渭北旱塬不同类型地膜覆盖对土壤环境和冬小麦生长的影响
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摘要
针对当前农业生产中出现的“白色污染”问题,为了有效解决地膜残留污染问题、合理应用覆盖栽培技术,本研究在渭北旱塬通过二因素随机区组试验设计,设置生育期、休闲期和全年覆盖3个时间覆盖生物降解膜、液态地膜和普通塑料地膜3种不同类型地膜,对冬小麦不同覆膜处理0-200cm土壤含水量空间-时间分布、土壤养分、生长发育、产量及水分利用效率进行了连续2年的研究,得出以下主要结论:
1. 3种覆膜均具有较好的蓄水保墒效应,能够调节土壤水分的空间—时间分布。冬小麦各生育时期不同处理的土壤水分含量空间变化趋势一致:0-40cm土层受降雨影响较大,拔节—灌浆期,在140-160cm处出现水分低谷,而在60-100cm处出现峰值;成熟期受降雨影响,峰值出现在土壤表层。
2.不同类型地膜休闲期覆盖处理播种前土壤含水量差异较大,XS和XD处理土壤含水量明显高于XY和CK,从播种期到越冬期,XS和XD处理耗水量明显高于XY和CK。休闲期覆盖生物降解膜和普通地膜能有效改善冬小麦播种前的土壤水分状况,促进冬小麦出苗及苗期水分吸收,有利于形成壮苗,全年覆盖不同类型地膜各处理土壤含水量随时间变化趋势与休闲期覆盖下基本一致。生育期覆盖生物降解膜、普通地膜和液态地膜处理连续2年0-200cm平均土壤含水量在灌浆期分别较CK增加5.7%、6.5%、5.2%和7.0%、4.1%、9.3%;2008-2009年,休闲期覆盖生物降解膜、普通地膜和液体地膜处理土壤含水量在灌浆期分别较CK增加6.6%、13.0%和1.1%;全年覆盖生物降解膜、普通地膜和液态地膜处理土壤含水量在灌浆期分别较CK增加6.1%、6.9%和6.6%,各覆膜处理增加灌浆期土壤水分对于冬小麦籽粒灌浆和产量形成至关重要。
3.不同类型地膜覆盖可影响耕层部分土壤养分。不同时期覆盖3种类型地膜处理均以覆盖生物降解膜冬小麦对有机质的吸收利用率最高,有机质含量较CK减少幅度5.7%～15.9%(P<0.05);0-20cm土层3种不同类型地膜生育期覆盖较休闲期和全年覆盖有机质吸收量高,20-40cm和40-60cm土层不同时期、不同类型地膜覆盖处理间有机质含量差异不明显。2008年收获后0-60cm各土层土壤全N、全P和全K含量均为SM处理最低,全N较CK减少8.5%～9.5%,全P较CK减少3.2%～12.8%,全K较CK减少12.9%～23.4%;2009年收获后,不同时期覆盖3种不同类型地膜处理冬小麦0-60cm土层全N和全P的吸收均为覆盖生物降解地膜处理最高,全N较CK减少11.5%～30.0%,全P较CK减少3.0%～10.2%,覆膜对0-60cm土层土壤全K含量影响不大。覆盖可提高冬小麦对0-60cm土层土壤速效养分的吸收。2008年收获后0-60cm各土层土壤碱解氮、速效磷含量最低处理均为SM,碱解氮含量较CK减少8.1%～15.5%,速效磷含量较CK减少11.3%～22.9%,而不同土层土壤速效钾含量最低处理均为DM,分别较CK减少10.4%～18.7%。2009年收获后,普通地膜覆盖下冬小麦对土壤碱解氮和速效钾的吸收量较高,而对于土壤速效磷的利用,生物降解膜覆盖作用更明显。
4.?覆盖不同类型地膜均能有效促进冬小麦的生长发育,有利于冬小麦不同生育时期株高和干物质积累量的增加。全年覆盖的处理冬小麦各生育时期株高和干物质积累量均显著高于生育期覆盖和休闲期覆盖的处理,其中全年生物降解膜覆盖冬小麦各生育时期株高和干物质积累量均显著高于其他处理;生育期覆盖冬小麦株高和干物质积累量显著高于休闲期覆盖(P<0.05);三个不同覆盖时期下液态膜覆盖冬小麦株高和干物质积累量均显著低于生物降解膜和普通地膜,与CK差异不明显,生物降解膜和普通地膜覆盖显著高于CK(P<0.05)。
5.不同类型地膜覆盖对冬小麦产量构成因素的影响结果并不一致,各覆膜处理与对照相比,成穗数与穗粒数差异显著,其中全年覆盖普通地膜处理显著高于其他覆膜处理和对照,而覆盖对千粒重的影响不显著(P<0.05)。
6.连续2年覆盖不同类型地膜对冬小麦产量的影响结果表明:全年覆盖下各处理增产幅度最大,以生物降解膜和普通地膜处理产量显著高于液态膜和对照(P<0.05),2009年收获后分别较CK增产35.99%和30.46%。生育期覆盖生物降解膜和普通地膜的增产效果无显著差异,连续2年增产幅度分别为6.45%和7.52%、28.95%和22.44%;休闲期覆盖生物降解膜与普通地膜分别较CK增产25.04%和20.54%;覆盖生物降解膜和普通地膜增产效果无显著差异,但在底墒较低、降雨分布不均年份(2008-2009年),覆盖生物降解膜增产效果更明显,液体地膜的增产效果相对较小。
7.?各覆膜处理的水分利用效率均高于CK,在底墒较低、降雨分布不均年份(2008-2009年)覆盖生物降解膜的处理优势更加明显,不同时期3种不同类型地膜覆盖处理相比,生育期覆盖下各处理水分利用效率最高,生育期覆盖生物降解膜提高水分利用效率到34.32%。
8.覆盖不同类型地膜处理的冬小麦蓄水保墒效应、养分含量变化、生长发育进程及产量和水分利用效率对比分析表明,生物降解膜和普通地膜覆盖连续2年的产量无显著差异,普通地膜覆盖对冬小麦生长发育促进作用最大,生物降解膜覆盖下的水分和养分利用效率最高,表明生物降解膜可以替代普通地膜在生产上应用,且能有效解决“白色污染”问题,但生物降解地膜生产成本高于普通地膜1/3以上,使其大面积推广受到影响。进一步降低生物降解膜的生产成本将是解决普通地膜覆盖的有效技术途径。液体地膜喷施于土壤表面,容易受到外界环境条件的影响而受损,是其生理生态效应降低的主要原因。
