自然和人工藓类结皮层对土壤及植物营养元素含量的影响初探
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摘要
自然生物结皮和人工培养生物结皮能显著增加地表0—5cm土层的营养物质含量,对土壤营养物质含量的影响范围仅限于表层0—5cm,对更深层次土壤营养物质含量则无显著影响,在表层0—5cm内,水解性N、有效P、速效K、有效S和有效Mo的含量都表现出自然结皮＞人工结皮＞无结皮,而有效Mn的含量人工结皮含量最高。土壤中有效N与有效P、速效K和有效Mn显著正相关(P＜0.01);有效P与有效Mn显著正相关(P＜0.01),有效P与速效K显著相关(P＜0.05);速效K与有效Mn显著正相关(P＜0.01),速效K与有效S正相关(P＜0.05)。
生物土壤结皮对植物营养元素的吸收包括积极和消极的影响。七种植物中都共同表现为生长在结皮层土壤上的植物N营养元素含量高于生长在无结皮层土壤上的植物N营养元素含量,结皮层草本植物P营养元素含量不低于无结皮层的,结皮层半灌木P营养元素含量低于无结皮层的。在植物体内,N和P营养元素含量显著正相关(P＜0.01),P和K营养元素含量相关(P＜0.05);Mg、Mn和S营养元素含量相关(P＜0.05)。这种现象的出现可能与植物的生理活动不同有关,或者是由于生物结皮与植物根系之间的竞争关系造成的。
采用称重法在7—9月份对不同类型结皮进行凝结水观测试验,从单日3h吸湿凝结量的变化和吸湿凝结水的垂直变化看,凝结量从大到小依次为:苔藓结皮＞藻类结皮＞无结皮层,说明苔藓植物具有很好的吸水能力。在测定期内苔藓结皮平均吸湿凝结量约为0.68g,说明吸湿凝结水是沙漠苔藓生命活动重要的水分来源。
室内培养藓类发现真藓的成活率是最高的,在土壤浸出液和Knop营养液中成活率接近于90%。在培养过程中发现真藓的繁殖具有多样性,可由原植物体顶端直接生长产生新的植物体,也可由植物体直接产生原丝体,再由原丝体产生新的植物。野外对真藓、土生对齿藓和刺叶赤藓的人工培养发现成活率最高的是真藓,土生对齿藓仅有少量存活,但不能形成明显的结皮层,刺叶赤藓未发现有成活的植物体。对照样地的试验表明,在土壤基质稳定的基础上,土壤中的藻类可快速繁殖形成结皮层,在样地中培养的当年藻类结皮层盖度最高可达到40%,最低为25%,平均为31.67%,到2008年可达到90%以上。2006年样地总面为11.54 m~2,2008年样地总面积为13.48 m~2,2年期间样地面积共增加了1.94 m~2。藓类结皮层盖度也具有明显的增加,6号样地2006年仅为6%,2007年为40%,2008年达到100%。结皮层厚度2006年为1-2mm,2008年达到3-5mm。人工培养藓类促进结皮层形成试验还有待于进一步深入研究。
The natural biological crust and the artifical cultured biological crust can significantly enrich accumulation of nutrition element by 0-5cm in the soil layer. This effect canonly reach 0-5cm in the soil layer, and there is no significant effect of nutrition element in deeper soil layer. At the range of 0-5cm, the content of the available N, the available P, the available K, the available S and the available Mo shows: the content of nutrition element in natural crust is higher than the content in artificial crust and uncrusted soil. However the content of the available Mn is the highest in the artificial crust. The available N and the available P, the available K and the available Mn are highly positively correlated (P<0.01); the available P and the available Mn are highly positively correlated (P <0.01), the available P and the available K are correlated (P<0.05); the available K and the available Mn are highly positively correlated (P<0.01),the available K and the available S are positively related(P<0.05).
