PSInSAR技术监测地表形变的研究
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摘要
合成孔径雷达差分干涉测量技术(DInSAR)是新近发展起来的用于监测大范围地表形变的新技术,具有精度高、监测范围广等优势。可用于监测厘米甚至毫米级的地表形变,是一种有效的空间对地观测手段。然而,DInSAR技术在具体的应用中有很多瓶颈问题未能得到很好的解决,如时间去相关,基线去相关,大气效应等。
近年发展起来的永久散射体差分干涉测量(permanentScatterers InSAR,PSInSAR)技术为克服相位失相关和大气延迟提供了可能,它利用一系列在时间上保持相位稳定的散射体,分析时间序列上相位变化提取研究区域的变形信息,并且能够克服失相关和大气延迟等问题。然而,该方法在一些关键数据处理方面如PS探测,建网,模型解算等存在问题。为此,本文对永久散射体雷达差分干涉技术理论进行系统研究,对其中的关键算法作重点探讨,探索解决该方法存在问题的新途径,以提高PSInSAR技术探测地表形变的精度和可靠性。
具体来说,本论文完成了如下研究内容并得到了相关结论:
(1)基于时间基线、垂直基线和多普勒质心频率差的最优组合原则,本论文提出了简单的经验模型选取主影像方法。
(2)在深入分析PSInSAR测量地表形变原理的基础上,本论文提出并实现了三重阈值PS自动探测算法,即时序相关系数、振幅离差和振幅指数三道阈值串行结合,在实验过程中取得了很好的结果。
(3)在PS邻域差分相位模型参数估计中,引用了解空间搜索方法。在依据先验知识确定解空间的大小、位置和搜索策略后,可较快地获得参数的最佳估计值。
(4)提出了树形搜索法用于计算PS的绝对高程修正值和线形沉降速度,对PS残留相位进行了解析,分离和提取出非线形沉降和大气相位,完整地得到了地表的时序位移量。
(5)应用Matlab软件编写了一整套PSInSAR处理程序,成功探测了上海地区在1992-2002年间的地表沉降,总体平均沉降速率为9.3mm/a,所得结果与地面精密水准测量成果具有较高的一致性。
Differential Synthetic Aperture Radar interferometry (DInSAR) is a newly developed technique for monitoring large-scale ground deformation with some prominent advantages such as high accuracy and pantoscopic view. DInSAR can monitor movements on earth surface at centimeter or even millimeter levels. This is a viable and valuable space-geodetic approach. However, DInSAR technique are still some bottlenecks that need to be solved, such as time decorrelation, baseline decorrelation, atmospheric delay and so on.
The newly-proposed PSInSAR (Permanent Scatterers InSAR) is regarded as the most efficient approach in overcoming both decorrelations and atmospheric delays, Using PS points, which can keep phase stable in the temporal series, surface subsidence can be gotten by analyzing the time-series differential phase variation, temporal and spatial baseline can't be considered strictly and the atmospheric effects have been decreased by differential between neighbor points. Nevertheless some problems still exist in the key processing procedures of PSInSAR such as PS detection, network construction and model estimation. Thereby, this thesis focuses on investigating basic principles of PSInSAR and critical algorithms as well as exploring new approaches so as to improve both accuracy and reliability in PSInSAR.
The investigations performed in this thesis and relevant conclusions are outlined as follows:
First of all,a simple experience model is given by considering a principle of best combinations of temporal baseline, spatial baseline and Doppler centroid frequency difference.
The second, based upon detailed analysis about the basic principle of PSInSAR. A three-thresholding algorithm is proposed to improve the quality of PS detection .correlation-coefficient thresholding, amplitude dispersion index thresholding and amplitude index thresholding.
The third, a new algorithm called solution-space search has been apply to estimate the parameters in the model of PS neighborhood differential phases. After determining solution-space size, location and search strategy according to some apriori information, the solution-space search method can be used to compute the optimal parameters rapidly.
The fourth ,a tree-structure search is proposed to compute Absolute terrain error and linear deformation velocity, analysis PS residues phase, nonlinear deformations and atmospheric phase screen is separated and extravted. The time series of surface displacement was got in the end.
Finally, the ground subsidence from 1992 to 2002 over area of shanghai has been successfully detected using a set of PSInSAR computer programs which is developed in the Matlab environment. It is found that the averaged displacement velocity is 9.3mm/a.The derived results are in good agreement with the precision leveling measurements obtained previously.