For the current agricultural production emergence of "white pollution" problem,in order to effectively address the problem of pollution film residue, rational use of covered cultivation,In this study, by two factors Weibei Highland randomized block experimental design,set the growth period, fallow period and annual period to cover biodegradable film, liquid film and ordinary plastic film, mulching treatment on winter wheat in different soil moisture 0-200cm of space-time distribution of soil nutrients, growth, yield and water use efficiency of two consecutive years, the main conclusions were as follows:
1. Three kinds of film Mulch is with better soil moisture conservation effect, which can regulate soil moisture space-time distribution. Different treatments at different growth stages of winter wheat, soil water content have the same spatial trend: 0-40cm soil layers influenced seriously by rainfall, from jointing to filling, 140-160cm soil water content is lowest, and 60-100cm is highest, because of rain, the peak of maturity occurred in the soil surface.
2. Covering different types of plastic film fallow treatment quite different soil moisture before sowing, XS and XD soil water content was significantly higher than XY and CK, from sowing to winter, XS and XD water consumption was significantly higher than XY and CK. Fallow cover biodegradable film, and ordinary film can effectively improve soil moisture before sowing winter wheat condition, for winter wheat emergence and seedling water uptake, is conducive to the formation of seedling, different types of plastic film covering the annual soil water content changes with time and leisure of coverage under the basic agreement. Growth period covering biodegradable film, ordinary plastic film and liquid film processing for two consecutive years on average in the 0-200cm soil water content than the CK in the filling stage, respectively 5.7%, 6.5%, 5.2% and 7.0%, 4.1%, 9.3%;2008-2009 years, the fallow period covered biodegradable film, plastic film and liquid film ordinary soil water content than the CK in the filling stage, respectively increased by 6.6%, 13.0% and 1.1%; throughout the year covering biodegradable film, plastic film and liquid film normal soil moisture in the filling CK respectively increased by 6.1%, 6.9% and 6.6%, the mulching treatment increased soil moisture for grain filling stage and yield of winter wheat grain filling critical.