Biological soil crusts have positive and negative effects on plant absorption of nutrients. Content of Nutrient N of seven plants growing on soil encrusted with mosses is higher than those growing on uncrusted soil. Content of Nutrient P of herbaceous plants growing on soils encrusted with mosses is not lower than those growing on uncrusted soil. Nutrient P content of semi-shrubs growing on soils encrusted with mosses is lower than those growing on uncrusted soil. This phenomenon may caused by different plant physiological activities, or the competition between biological crusts and plant roots. Within a plant life, N and P nutrients are highly positively correlated (P <0.01), P and K are positively correlated (P <0.05); Mg, Mn and S are related (P <0.05).
The weighting method is adopted from condensation of water observation. The condensation water for different kinds of samples is observed from July to September. Based on the observation of the changes in amount of water condensation and the vertical changes of the condensation water, which took place every 3hours a day, the results are: the amount of water condensation in moss crust is higher than the amount in algae crust and uncrusted soil. Bryophytes have strong water-retention ability. During measurement period, the average condensation water of crust is about 0.68g, this figure accounts for 50% of water supplies of bryophytes living activities. The study indicates condensation water is an important water source of mosses.
The survival rate of Bryum argenteum through indoor cultivation is the highest. The survival rate of Bryum argenteum in the soil extract and Knop nutrient solution is close to 90%. During this process, we found the propagation of Bryum argenteum equpied with diversity. A new plant can grow from the top of original plant and generated from protonema from original plant. Through the outdoor artifical cultivation of Bryum argenteum, Didymodon vinealis and Syntrichia caninervis we found the highest survival rate is Bryum argenteum. A small amount of Didymodon vinealis is alive. However there is no formation of crust. Syntrichia caninervis could not survive. The controlled trials show that the algae in the soil can form crust on thebasis of stability of the soil matrix. The algal crust coverage can reach up to 40% maxium and 25% minium in one year, which averaged 31.67%. In 2008, this coverage reached up to 90%. The total trail area in 2006 is 11.54 m~2. This area incresed to 13.48m~2 in 2008. Mosses crust coverage increased at the same time. In 2006 the coverage is only 6%, in 2007 incresed to 40%, in2008 was up to 100%. The thickness of artificial mosses crust is 1-2mm in 2006, it reached to an average of 3-5mm in 2008. The experiment of promoting formation of crust by artifical cultured mosses is needed to be further studied.
生物土壤结皮对植物营养元素的吸收包括积极和消极的影响。七种植物中都共同表现为生长在结皮层土壤上的植物N营养元素含量高于生长在无结皮层土壤上的植物N营养元素含量,结皮层草本植物P营养元素含量不低于无结皮层的,结皮层半灌木P营养元素含量低于无结皮层的。在植物体内,N和P营养元素含量显著正相关(P＜0.01),P和K营养元素含量相关(P＜0.05);Mg、Mn和S营养元素含量相关(P＜0.05)。这种现象的出现可能与植物的生理活动不同有关,或者是由于生物结皮与植物根系之间的竞争关系造成的。
采用称重法在7—9月份对不同类型结皮进行凝结水观测试验,从单日3h吸湿凝结量的变化和吸湿凝结水的垂直变化看,凝结量从大到小依次为:苔藓结皮＞藻类结皮＞无结皮层,说明苔藓植物具有很好的吸水能力。在测定期内苔藓结皮平均吸湿凝结量约为0.68g,说明吸湿凝结水是沙漠苔藓生命活动重要的水分来源。
室内培养藓类发现真藓的成活率是最高的,在土壤浸出液和Knop营养液中成活率接近于90%。在培养过程中发现真藓的繁殖具有多样性,可由原植物体顶端直接生长产生新的植物体,也可由植物体直接产生原丝体,再由原丝体产生新的植物。野外对真藓、土生对齿藓和刺叶赤藓的人工培养发现成活率最高的是真藓,土生对齿藓仅有少量存活,但不能形成明显的结皮层,刺叶赤藓未发现有成活的植物体。对照样地的试验表明,在土壤基质稳定的基础上,土壤中的藻类可快速繁殖形成结皮层,在样地中培养的当年藻类结皮层盖度最高可达到40%,最低为25%,平均为31.67%,到2008年可达到90%以上。2006年样地总面为11.54 m~2,2008年样地总面积为13.48 m~2,2年期间样地面积共增加了1.94 m~2。藓类结皮层盖度也具有明显的增加,6号样地2006年仅为6%,2007年为40%,2008年达到100%。结皮层厚度2006年为1-2mm,2008年达到3-5mm。人工培养藓类促进结皮层形成试验还有待于进一步深入研究。
