which condenced in soil could reach the depth of 6cm under the surface in Mu Us Sandland; If the soil moisture be higher, the soil could absorb more wapor from aeration zone to condence.
3、In dry season, the speed of Soil Absorbtion and Condensation got the peak at 20:00, but the speed would be lower after 20:00. In rainy season, the speed of Soil absorbtion and condensation got the peak also at 20:00, and the speed would be lower after 4:00.
4、Almost there was no condensation forming in dry season. In rainy season, the wapor could condence in soil, and the time of condensation lasted about 10h the day. The amouts of absorbtion was larger than condensation in rainy season.
5、Among the Environmental factors which affected the soil absorbtion and condensation, the correlation between soil condensation amouts and ground temperature was very high, especially the difference in temperature between surface and 10cm under surface, the correlation could get to -0.89; the correlation between soil condensation amouts and the difference of vapor pressure which surface to 50cm above surface was lowest, the value only -0.235.
1、毛乌素沙地内沙土的吸湿凝结开始发生的时间都会随着沙土深度的增加而向后推迟,雨季沙土凝结开始的时间要早于旱季;在一天当中浅沙土吸湿凝结持续的时间要长于深沙土,季节之间(除2cm之外),雨季沙土吸湿凝结在一天当中所持续的时间要略长于旱季。
2、雨季沙土的日吸湿凝结量明显大于旱季;在旱季,地表下一定深度的沙土(0~10cm)吸湿凝结量随沙土的深度变化规律为先增加后减少,在6~8cm深处达到最大。在雨季,沙土吸湿凝结量的变化规律则随沙土深度的增加逐渐减少,2cm深沙土凝结量最大;毛乌素沙地空气中水汽在沙土吸湿凝结所达到的深度在6cm附近;沙土的含水量越高,沙土以吸收地下包气带中水汽产生吸湿凝结水的方式所占的比例越高。
3、旱季沙土的吸湿凝结水的速率在20:00达到最大,随后速率降低;雨季沙土的吸湿凝结水的速率也是在20:00达到峰值,直到4:00之后速率才开始降低。
4、旱季沙土几乎无凝结水的形成,即使有也是很微量的,水分的增加全部由吸湿水提供。雨季沙土中出现凝结水,凝结时间持续了大约10h左右,而且在雨季沙土的吸湿水量大于凝结水量。
5、在影响沙土吸湿凝结水的各个环境因子中,地表温度与地表下10cm地温之差与吸湿凝结变化量相关性最高,达到-0.89;吸湿凝结水与地面水汽压与地面50cm水汽压之差的相关性最小,只有-0.235。
Soil Absorbtion and Condensation is one of the important water sources which surport the existence of plants and animals, it played an important role on maintaining the Water balance of arid region. In order to discuss the characteristics of Soil absorbtion and condensation in Mu Us Sandland, the paper took the sand soil which between the depth of 0~10cm in Mu Us Sandland development and research center courtyard as research object,using the weighing method to determine the aspects of the start time、duration、amouts、speed and the comparation between absorbtion and condensation of soil absorbtion and condensation. The result as fellow.
1、The start time of absorbtion and condensation will Postponed along with the soil depth increasing in Mu Us Sandland; The start time of absorbtion and condensation in rainy season was earlier than dry season; The duration of absorbtion and condensation will shorten along with the soil depth increasing, the duration in rainy season was longer than dry season.
2、In rainy season, the soil could condense more water than dry season; Within the range of soil depth between 0~10cm, the soil condensation amouts was biggist in the depth of 6~8cm in dry season. the soil condensation amouts were the biggist in the depth of 0~2cm in rainy season; The Water vapor in air which condenced in soil could reach the depth of 6cm under the surface in Mu Us Sandland; If the soil moisture be higher, the soil could absorb more wapor from aeration zone to condence.
3、In dry season, the speed of Soil Absorbtion and Condensation got the peak at 20:00, but the speed would be lower after 20:00. In rainy season, the speed of Soil absorbtion and condensation got the peak also at 20:00, and the speed would be lower after 4:00.
4、Almost there was no condensation forming in dry season. In rainy season, the wapor could condence in soil, and the time of condensation lasted about 10h the day. The amouts of absorbtion was larger than condensation in rainy season.
