草鱼早期发育阶段细菌群落的研究
摘要
本文以草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idellus)为研究对象,对早期发育阶段(胚胎期、仔鱼期、稚鱼期及幼鱼期)细菌群落进行了研究,同时对水体及饵料的菌群进行了研究。
一、草鱼受精卵阶段:分别在受精(受精后0.0 h)、卵裂期(受精后2.0 h)、囊胚期(受精后7.0h)、器官分化期(受精后15.5 h)和出膜前(受精后23.5 h)取样。结果表明:
1.草鱼受精卵菌群的数量随受精卵的发育呈递增趋势,刚受精时受精卵的细菌数量为1.24×10~1 cfu/egg,出膜前增加到1.41×10~5 cfu/egg。随受精卵的发育,受精卵的优势菌群先为气单胞菌属、肠杆菌科、微球菌属和棒杆菌属,后为莫拉氏菌属和不动杆菌属。
2.水体中细菌的数量相对稳定,为1.05×10~4 cfu/mL-3.85×10~4 cfu/mL,只在受精卵出膜前的阶段急剧增加,为1.32×10~6 cfu/mL。水体中的优势菌群为气单胞菌属、肠杆菌科和莫拉氏菌属。
二、仔稚鱼期及幼鱼期:分别在孵出后未开口摄食及开口摄食后的1 d、3 d、7d、14 d、21 d、28 d、35 d、49 d、63 d、77 d取样。结果表明:
1.开口摄食前没有检测到肠道细菌。开口摄食后,肠道好氧及兼性厌氧菌菌群、厌氧菌的数量随鱼类的发育呈递增趋势。食性转换后,肠道好氧及兼性厌氧菌菌群的数量基本稳定,但开口第63 d后,投喂人工饲料组肠道好氧及兼性厌氧菌数量略高于紫背浮萍组。食性转换后,厌氧菌数量继续增加,到开口摄食后49 d,基本达到稳定,不同的饵料对厌氧菌数量没有影响。草鱼早期发育阶段肠道好氧及兼性厌氧菌的优势菌群为气单胞菌属、肠杆菌科、弧菌属、不动杆菌属、莫拉氏菌属和棒杆菌属;厌氧菌的优势菌为双歧杆菌。在开口摄食第1 d到第14 d,肠道好氧及兼性厌氧菌的组成种类逐渐增多。食性转换后,投喂浮萍组草鱼肠道好氧及兼性厌氧菌组成比例发生了变化,莫拉氏菌属、不动杆菌属和黄杆菌属所占的比例先上升后下降,气单胞菌属和肠杆菌科所占的比例先下降后上升,最后和投喂饲料组草鱼肠道好氧及兼性厌氧菌组成比例相当。厌氧菌的优势菌属为双歧杆菌。
2.水体中细菌的数量在草鱼食性转换前比较稳定。食性转换后,人工饲料组水体细菌数量有所增加;紫背浮萍组水体细菌数量较稳定。草鱼早期发育过程中,水体中好氧及兼性厌氧菌的优势菌属为气单胞菌属、肠杆菌科、弧菌属、莫拉氏菌属、不动杆菌属和黄杆菌属。鱼类食性转换后,水体中细菌的组成比例有所改变,气单胞菌属、肠杆菌科和弧菌属所占的比例有所下降,不动杆菌属、莫拉氏菌属和黄杆菌属所占的比例有所上升。
3.浮游动物(主要为枝角类)中所含的细菌的数量为1.6×10~7 cfu/g,紫背浮萍中细菌的数量为1.24×10~7 cfu/g,人工饲料中的没有检测到细菌。浮游动物(主要为枝角类)的优势菌群为气单胞菌属、肠杆菌科、弧菌属、棒杆菌属。紫背浮萍的优势菌群为肠杆菌科、黄杆菌属、气单胞菌属、不动杆菌属、莫拉氏菌属。
草鱼受精卵菌群与水体菌群有关;早期阶段肠道菌群与水体、饵料中的菌群有关。
The succession of bacterial flora in the early life stages(egg,larvae,juvenile and young) of grass carp(Ctenopharyngodon idellus) was invested.Meanwhile,the bacterial flora of water and food were also studied.
