圆形平面二维可展屋盖结构研究
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摘要
可展结构是具有展开功能的结构体系的统称,特点是可由收缩的紧密位形转变为预定的扩展位形,并在扩展位形下具有一定的承载能力。由于上述特点,使得可展结构在航空航天领域和建筑工程领域受到普遍重视。可展结构通常包括折叠结构、充气及索膜结构、张拉整体结构、开合结构四大类,其中后三类在建筑工程领域已有较多应用,而折叠结构的应用还基本处于空白状态,因此有必要开展相关的研究。本文提出的圆形平面二维可展屋盖结构就是由折叠结构与开合结构所衍化出的一种新型可展结构形式。
可展结构的一项基本特征是要具有可靠的折展性能,在折展过程中体系呈机构状态,其核心是几何构成问题。为此,本文首先对圆形平面二维可展结构的几何构成进行了研究。通过对可展单元(包括直杆单元和折杆单元)的几何性质进行推导,确定以多折杆单元作为圆形平面二维可展结构的基本组成单元;在此基础上构建了圆形平面二维可展屋盖的几何模型,并对其可展性进行了论证;此外还探讨了可能的边界支承形式。
作为开合屋盖,其结构性能也是本文研究的重点之一。本文首先以三种桁架形式,来代替多折杆单元中的“杆”,提出了三种结构方案,并对三种方案进行对比,从而确定了以桁架截面渐变为特征的“起拱方案”为最优结构方案;其次对“起拱方案”的结构性能进行分析,探讨了杆件截面、结构高度等对刚度的影响以及结构跨度与用钢量的关系。研究结果表明,本文可展结构以结构刚度为控制条件,展开到一定程度后,结构刚度下降较为明显。当跨度较大时,本文提出了增加轨道设置的改进措施。
本文最后探讨了屋面板的形状优化设计问题。首先确立了以屋面板的间隙最小、不发生碰撞和展开面积最大为优化设计目标,并利用MATLAB软件编制以极大极小算法为基础的优化程序;然后,利用上述程序对圆形平面二维可展结构的屋面板进行了形状优化设计,并通过模拟屋面板的展开过程验证了方法的可行性。此外,还对屋面板与主体结构的连接问题进行了探讨,提出了斜拉式屋面板构造方案。
Deployable structures is a generic name for a broad category of expandable structures that can be transformed from a closed compact configuration to a predetermined, expanded form, in which they are stable and capable of load bearing. Due to these characteristics, deployable structures which can meet the special requirements, catch the universal attention in the fields of outer space and civil engineering. Deployable structures usually include four major categories, foldable structures, inflatable structures& cable-membrane structures, tensegrity structures and retractable structures. The last three categories have wider applications in the field of civil engineering, but foldable structures are basically in a state of blank. Therefore it is necessary to research foldable structures. This paper presents the two-dimensional deployable circular roof structures, which are developed from foldable structures and retractable structures.
Deployable structures have a basic feature that they can be folded reliably, in the process of folding, system is amechanism. the core of problem is the geometric form. First, the paper launched a study on the geometric form of two-dimensional circular roof structures. Through deduction of the geometric properties for developable element (including the straight rods element and angulated element), the multi-angulated rods were considered as the basic modules of the two-dimensional deployable circular roof structures. Based on that, a geometric topology model of the two-dimensional deployable circular roof structures has been constructed, and its deployablity has been argued. It also explored the possible support forms on the boundary.
As retractable roof structures, their structural properties are focus of the study in the paper. First, the author replaced the“rods”of the multi-angulated rods with three kinds of trusses, and raised three categories of structure scheme. After comparing, the "arch scheme" in which the section features are changed at different positions of the truss has been considered as the optimal structure scheme. Second, the basic mechanical properties of "arch scheme" have been analyzed, also how the bar section, Structural highness influence the structural stiffness, the relationship between structural spans and weights of steel were discussed. Study results show that the structures in this paper are in control of structural stiffness. When the structures spread to a certain degree, structural stiffness is decreased significantly. When the span is larger, the paper raised a progressive measure that there are two railways in a structure to improve the structural stiffness.