近年发展起来的永久散射体差分干涉测量(permanentScatterers InSAR,PSInSAR)技术为克服相位失相关和大气延迟提供了可能,它利用一系列在时间上保持相位稳定的散射体,分析时间序列上相位变化提取研究区域的变形信息,并且能够克服失相关和大气延迟等问题。然而,该方法在一些关键数据处理方面如PS探测,建网,模型解算等存在问题。为此,本文对永久散射体雷达差分干涉技术理论进行系统研究,对其中的关键算法作重点探讨,探索解决该方法存在问题的新途径,以提高PSInSAR技术探测地表形变的精度和可靠性。
具体来说,本论文完成了如下研究内容并得到了相关结论:
(1)基于时间基线、垂直基线和多普勒质心频率差的最优组合原则,本论文提出了简单的经验模型选取主影像方法。
(2)在深入分析PSInSAR测量地表形变原理的基础上,本论文提出并实现了三重阈值PS自动探测算法,即时序相关系数、振幅离差和振幅指数三道阈值串行结合,在实验过程中取得了很好的结果。
(3)在PS邻域差分相位模型参数估计中,引用了解空间搜索方法。在依据先验知识确定解空间的大小、位置和搜索策略后,可较快地获得参数的最佳估计值。
(4)提出了树形搜索法用于计算PS的绝对高程修正值和线形沉降速度,对PS残留相位进行了解析,分离和提取出非线形沉降和大气相位,完整地得到了地表的时序位移量。
(5)应用Matlab软件编写了一整套PSInSAR处理程序,成功探测了上海地区在1992-2002年间的地表沉降,总体平均沉降速率为9.3mm/a,所得结果与地面精密水准测量成果具有较高的一致性。
Differential Synthetic Aperture Radar interferometry (DInSAR) is a newly developed technique for monitoring large-scale ground deformation with some prominent advantages such as high accuracy and pantoscopic view. DInSAR can monitor movements on earth surface at centimeter or even millimeter levels. This is a viable and valuable space-geodetic approach. However, DInSAR technique are still some bottlenecks that need to be solved, such as time decorrelation, baseline decorrelation, atmospheric delay and so on.
The newly-proposed PSInSAR (Permanent Scatterers InSAR) is regarded as the most efficient approach in overcoming both decorrelations and atmospheric delays, Using PS points, which can keep phase stable in the temporal series, surface subsidence can be gotten by analyzing the time-series differential phase variation, temporal and spatial baseline can't be considered strictly and the atmospheric effects have been decreased by differential between neighbor points. Nevertheless some problems still exist in the key processing procedures of PSInSAR such as PS detection, network construction and model estimation. Thereby, this thesis focuses on investigating basic principles of PSInSAR and critical algorithms as well as exploring new approaches so as to improve both accuracy and reliability in PSInSAR.
The investigations performed in this thesis and relevant conclusions are outlined as follows:
First of all,a simple experience model is given by considering a principle of best combinations of temporal baseline, spatial baseline and Doppler centroid frequency difference.
The second, based upon detailed analysis about the basic principle of PSInSAR. A three-thresholding algorithm is proposed to improve the quality of PS detection .correlation-coefficient thresholding, amplitude dispersion index thresholding and amplitude index thresholding.
The third, a new algorithm called solution-space search has been apply to estimate the parameters in the model of PS neighborhood differential phases. After determining solution-space size, location and search strategy according to some apriori information, the solution-space search method can be used to compute the optimal parameters rapidly.
The fourth ,a tree-structure search is proposed to compute Absolute terrain error and linear deformation velocity, analysis PS residues phase, nonlinear deformations and atmospheric phase screen is separated and extravted. The time series of surface displacement was got in the end.
Finally, the ground subsidence from 1992 to 2002 over area of shanghai has been successfully detected using a set of PSInSAR computer programs which is developed in the Matlab environment. It is found that the averaged displacement velocity is 9.3mm/a.The derived results are in good agreement with the precision leveling measurements obtained previously.
引文
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[26]Zhang Hua,Zeng Qiming,Liu Yihua,et al.The Optimum Selection of Common Master Image for Series of Differential SAR Processing to EstimateLong and Slow Ground Deformation.IEEE 0-7803-9050-4105:4586-4589.2005
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[2]Graham,L.C.,Synthetic radar for topographic mapping.Proc.IEEE,vol.62,763-768,1974.
[3]Goldstein,R.M.,Zebker,H.A.,Werner,C.L.,Satellite radar interferometry:Two-dimensional phase unwrapping,Radio Science,vol.23,713-720,1988.
[4]JPL,SRTM home page,http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/srtm/[DB/OL].
[5]Gabriel,A.K.and R.M.Goldstein,Crossed orbit interferometry:theory and experimental results form SIB-B,International Journal of Remote Sensing,Vol.9 No.5,857-872,1988.
[6]Massonnet,D.,M.Rossi,C.,Carmona,F.,Adragna,G.,Peltzer,K.,Feigi,and T.Rabaute,The displacement field of the Landers earthquake mapped by radar interferometry,Nature,364,138-142,1993.