At egg stage:The bacteria flora was detected at fertilizing(0.0 h after fertilizing),the cleavage period(2.0 h after fertilizing),the blastocyst stage(7.0 h after fertilizing),the organ differentiation period(15.5 h after fertilizing) and before hatching(23.5 h after fertilizing),respectively.The results showed that:
1.The number of bacterial flora was increased with the development of eggs after fertilizing,the number was 1.24x10~1 cfu/egg at fertilizing,and it was increased to 1.41x10~5 cfu/egg before hatching.With the development of eggs,the predominant bacterial flora of eggs was Aeromonas,Enterobacteriaceae,Micrococcus and Corynebacterium,later,the predominant bacterial flora of eggs was Moraxella and Acinetobacter.
2.The number of bacterial flora in water was stable,which was 1.05x10~4-3.85x10~4 cfu/mL.But the number was rapidly before hatching,which was 1.32x10~6 cfu/mL in water.The predominant bacteria flora in water was Aeromonas,Enterobacteriaceae and Moraxella.
At larvae,juvenile and youny stege:The intestinal bacteria was detected at non-feeding stage,1d,3d,7d,14d,21d,28d,35d,49d,63d and 77d after feeding,respectively. The results showed that:
1.The bacterial flora was not detected at non-feeding stage.The number of aerobic and facultative anaerobic,anaerobic intestinal bacteria was increased with the development of grass carp after feeding.After diet conversion,the number of intestinal aerobic facultative anaerobic bacteria was stable,but at 63d after feeding,the number of aerobic and facultative anaerobic intestinal bacteria in the group which was feeded with artificially formulated food group were slightly higher than that of duckweed(Spirodela polyrhiza) group.After diet conversion,the number of anaerobic intestinal bacteria continued to increase,at 49 d after first feeding,the number was stable,and it was not affected by different diets.The predominant aerobic and facultive anaerobic intestinal bacteria was Aeromonas,Enterobacteriaceae,Vibrio,Acinetobacter,Moraxella, Corynebacteriurn in the early development of grass carp.Form ld to 14d after first feeding,the composition species of aerobic and facultive anaerobic intestinal bacteria were gradually increased.After diet conversion,the composition proportion of aerobic and anaerobic intestinal bacteria was changed which was feeded with duckweed.The percentage of Moraxella and Acinetobacter was increased at first then decreased, Aeromonas and Enterobacteriaceae was inversely correlated.Fininly,the composition proprotion of aerobic and anaerobic intestinal bacteria was considerate to the group that was feeded artificially formulated food.The predominant facultive anaerobic intestinal bacteria was Bifidobacterium.
2.The number of bacterial flora in water was relatively stable before and after diet conversion.After diet conversion,the number of bacteria in water was increased which was feeded with artificial diet,but it was stable which was feeded duckweed.During the early development of grass carp,the predominant aerobic and facultive anaerobic in water was Aeromonas,Enterobacteriaceae,Vibrio,Moraxella,Acinetobacter and Flavobacterium.After diet conversion,the composition of bacteria in water was changed, the proportion of Aeromonas,Enterobacteriaceae and Vibrio decreased,and the proportion of Moraxella,Acinetobacter and Flavobacterium increased.
3.The bacteria number of zooZooplankton(mainly cladocera) was 1.6×10~7 cfu/g, and that of duckweed was 1.24×10~7 cfu/g.There was no bacterial detected in artificially formulated food.The predominant bacteria of Zooplankton was Aeromonas, Enterobacteriaceae,Vibrio,Corynebacterium,the predominant bacteria of duckweed was Enterobacteriaceae,Flavobacterium,Aeromonas,Acinetobacter,Moraxella.