Finally, the optimization problem of the roof slab shapes has been explored. First, objectives of optimization design which request minimum clearances of roof plates, roof plates can’t collide each other, and the max expanding area has been established, further more the author has compiled optimization procedures according to mini-max algorithm in virtue of software MATLAB. Second, the roof slab shapes of two-dimensional circular deployable structure have been optimized, after simulating the deploying process of roof slabs, we gained the conclusion that the method is feasible. In addition, the connection between the roof slabs and the main issues have been discussed, a constructional scheme of diagonal has been created.
可展结构的一项基本特征是要具有可靠的折展性能,在折展过程中体系呈机构状态,其核心是几何构成问题。为此,本文首先对圆形平面二维可展结构的几何构成进行了研究。通过对可展单元(包括直杆单元和折杆单元)的几何性质进行推导,确定以多折杆单元作为圆形平面二维可展结构的基本组成单元;在此基础上构建了圆形平面二维可展屋盖的几何模型,并对其可展性进行了论证;此外还探讨了可能的边界支承形式。
作为开合屋盖,其结构性能也是本文研究的重点之一。本文首先以三种桁架形式,来代替多折杆单元中的“杆”,提出了三种结构方案,并对三种方案进行对比,从而确定了以桁架截面渐变为特征的“起拱方案”为最优结构方案;其次对“起拱方案”的结构性能进行分析,探讨了杆件截面、结构高度等对刚度的影响以及结构跨度与用钢量的关系。研究结果表明,本文可展结构以结构刚度为控制条件,展开到一定程度后,结构刚度下降较为明显。当跨度较大时,本文提出了增加轨道设置的改进措施。
本文最后探讨了屋面板的形状优化设计问题。首先确立了以屋面板的间隙最小、不发生碰撞和展开面积最大为优化设计目标,并利用MATLAB软件编制以极大极小算法为基础的优化程序;然后,利用上述程序对圆形平面二维可展结构的屋面板进行了形状优化设计,并通过模拟屋面板的展开过程验证了方法的可行性。此外,还对屋面板与主体结构的连接问题进行了探讨,提出了斜拉式屋面板构造方案。
Deployable structures is a generic name for a broad category of expandable structures that can be transformed from a closed compact configuration to a predetermined, expanded form, in which they are stable and capable of load bearing. Due to these characteristics, deployable structures which can meet the special requirements, catch the universal attention in the fields of outer space and civil engineering. Deployable structures usually include four major categories, foldable structures, inflatable structures& cable-membrane structures, tensegrity structures and retractable structures. The last three categories have wider applications in the field of civil engineering, but foldable structures are basically in a state of blank. Therefore it is necessary to research foldable structures. This paper presents the two-dimensional deployable circular roof structures, which are developed from foldable structures and retractable structures.
Deployable structures have a basic feature that they can be folded reliably, in the process of folding, system is amechanism. the core of problem is the geometric form. First, the paper launched a study on the geometric form of two-dimensional circular roof structures. Through deduction of the geometric properties for developable element (including the straight rods element and angulated element), the multi-angulated rods were considered as the basic modules of the two-dimensional deployable circular roof structures. Based on that, a geometric topology model of the two-dimensional deployable circular roof structures has been constructed, and its deployablity has been argued. It also explored the possible support forms on the boundary.
As retractable roof structures, their structural properties are focus of the study in the paper. First, the author replaced the“rods”of the multi-angulated rods with three kinds of trusses, and raised three categories of structure scheme. After comparing, the "arch scheme" in which the section features are changed at different positions of the truss has been considered as the optimal structure scheme. Second, the basic mechanical properties of "arch scheme" have been analyzed, also how the bar section, Structural highness influence the structural stiffness, the relationship between structural spans and weights of steel were discussed. Study results show that the structures in this paper are in control of structural stiffness. When the structures spread to a certain degree, structural stiffness is decreased significantly. When the span is larger, the paper raised a progressive measure that there are two railways in a structure to improve the structural stiffness.
Finally, the optimization problem of the roof slab shapes has been explored. First, objectives of optimization design which request minimum clearances of roof plates, roof plates can’t collide each other, and the max expanding area has been established, further more the author has compiled optimization procedures according to mini-max algorithm in virtue of software MATLAB. Second, the roof slab shapes of two-dimensional circular deployable structure have been optimized, after simulating the deploying process of roof slabs, we gained the conclusion that the method is feasible. In addition, the connection between the roof slabs and the main issues have been discussed, a constructional scheme of diagonal has been created.