5、Among the Environmental factors which affected the soil absorbtion and condensation, the correlation between soil condensation amouts and ground temperature was very high, especially the difference in temperature between surface and 10cm under surface, the correlation could get to -0.89; the correlation between soil condensation amouts and the difference of vapor pressure which surface to 50cm above surface was lowest, the value only -0.235.
引文
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2李惠卓.土壤吸湿水测定方法的改进[J].河北农业大学学报,1996,19(3):77-81
3 Malek E, McCurdy G,Giles B. Dew contribution to the annualwater balances in semiarid desertvalleys[J].Jounralof AridEnvironments,1999,42:71-98
4蒋瑾,王康富,张维静.沙地凝结水及在水分平衡中作用的研究[J].干旱区研究,1993,10(2):1-9
5曾亦健,万力,王旭升,曹文炳.浅层包气带地温与含水量昼夜动态的实验研究[J].地学前缘, 2006.13(1):52-57
6 Monteith JL. Dew[J].Quarterly Joarnal of the Royal Meteorological Society,1956,42:572-580
7 Seyoum Leta. A simple model for potential dewfall in an arid region[J]. Atmospheric Reserch,2002,64:285-295
8王积强.中国北方地区若干蒸发实验研究[M].北京:科学出版社,1990
9王积强.关于“土壤凝结水”问题的探讨——与于庆和同志商榷[J].干旱区地理,1993,16(2): 58-62
10 Hillel R,Pinder G F.Approximate analysis of upcoming[J].Advance of Water Resource, 1977,1:97-101
11 [苏]H.Ф.库里克(赵兴梁译).干旱地区沙地水分状况与水分平衡[R].呼和浩特:内蒙古林学院,1989
12于庆和.塔里木盆地东北缘群克地区土壤凝结水的初步研究[J].干旱研究,1992,15(3):77-84
13 Kidron G J. Altitude dependent dew and fog in the Negev Desert[J].Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,1999,96:1-8
14 Danin A, Garratt J.Distribution of cyanobacteria and lichens on hillsides of the Negev Highlands and their impact on biogenic weathering [J].Z.Geomorph,1983,27:423-444
15周金龙.天山北麓平原区凝结水的观测试验分析[J].新疆农业大学学报,2002.25(1):49-53
16 Li Xiaoyan.Effects of gravel and sand mulches on dew deposition in the semiaridregion of China[J].Journal of Hydrology,2002,260:151-160
17 Subram aniam A R, Kesava Rao A V R. Dew fall in sand dune area of India[J].International Journal of Biometeorology,1983,27:271-280
18 Zangvil A.Six year of dew observations in the Negev Desert,Israel[J].Journal of Arid Environments,1996,32(4):361-371
19 Richards K.Observation and simulation of dew in rural and urban environments[J].Progress in Physical Geography,2004,28:76-94
20 Rosenberg N J. Evaporation and condensation on bare soil under irrigation in the eastcentral great plants[J].Agronomy Journal,1969,61:557-561
21 Waggoner J E, Begg J E, Turner N C. Evaporation of dew[J].Agricultural Meteorology,1969, 6:227-230
22 Sudmayer R A, Nulsen R A, Scott W D. Measured dewfall and potential condensation on grazed pasture in the Collie river basin,southwestern Australia[J].Journal of Hydrology,1994,154:255-269
23 Jacobs A F G,Heusinkveld B G,Berkowicz S M.Dew measurements along a longitudinalsand dune transect,Negev desert[J].International Journal of Biometeorology,2000,43:184-190
24 Bunnenberg C, Kuhn W. An electrical conductance method for determining condensation and evaporation processes in arid soils with high spatial resolution[J].Soil Sci.,1980,129(1):58-66
25 Agam N, Berliner P R. Dew formation and water vapor adsorption in semi-arid environments—A review[J].Jounral of Arid Environments,2006,65:572-590
26 Ninari N, Berliner P R. The role of dew deposition on the soil surface[J]. Atmospheric Research,2002,64(14):323-334.
27孙宏勇,刘昌明,张永强等.微型蒸发器测定土面蒸发的实验研究[J].水利学报,2004,8: 114-118
28王积强.关于沙地凝结水测定问题——与蒋瑾等同志商榷[J].干旱区地理,1993,10(4):54-56
29陈荷生,康跃虎.沙坡头地区凝结水及其在生态环境中的意义[J].干旱区资源与环境, 1992,6(2):63-72
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