The bacterical flora of grass carp eggs was related to the bacterial flora in water,the intestinal bacterical flora of the early stages of grass carp was related to the bacterial flora of water and food.
一、草鱼受精卵阶段:分别在受精(受精后0.0 h)、卵裂期(受精后2.0 h)、囊胚期(受精后7.0h)、器官分化期(受精后15.5 h)和出膜前(受精后23.5 h)取样。结果表明:
1.草鱼受精卵菌群的数量随受精卵的发育呈递增趋势,刚受精时受精卵的细菌数量为1.24×10~1 cfu/egg,出膜前增加到1.41×10~5 cfu/egg。随受精卵的发育,受精卵的优势菌群先为气单胞菌属、肠杆菌科、微球菌属和棒杆菌属,后为莫拉氏菌属和不动杆菌属。
2.水体中细菌的数量相对稳定,为1.05×10~4 cfu/mL-3.85×10~4 cfu/mL,只在受精卵出膜前的阶段急剧增加,为1.32×10~6 cfu/mL。水体中的优势菌群为气单胞菌属、肠杆菌科和莫拉氏菌属。
二、仔稚鱼期及幼鱼期:分别在孵出后未开口摄食及开口摄食后的1 d、3 d、7d、14 d、21 d、28 d、35 d、49 d、63 d、77 d取样。结果表明:
1.开口摄食前没有检测到肠道细菌。开口摄食后,肠道好氧及兼性厌氧菌菌群、厌氧菌的数量随鱼类的发育呈递增趋势。食性转换后,肠道好氧及兼性厌氧菌菌群的数量基本稳定,但开口第63 d后,投喂人工饲料组肠道好氧及兼性厌氧菌数量略高于紫背浮萍组。食性转换后,厌氧菌数量继续增加,到开口摄食后49 d,基本达到稳定,不同的饵料对厌氧菌数量没有影响。草鱼早期发育阶段肠道好氧及兼性厌氧菌的优势菌群为气单胞菌属、肠杆菌科、弧菌属、不动杆菌属、莫拉氏菌属和棒杆菌属;厌氧菌的优势菌为双歧杆菌。在开口摄食第1 d到第14 d,肠道好氧及兼性厌氧菌的组成种类逐渐增多。食性转换后,投喂浮萍组草鱼肠道好氧及兼性厌氧菌组成比例发生了变化,莫拉氏菌属、不动杆菌属和黄杆菌属所占的比例先上升后下降,气单胞菌属和肠杆菌科所占的比例先下降后上升,最后和投喂饲料组草鱼肠道好氧及兼性厌氧菌组成比例相当。厌氧菌的优势菌属为双歧杆菌。
2.水体中细菌的数量在草鱼食性转换前比较稳定。食性转换后,人工饲料组水体细菌数量有所增加;紫背浮萍组水体细菌数量较稳定。草鱼早期发育过程中,水体中好氧及兼性厌氧菌的优势菌属为气单胞菌属、肠杆菌科、弧菌属、莫拉氏菌属、不动杆菌属和黄杆菌属。鱼类食性转换后,水体中细菌的组成比例有所改变,气单胞菌属、肠杆菌科和弧菌属所占的比例有所下降,不动杆菌属、莫拉氏菌属和黄杆菌属所占的比例有所上升。
3.浮游动物(主要为枝角类)中所含的细菌的数量为1.6×10~7 cfu/g,紫背浮萍中细菌的数量为1.24×10~7 cfu/g,人工饲料中的没有检测到细菌。浮游动物(主要为枝角类)的优势菌群为气单胞菌属、肠杆菌科、弧菌属、棒杆菌属。紫背浮萍的优势菌群为肠杆菌科、黄杆菌属、气单胞菌属、不动杆菌属、莫拉氏菌属。
草鱼受精卵菌群与水体菌群有关;早期阶段肠道菌群与水体、饵料中的菌群有关。
The succession of bacterial flora in the early life stages(egg,larvae,juvenile and young) of grass carp(Ctenopharyngodon idellus) was invested.Meanwhile,the bacterial flora of water and food were also studied.