引文
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13 J. M. Hedgepeth. Influence of Fabrication Tolerances on the Surface Accuracy of Large Antenna Structures. AIAA Journal. 1982,20(5):6840~6856
14 C. J. Gantes, R. D. Logcher, J. J. Connor, Y. Rosenfeld. Deployability conditions for curved and flat, polygonal and trapezoidal deployable structures. International Journal of Space Structures. 1993,8 (1&2): 97~106
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2 S. Pellegrino, S. D. Guest. IUTAM-IASS Symposium on Deployable Structures: Theory and Applications. Cambridge, U.K. 1998:1~197
3 H. Tsunoda, Y. Senbokuya. Deployment Characteristics of Rigidizable Space Inflatable Structures. Space Technology. 2003,23(2&3):119~129
4 K. Miura. Concepts of Deployable Space Structures. International Journal of Space Structures. 1993,8(1&2):3~16
5张凤文.开合屋盖结构研究.天津大学博士学位论文. 2000:1~14
6张凤文,刘锡良.开合屋盖结构的发展及开合机理研究.钢结构. 2001,16(54):1~6
7刘锡良.现代空间结构.天津大学出版社. 2003:259~261
8熊天齐.可展结构理论分析与研究.同济大学工学硕士学位论文. 2006:1~25
9赵洪斌.杆系可展开结构初始形态及折展性能研究.哈尔滨工业大学工学博士学位论文. 2006:1~32
10薛素铎,刘景园.可展开折叠式空间结构的研究现状与展望.第三届全国结构工程学术会议论文集. 1994:1402~1405
11 R. E. Freeland. Survey of Deployable Antenna Concepts-Large Space Antenna Systems Technology. NASA-2269, Part I, 1983:381~421
12 M. Chew, P. Kumar. Conceptual Design of Deployable Space Structures form the Viewpoint of Symmetry. International Journal of Space Structures. 1993,8(1&2):17~27
13 J. M. Hedgepeth. Influence of Fabrication Tolerances on the Surface Accuracy of Large Antenna Structures. AIAA Journal. 1982,20(5):6840~6856
14 C. J. Gantes, R. D. Logcher, J. J. Connor, Y. Rosenfeld. Deployability conditions for curved and flat, polygonal and trapezoidal deployable structures. International Journal of Space Structures. 1993,8 (1&2): 97~106
15 C. J. Gantes. Geometric constraints in assembling polygonal deployable unitsto form multi-unit structural systems. In: Parke,G.A.R., Howard, C.M. (Eds.), Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Space Structures, Surrey, United Kingdom, Thomas Telford, London,1993:793~803
16 C.J. Gantes, E. Konitopoulou. Geometric Design of Arbitrarily Curved Bistable Deployable Arches with Discrete Joint Size. International Journal of Solids and Structures. 2004,41(20):5517~5540
17 C. J. Gantes. An improved analytical model for the prediction of the nonlinear behavior of flat and curved deployable spaceframes. Journal of Constructional Steel Research. 1997, 44(1):129~158
18 C. J. Gantes, R. D. Logcher, J. J. Connor. Simulation of the deployment process of multi-unit deployable structures on a Cray-2. International Journal of Supercomputer Applications. 1993a,7(2):144~154
19 C. J. Gantes, R. D. Logcher, J. J. Connor. A simple friction model for scissor-type mobile structures. Journal of Engineering Mechanics, ASCE 1993b,119(3):456~475
20 C. J. Gantes, R. D. Logcher, J. J. Connor. A systematic design methodology for deployable structures. International Journal of Space Structures. 1994a,9(2): 67~86
21 C. J. Gantes, R. D. Logcher, J. J. Connor. Equivalent continuum model for deployable flat lattice structures. Journal of Aerospace Engineering, ASCE 1994,6(7):72~91
22 F. Escrig. Expandable space structures. International Journal of Space Structures. 1985,3(1):79~91
23 F. Escrig. Transformable Architecture. Journal of the International Association for Shells and Space Structures. 2000,41(1):3~22
24 F. Escrig. Las estructuras de Emilio Perez Pinero. In Arquitectura Transformable. Escuela Tecnica Superior de Arquitecturade Sevilla. 1993:11~32
25计飞翔.折叠结构体系及静力性能研究.长安大学硕士学位论文, 2005:46~64
26向华.折叠式网壳帐篷结构的足尺试验研究.长安大学硕士学位论文, 2004:32~47
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