3. Different types of mulching the soil nutrients can affect some topsoil, Three types of plastic film covering different periods of treatment are covered biodegradable film absorption and utilization of winter wheat on the highest organic matter, reduce the rate of organic matter content than CK 5.7%~15.9% (P<0.05); 0-20cm soil fertility of three different types of plastic film covering more leisure and annual coverage of the high organic matter uptake, 20-40cm and 40-60cm soil covering different periods of treatment no significant difference between the organic matter content. After the 2008 harvest, 0-60cm soil layer TN, TP and TK content was the lowest SM, TN less than CK 8.5%～9.5%,TP less than CK 3.2%～12.8%,TK less than CK 12.9%～23.4%;After the 2009 harvest, covering different periods of handling three different types of film the whole winter 0-60cm soil TN and TP uptake were highest in the treatment of biodegradable mulch film coverage, TN less than CK 11.5%～30.0%,TP less than CK 3.0%～10.2%,film of the 0-60cm layer of soil TK content was not influenced. Coverage can improve the soil of winter wheat on the 0-60cm soil available nutrient absorption. After the 2008 harvest, each post-harvest 0-60cm layer of soil nitrogen, available phosphorus were lowest processing SM, nitrogen content less than CK 8.1%～15.5%,available phosphorus content less than CK 11.3%～22.9% The different layers of soils, the minimum treatment are DM, respectively, less than CK 10.4%~18.7%.After the 2009 harvest, ordinary plastic film mulching on soil under winter wheat nitrogen and potassium uptake higher, as for the use of available phosphorus, biodegradable film covering effects.
4. Cover different types of plastic film can effectively promote the growth of winter wheat, conducive to plant height at different growth stages of winter wheat and dry matter accumulation increased. Treatment throughout the year covering various growth stages of winter wheat plant height and dry matter accumulation were both significantly higher than the growth period of cover and leisure coverage in the treatment, one year biodegradable film covering at each growth stage of winter wheat plant height and dry matter accumulation were both significantly higher than other treatments; Coverage of winter wheat growing period plant height and dry matter accumulation was significantly higher than the fallow period covered(P<0.05);under three different liquid film covering the period covered by wheat plant height and dry matter accumulation were both significantly lower than the biodegradable film and common plastic film, with no significant difference CK, biodegradable film and plastic film mulching were significantly higher than CK(P<0.05).
5. Different types of plastic film mulching on yield components of winter wheat are not consistent, the mulching treatment and compared to the control, into the ears and grains per spike significantly different, ordinary plastic film covering the year in which treatment was significantly higher than other coated and the control, the impact of coverage on the grain weight was not significant (P<0.05).
6. Two consecutive years, covering different types of plastic films on winter wheat yield results showed that: annual yield of each treatment under the coverage of the sharpest, to biodegradable film and the general film processing yield was significantly higher than the liquid film and the control (P<0.05), yield respectively over CK 35.99% and 30.46%. Growth period covering general film, biodegradable film and increase yield no significant difference, yield increase for two consecutive years were 6.45% and 7.52%, 28.95% and 22.44%;fallow cover biodegradable film and plastic film compared with CK increased 25.04% and 20.54%;covering general Film biodegradable film and no significant difference in yield, but in the end of the lower soil moisture, uneven distribution of rainfall years (2008-2009years), biodegradable film covering yield more obvious effect of increasing yield of liquid film is relatively small.
7. Film processing of all water use efficiency were higher than CK, moisture in the lower end, the uneven distribution of rainfall years (2008-2009 years) covering the handling advantages of biodegradable film is more obvious, different times in three different types of mulching treatment than under the coverage of fertility treatments on water use efficiency, growth period covering biodegradable film to improve water use efficiency to 34.32%.
8. Different types of plastic film covering water gathering effect of winter wheat, nutrient change, growth and development process and the yield and water use efficiency comparative analysis indicates that biodegradable film and the general production of plastic film covering two consecutive years was no significant difference, ordinary plastic film mulching on winter wheat growth and development to promote the role of the largest, and degradation of film properties under the coverage of water and nutrient use efficiency, all shows that biodegradable film can replace the normal application of film in production, and can effectively solve the "white pollution" problem. However, biodegradable plastic film production costs than conventional plastic film 1/ 3, so that large area affected. Further reduce the biodegradable film's production costs would be effective to solve common technical way mulching. Liquid film sprayed on the soil surface, vulnerable to external environmental conditions and damage to its main physiological effects of reduced.