At egg stage:The bacteria flora was detected at fertilizing(0.0 h after fertilizing),the cleavage period(2.0 h after fertilizing),the blastocyst stage(7.0 h after fertilizing),the organ differentiation period(15.5 h after fertilizing) and before hatching(23.5 h after fertilizing),respectively.The results showed that:
1.The number of bacterial flora was increased with the development of eggs after fertilizing,the number was 1.24x10~1 cfu/egg at fertilizing,and it was increased to 1.41x10~5 cfu/egg before hatching.With the development of eggs,the predominant bacterial flora of eggs was Aeromonas,Enterobacteriaceae,Micrococcus and Corynebacterium,later,the predominant bacterial flora of eggs was Moraxella and Acinetobacter.
2.The number of bacterial flora in water was stable,which was 1.05x10~4-3.85x10~4 cfu/mL.But the number was rapidly before hatching,which was 1.32x10~6 cfu/mL in water.The predominant bacteria flora in water was Aeromonas,Enterobacteriaceae and Moraxella.
At larvae,juvenile and youny stege:The intestinal bacteria was detected at non-feeding stage,1d,3d,7d,14d,21d,28d,35d,49d,63d and 77d after feeding,respectively. The results showed that:
1.The bacterial flora was not detected at non-feeding stage.The number of aerobic and facultative anaerobic,anaerobic intestinal bacteria was increased with the development of grass carp after feeding.After diet conversion,the number of intestinal aerobic facultative anaerobic bacteria was stable,but at 63d after feeding,the number of aerobic and facultative anaerobic intestinal bacteria in the group which was feeded with artificially formulated food group were slightly higher than that of duckweed(Spirodela polyrhiza) group.After diet conversion,the number of anaerobic intestinal bacteria continued to increase,at 49 d after first feeding,the number was stable,and it was not affected by different diets.The predominant aerobic and facultive anaerobic intestinal bacteria was Aeromonas,Enterobacteriaceae,Vibrio,Acinetobacter,Moraxella, Corynebacteriurn in the early development of grass carp.Form ld to 14d after first feeding,the composition species of aerobic and facultive anaerobic intestinal bacteria were gradually increased.After diet conversion,the composition proportion of aerobic and anaerobic intestinal bacteria was changed which was feeded with duckweed.The percentage of Moraxella and Acinetobacter was increased at first then decreased, Aeromonas and Enterobacteriaceae was inversely correlated.Fininly,the composition proprotion of aerobic and anaerobic intestinal bacteria was considerate to the group that was feeded artificially formulated food.The predominant facultive anaerobic intestinal bacteria was Bifidobacterium.
2.The number of bacterial flora in water was relatively stable before and after diet conversion.After diet conversion,the number of bacteria in water was increased which was feeded with artificial diet,but it was stable which was feeded duckweed.During the early development of grass carp,the predominant aerobic and facultive anaerobic in water was Aeromonas,Enterobacteriaceae,Vibrio,Moraxella,Acinetobacter and Flavobacterium.After diet conversion,the composition of bacteria in water was changed, the proportion of Aeromonas,Enterobacteriaceae and Vibrio decreased,and the proportion of Moraxella,Acinetobacter and Flavobacterium increased.
3.The bacteria number of zooZooplankton(mainly cladocera) was 1.6×10~7 cfu/g, and that of duckweed was 1.24×10~7 cfu/g.There was no bacterial detected in artificially formulated food.The predominant bacteria of Zooplankton was Aeromonas, Enterobacteriaceae,Vibrio,Corynebacterium,the predominant bacteria of duckweed was Enterobacteriaceae,Flavobacterium,Aeromonas,Acinetobacter,Moraxella.
The bacterical flora of grass carp eggs was related to the bacterial flora in water,the intestinal bacterical flora of the early stages of grass carp was related to the bacterial flora of water and food.
引文
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