The natural biological crust and the artifical cultured biological crust can significantly enrich accumulation of nutrition element by 0-5cm in the soil layer. This effect canonly reach 0-5cm in the soil layer, and there is no significant effect of nutrition element in deeper soil layer. At the range of 0-5cm, the content of the available N, the available P, the available K, the available S and the available Mo shows: the content of nutrition element in natural crust is higher than the content in artificial crust and uncrusted soil. However the content of the available Mn is the highest in the artificial crust. The available N and the available P, the available K and the available Mn are highly positively correlated (P<0.01); the available P and the available Mn are highly positively correlated (P <0.01), the available P and the available K are correlated (P<0.05); the available K and the available Mn are highly positively correlated (P<0.01),the available K and the available S are positively related(P<0.05).
Biological soil crusts have positive and negative effects on plant absorption of nutrients. Content of Nutrient N of seven plants growing on soil encrusted with mosses is higher than those growing on uncrusted soil. Content of Nutrient P of herbaceous plants growing on soils encrusted with mosses is not lower than those growing on uncrusted soil. Nutrient P content of semi-shrubs growing on soils encrusted with mosses is lower than those growing on uncrusted soil. This phenomenon may caused by different plant physiological activities, or the competition between biological crusts and plant roots. Within a plant life, N and P nutrients are highly positively correlated (P <0.01), P and K are positively correlated (P <0.05); Mg, Mn and S are related (P <0.05).
The weighting method is adopted from condensation of water observation. The condensation water for different kinds of samples is observed from July to September. Based on the observation of the changes in amount of water condensation and the vertical changes of the condensation water, which took place every 3hours a day, the results are: the amount of water condensation in moss crust is higher than the amount in algae crust and uncrusted soil. Bryophytes have strong water-retention ability. During measurement period, the average condensation water of crust is about 0.68g, this figure accounts for 50% of water supplies of bryophytes living activities. The study indicates condensation water is an important water source of mosses.
The survival rate of Bryum argenteum through indoor cultivation is the highest. The survival rate of Bryum argenteum in the soil extract and Knop nutrient solution is close to 90%. During this process, we found the propagation of Bryum argenteum equpied with diversity. A new plant can grow from the top of original plant and generated from protonema from original plant. Through the outdoor artifical cultivation of Bryum argenteum, Didymodon vinealis and Syntrichia caninervis we found the highest survival rate is Bryum argenteum. A small amount of Didymodon vinealis is alive. However there is no formation of crust. Syntrichia caninervis could not survive. The controlled trials show that the algae in the soil can form crust on thebasis of stability of the soil matrix. The algal crust coverage can reach up to 40% maxium and 25% minium in one year, which averaged 31.67%. In 2008, this coverage reached up to 90%. The total trail area in 2006 is 11.54 m~2. This area incresed to 13.48m~2 in 2008. Mosses crust coverage increased at the same time. In 2006 the coverage is only 6%, in 2007 incresed to 40%, in2008 was up to 100%. The thickness of artificial mosses crust is 1-2mm in 2006, it reached to an average of 3-5mm in 2008. The experiment of promoting formation of crust by artifical cultured mosses is needed to be further studied.
引文
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