1. 3种覆膜均具有较好的蓄水保墒效应,能够调节土壤水分的空间—时间分布。冬小麦各生育时期不同处理的土壤水分含量空间变化趋势一致:0-40cm土层受降雨影响较大,拔节—灌浆期,在140-160cm处出现水分低谷,而在60-100cm处出现峰值;成熟期受降雨影响,峰值出现在土壤表层。
2.不同类型地膜休闲期覆盖处理播种前土壤含水量差异较大,XS和XD处理土壤含水量明显高于XY和CK,从播种期到越冬期,XS和XD处理耗水量明显高于XY和CK。休闲期覆盖生物降解膜和普通地膜能有效改善冬小麦播种前的土壤水分状况,促进冬小麦出苗及苗期水分吸收,有利于形成壮苗,全年覆盖不同类型地膜各处理土壤含水量随时间变化趋势与休闲期覆盖下基本一致。生育期覆盖生物降解膜、普通地膜和液态地膜处理连续2年0-200cm平均土壤含水量在灌浆期分别较CK增加5.7%、6.5%、5.2%和7.0%、4.1%、9.3%;2008-2009年,休闲期覆盖生物降解膜、普通地膜和液体地膜处理土壤含水量在灌浆期分别较CK增加6.6%、13.0%和1.1%;全年覆盖生物降解膜、普通地膜和液态地膜处理土壤含水量在灌浆期分别较CK增加6.1%、6.9%和6.6%,各覆膜处理增加灌浆期土壤水分对于冬小麦籽粒灌浆和产量形成至关重要。
3.不同类型地膜覆盖可影响耕层部分土壤养分。不同时期覆盖3种类型地膜处理均以覆盖生物降解膜冬小麦对有机质的吸收利用率最高,有机质含量较CK减少幅度5.7%～15.9%(P<0.05);0-20cm土层3种不同类型地膜生育期覆盖较休闲期和全年覆盖有机质吸收量高,20-40cm和40-60cm土层不同时期、不同类型地膜覆盖处理间有机质含量差异不明显。2008年收获后0-60cm各土层土壤全N、全P和全K含量均为SM处理最低,全N较CK减少8.5%～9.5%,全P较CK减少3.2%～12.8%,全K较CK减少12.9%～23.4%;2009年收获后,不同时期覆盖3种不同类型地膜处理冬小麦0-60cm土层全N和全P的吸收均为覆盖生物降解地膜处理最高,全N较CK减少11.5%～30.0%,全P较CK减少3.0%～10.2%,覆膜对0-60cm土层土壤全K含量影响不大。覆盖可提高冬小麦对0-60cm土层土壤速效养分的吸收。2008年收获后0-60cm各土层土壤碱解氮、速效磷含量最低处理均为SM,碱解氮含量较CK减少8.1%～15.5%,速效磷含量较CK减少11.3%～22.9%,而不同土层土壤速效钾含量最低处理均为DM,分别较CK减少10.4%～18.7%。2009年收获后,普通地膜覆盖下冬小麦对土壤碱解氮和速效钾的吸收量较高,而对于土壤速效磷的利用,生物降解膜覆盖作用更明显。
4.?覆盖不同类型地膜均能有效促进冬小麦的生长发育,有利于冬小麦不同生育时期株高和干物质积累量的增加。全年覆盖的处理冬小麦各生育时期株高和干物质积累量均显著高于生育期覆盖和休闲期覆盖的处理,其中全年生物降解膜覆盖冬小麦各生育时期株高和干物质积累量均显著高于其他处理;生育期覆盖冬小麦株高和干物质积累量显著高于休闲期覆盖(P<0.05);三个不同覆盖时期下液态膜覆盖冬小麦株高和干物质积累量均显著低于生物降解膜和普通地膜,与CK差异不明显,生物降解膜和普通地膜覆盖显著高于CK(P<0.05)。
5.不同类型地膜覆盖对冬小麦产量构成因素的影响结果并不一致,各覆膜处理与对照相比,成穗数与穗粒数差异显著,其中全年覆盖普通地膜处理显著高于其他覆膜处理和对照,而覆盖对千粒重的影响不显著(P<0.05)。
6.连续2年覆盖不同类型地膜对冬小麦产量的影响结果表明:全年覆盖下各处理增产幅度最大,以生物降解膜和普通地膜处理产量显著高于液态膜和对照(P<0.05),2009年收获后分别较CK增产35.99%和30.46%。生育期覆盖生物降解膜和普通地膜的增产效果无显著差异,连续2年增产幅度分别为6.45%和7.52%、28.95%和22.44%;休闲期覆盖生物降解膜与普通地膜分别较CK增产25.04%和20.54%;覆盖生物降解膜和普通地膜增产效果无显著差异,但在底墒较低、降雨分布不均年份(2008-2009年),覆盖生物降解膜增产效果更明显,液体地膜的增产效果相对较小。
7.?各覆膜处理的水分利用效率均高于CK,在底墒较低、降雨分布不均年份(2008-2009年)覆盖生物降解膜的处理优势更加明显,不同时期3种不同类型地膜覆盖处理相比,生育期覆盖下各处理水分利用效率最高,生育期覆盖生物降解膜提高水分利用效率到34.32%。
8.覆盖不同类型地膜处理的冬小麦蓄水保墒效应、养分含量变化、生长发育进程及产量和水分利用效率对比分析表明,生物降解膜和普通地膜覆盖连续2年的产量无显著差异,普通地膜覆盖对冬小麦生长发育促进作用最大,生物降解膜覆盖下的水分和养分利用效率最高,表明生物降解膜可以替代普通地膜在生产上应用,且能有效解决“白色污染”问题,但生物降解地膜生产成本高于普通地膜1/3以上,使其大面积推广受到影响。进一步降低生物降解膜的生产成本将是解决普通地膜覆盖的有效技术途径。液体地膜喷施于土壤表面,容易受到外界环境条件的影响而受损,是其生理生态效应降低的主要原因。