[7]金双根,朱文耀.GPS观测数据提高InSAR干涉测量精度的分析[J].遥感信息.2001,4:8-11
[8]Ferretti,A.,Prati,C.,Rocca,F.,Permanent scatterers in SAR interferometry.IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing,vol.38,5:2202-2212,2000.
[9]Ferretti,A.,Prati,C.and Rocca,F.,Permanent scatterers in SAR interferometry,IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing,Vol.39,No.1:8-20.,2001.
[10]Teunissen,P.J.G.GPS carrier phase ambiguity fixing concepts,in GPS for Geodesy,Lecture Notes in Earth Sciences,Springer,pp.263-335.1996.
[11]Ramon F.Hanssen Radar Interferometry:data interpretation and error analysis,Kluwer Academic Publishers,2002.
[12]Ferretti A.,Prati C.,Rocca F.Non-linear subsidence rate estimation using permanent scatterers in differential SAR interferometry,IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing,38(5):2202-2212.,2002.
[13]Hooper A.,Zebker H.A.,Segall P,et al.A new method for measuring deformation on volcanoes and other natural terrains using InSAR persistent scatterers.Geophysical research letters,31(L23611):1-5.,2004.
[14]Kampes,B.M.Displacement Parameter Estimation using Permanent Scatterer Interferometry.PhD thesis.Delft University of technology.35,5:2102-2112,2005.
[15]Kampes,B.M.and Ramon F.Hanssen.Ambiguity resolution for Permanent Scatterer Interferometry,IEEE transactions on geoscience and remote Sensing 42(11),2446-2453.2004.
[16]Colesanti,C.,Ferretti,A.,Prati,C.,ERS-ENVISATpermanentScatterersinterferometry.Proc-eed ings.IGARSS.2:1130-1132,2003.
[17]Hooper A.,Zebker H.A.,Segall P,et al.A new method for measuring deformation on volcanoes and other natural terrains using InSAR persistent scatterers.Geophysical research letters,31(L23611):1-5.,2004.
[18]Chul,H.,Jung,Min,K.D.Observing coal mining subsidence from JERS-1 permanent scatterer analysis.IGARSS,7:4578-4581,2005.
[19]王超,张红,刘智.星载合成孔径雷达干涉测量[M].科学出版社,2002:32-147
[20]李德仁,廖明生,王艳.永久散射体雷达干涉测量技术[J].武汉大学学报(信息科学版).2004,29(8):664-668
[21]唐伶俐,张景发,王新鸿.极具应用潜力的PS技术[J].遥感技术与应用 2005,20(3):319-323
[22]傅文学,田庆久,郭小方.PS技术及其在地表形变监测中的应用现状与发展[J].地球科学进展.2006,21(11):1193-1198
[23]陈强.基于永久散射体雷达差分干涉探测区域地表形变研究:[博士学位论文].成都:西南交通大学,2006
[24]王超,张红,刘智.星载合成孔径雷达干涉测量[M].北京:科学出版社.2002
[25]刘国祥.Monitoring of Ground Deformations with Radar Interferometry.北京:测绘出版社,2006
[26]Zhang Hua,Zeng Qiming,Liu Yihua,et al.The Optimum Selection of Common Master Image for Series of Differential SAR Processing to EstimateLong and Slow Ground Deformation.IEEE 0-7803-9050-4105:4586-4589.2005
[27]Zebker H.A.,Villasenor J.Decorrelation in interferometric radar echoes,IEEE Trans.Geosci.Remote Sens.30:950-959.1992
[28]戴昌达,姜小光,唐伶俐.遥感图像应用处理与分析.清华大学出版社,2004
[29]舒宁.雷达影像干涉测量原理[M].武汉:武汉大学出版社,2003
[30]陈强,刘国祥,李永树.干涉雷达永久散射体自动探测-算法与实验结果[J].测绘学报.2006,35(2):112-117
[31]Tsai V J.Delaunay triangulations in TIN creation:an overview and alinear-time algorithm.Int.J.of GIS,7(6):501-524.1993
[32]Lewis B.A.,Robinson J.S.Triangulation of planar regions with applications.the Computer Journal,21(4):324-332.1978
[33]Sloan S.W.A fast algorithm for Constructing Delaunay triangulations in the plane.Advanced Engineering Software,9:34-55.,1987
[34]武晓波,王世新,肖春生.一种生成Delaunay三角网的合成算法.遥感学报,2000, 4(1):32-35.
[35]Li,Z.W.,Modeling Atmospheric Effect on Repeat-pass InSAR Measurements.The thesis presented for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy,2004.
[36]Li,Z.W.,Ding,X.L.Huang,C.,Wadge,G.,Zheng,D.W.Modeling of atmospheric effects on InSAR measurements by incorporating terrain elevation information.Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics,2006.
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