For the current agricultural production emergence of "white pollution" problem,in order to effectively address the problem of pollution film residue, rational use of covered cultivation,In this study, by two factors Weibei Highland randomized block experimental design,set the growth period, fallow period and annual period to cover biodegradable film, liquid film and ordinary plastic film, mulching treatment on winter wheat in different soil moisture 0-200cm of space-time distribution of soil nutrients, growth, yield and water use efficiency of two consecutive years, the main conclusions were as follows:
1. Three kinds of film Mulch is with better soil moisture conservation effect, which can regulate soil moisture space-time distribution. Different treatments at different growth stages of winter wheat, soil water content have the same spatial trend: 0-40cm soil layers influenced seriously by rainfall, from jointing to filling, 140-160cm soil water content is lowest, and 60-100cm is highest, because of rain, the peak of maturity occurred in the soil surface.
2. Covering different types of plastic film fallow treatment quite different soil moisture before sowing, XS and XD soil water content was significantly higher than XY and CK, from sowing to winter, XS and XD water consumption was significantly higher than XY and CK. Fallow cover biodegradable film, and ordinary film can effectively improve soil moisture before sowing winter wheat condition, for winter wheat emergence and seedling water uptake, is conducive to the formation of seedling, different types of plastic film covering the annual soil water content changes with time and leisure of coverage under the basic agreement. Growth period covering biodegradable film, ordinary plastic film and liquid film processing for two consecutive years on average in the 0-200cm soil water content than the CK in the filling stage, respectively 5.7%, 6.5%, 5.2% and 7.0%, 4.1%, 9.3%;2008-2009 years, the fallow period covered biodegradable film, plastic film and liquid film ordinary soil water content than the CK in the filling stage, respectively increased by 6.6%, 13.0% and 1.1%; throughout the year covering biodegradable film, plastic film and liquid film normal soil moisture in the filling CK respectively increased by 6.1%, 6.9% and 6.6%, the mulching treatment increased soil moisture for grain filling stage and yield of winter wheat grain filling critical.
3. Different types of mulching the soil nutrients can affect some topsoil, Three types of plastic film covering different periods of treatment are covered biodegradable film absorption and utilization of winter wheat on the highest organic matter, reduce the rate of organic matter content than CK 5.7%~15.9% (P<0.05); 0-20cm soil fertility of three different types of plastic film covering more leisure and annual coverage of the high organic matter uptake, 20-40cm and 40-60cm soil covering different periods of treatment no significant difference between the organic matter content. After the 2008 harvest, 0-60cm soil layer TN, TP and TK content was the lowest SM, TN less than CK 8.5%～9.5%,TP less than CK 3.2%～12.8%,TK less than CK 12.9%～23.4%;After the 2009 harvest, covering different periods of handling three different types of film the whole winter 0-60cm soil TN and TP uptake were highest in the treatment of biodegradable mulch film coverage, TN less than CK 11.5%～30.0%,TP less than CK 3.0%～10.2%,film of the 0-60cm layer of soil TK content was not influenced. Coverage can improve the soil of winter wheat on the 0-60cm soil available nutrient absorption. After the 2008 harvest, each post-harvest 0-60cm layer of soil nitrogen, available phosphorus were lowest processing SM, nitrogen content less than CK 8.1%～15.5%,available phosphorus content less than CK 11.3%～22.9% The different layers of soils, the minimum treatment are DM, respectively, less than CK 10.4%~18.7%.After the 2009 harvest, ordinary plastic film mulching on soil under winter wheat nitrogen and potassium uptake higher, as for the use of available phosphorus, biodegradable film covering effects.
4. Cover different types of plastic film can effectively promote the growth of winter wheat, conducive to plant height at different growth stages of winter wheat and dry matter accumulation increased. Treatment throughout the year covering various growth stages of winter wheat plant height and dry matter accumulation were both significantly higher than the growth period of cover and leisure coverage in the treatment, one year biodegradable film covering at each growth stage of winter wheat plant height and dry matter accumulation were both significantly higher than other treatments; Coverage of winter wheat growing period plant height and dry matter accumulation was significantly higher than the fallow period covered(P<0.05);under three different liquid film covering the period covered by wheat plant height and dry matter accumulation were both significantly lower than the biodegradable film and common plastic film, with no significant difference CK, biodegradable film and plastic film mulching were significantly higher than CK(P<0.05).
5. Different types of plastic film mulching on yield components of winter wheat are not consistent, the mulching treatment and compared to the control, into the ears and grains per spike significantly different, ordinary plastic film covering the year in which treatment was significantly higher than other coated and the control, the impact of coverage on the grain weight was not significant (P<0.05).
6. Two consecutive years, covering different types of plastic films on winter wheat yield results showed that: annual yield of each treatment under the coverage of the sharpest, to biodegradable film and the general film processing yield was significantly higher than the liquid film and the control (P<0.05), yield respectively over CK 35.99% and 30.46%. Growth period covering general film, biodegradable film and increase yield no significant difference, yield increase for two consecutive years were 6.45% and 7.52%, 28.95% and 22.44%;fallow cover biodegradable film and plastic film compared with CK increased 25.04% and 20.54%;covering general Film biodegradable film and no significant difference in yield, but in the end of the lower soil moisture, uneven distribution of rainfall years (2008-2009years), biodegradable film covering yield more obvious effect of increasing yield of liquid film is relatively small.
7. Film processing of all water use efficiency were higher than CK, moisture in the lower end, the uneven distribution of rainfall years (2008-2009 years) covering the handling advantages of biodegradable film is more obvious, different times in three different types of mulching treatment than under the coverage of fertility treatments on water use efficiency, growth period covering biodegradable film to improve water use efficiency to 34.32%.
8. Different types of plastic film covering water gathering effect of winter wheat, nutrient change, growth and development process and the yield and water use efficiency comparative analysis indicates that biodegradable film and the general production of plastic film covering two consecutive years was no significant difference, ordinary plastic film mulching on winter wheat growth and development to promote the role of the largest, and degradation of film properties under the coverage of water and nutrient use efficiency, all shows that biodegradable film can replace the normal application of film in production, and can effectively solve the "white pollution" problem. However, biodegradable plastic film production costs than conventional plastic film 1/ 3, so that large area affected. Further reduce the biodegradable film's production costs would be effective to solve common technical way mulching. Liquid film sprayed on the soil surface, vulnerable to external environmental conditions and damage to its main physiological effects of reduced.
引文
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