城市地震风险分析及空间防灾规划研究
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摘要
城市作为巨大的承灾体,正在日益成为国际社会防灾减灾的中心和重点。降低城市地震风险、提高我国城市地震灾害管理能力成为非常现实并且具有相当挑战性的问题。同时,历史上国内外发生在城市的地震,给城市造成的灾难的实例充分表明了城市防灾的重要性。
随着我国国民经济的快速发展,城市化程度的提高,城市建筑在单位土地上的聚集程度比以往任何时候都高,如果发生地震灾害将产生明显放大效应。合理的城市空间布局将有利于改善城市生态环境,减少灾害的发生以及控制灾害的扩散,减少社会灾害隐患。本文主要围绕城市地震风险管理、城市空间层次上防灾规划两个方面展开了研究。
首先,城市空间防灾规划必须建立在城市灾害风险研究基础上,只有确切了解城市所面临的灾害类型及其风险大小,才能有针对性地进行规划。本文以地震为主要的灾害类型,从城市地震风险管理的内容、步骤等方面对城市所面临的风险进行了系统的研究。
然后,对城市空间防灾体系进行了系统规划研究。从城市防灾空间构成要素出发,将城市防灾空间分为点、线、面三个层次,构建了城市空间防灾网络体系,使城市空间更有效的发挥其防灾救灾的作用。
其次,对城市各级防灾空间进行了系统规划。主要从城市防灾空间体系的三个层次出发,结合城市防灾规划步骤,针对不同层次的防灾空间的规划策略进行了系统的研究。
最后,以秦皇岛市为例,针对秦皇岛市空间防灾系统进行分析并提出一些设想和政策建议。
As a huge exposure,cities are gradually becoming the center and emphasis of disaster prevention among international community. It becomes a very practical and challenging issue to reduce the earthquake risks and improve earthquake disaster management capability. Also, urban earthquakes which happened at home and abroad in the history prove the importance of urban disaster-prevention.
With the rapid development of Chinese economy and the improvement of urbanization, the density of urban construction on each land unit is higher than ever before. In this case, if disasters take place, they will result in obvious amplification effect. Therefore, reasonable arrangement of urban space will benefit the improvement of ecological environment of cities, reducing disasters, controlling their spread and lessening disaster risks. So this article mainly researches around earthquake risk management and the planning of urban space disaster-prevention.
First,the planning of the disaster-prevention of urban space structure must build on the basis of the research of urban disaster risks. Unless we know the type of the disaster and the extent of the risk, we can make plans aiming at them. This thesis will focus in particular on earthquakes, and will research urban earthquake risk management, the procedure of this, and other related topics.
Secondly, this article researches the planning of the disaster-prevention of urban space structure. Proceeding from the essential factors of the disaster-prevention of urban space structure, this article builds a network of disaster-prevention of urban space structure, divides the disaster-prevention of urban space unit into three levels and integrates them, so every disaster-prevention of urban space can exert the effect of disaster-prevention and disaster-reduction more effectively.
Thirdly, the research on the strategy of disaster-prevention of urban space structure for every level is the stress of this thesis. It proceeds from three levels of disaster-prevention of urban space structure, combines the procedure of urban disaster-prevention, and aims at the strategy of planning disaster-prevention space differs at different levels.
In the last part, this article put forward some assumption and suggestion of Qinhuangdao disaster-prevention of urban space system.
随着我国国民经济的快速发展,城市化程度的提高,城市建筑在单位土地上的聚集程度比以往任何时候都高,如果发生地震灾害将产生明显放大效应。合理的城市空间布局将有利于改善城市生态环境,减少灾害的发生以及控制灾害的扩散,减少社会灾害隐患。本文主要围绕城市地震风险管理、城市空间层次上防灾规划两个方面展开了研究。
首先,城市空间防灾规划必须建立在城市灾害风险研究基础上,只有确切了解城市所面临的灾害类型及其风险大小,才能有针对性地进行规划。本文以地震为主要的灾害类型,从城市地震风险管理的内容、步骤等方面对城市所面临的风险进行了系统的研究。
然后,对城市空间防灾体系进行了系统规划研究。从城市防灾空间构成要素出发,将城市防灾空间分为点、线、面三个层次,构建了城市空间防灾网络体系,使城市空间更有效的发挥其防灾救灾的作用。
其次,对城市各级防灾空间进行了系统规划。主要从城市防灾空间体系的三个层次出发,结合城市防灾规划步骤,针对不同层次的防灾空间的规划策略进行了系统的研究。
最后,以秦皇岛市为例,针对秦皇岛市空间防灾系统进行分析并提出一些设想和政策建议。
As a huge exposure,cities are gradually becoming the center and emphasis of disaster prevention among international community. It becomes a very practical and challenging issue to reduce the earthquake risks and improve earthquake disaster management capability. Also, urban earthquakes which happened at home and abroad in the history prove the importance of urban disaster-prevention.
With the rapid development of Chinese economy and the improvement of urbanization, the density of urban construction on each land unit is higher than ever before. In this case, if disasters take place, they will result in obvious amplification effect. Therefore, reasonable arrangement of urban space will benefit the improvement of ecological environment of cities, reducing disasters, controlling their spread and lessening disaster risks. So this article mainly researches around earthquake risk management and the planning of urban space disaster-prevention.
First,the planning of the disaster-prevention of urban space structure must build on the basis of the research of urban disaster risks. Unless we know the type of the disaster and the extent of the risk, we can make plans aiming at them. This thesis will focus in particular on earthquakes, and will research urban earthquake risk management, the procedure of this, and other related topics.
Secondly, this article researches the planning of the disaster-prevention of urban space structure. Proceeding from the essential factors of the disaster-prevention of urban space structure, this article builds a network of disaster-prevention of urban space structure, divides the disaster-prevention of urban space unit into three levels and integrates them, so every disaster-prevention of urban space can exert the effect of disaster-prevention and disaster-reduction more effectively.
Thirdly, the research on the strategy of disaster-prevention of urban space structure for every level is the stress of this thesis. It proceeds from three levels of disaster-prevention of urban space structure, combines the procedure of urban disaster-prevention, and aims at the strategy of planning disaster-prevention space differs at different levels.
In the last part, this article put forward some assumption and suggestion of Qinhuangdao disaster-prevention of urban space system.
引文
[1]吴新燕.城市地震灾害风险分析与应急准备能力评价体系的研究[D]中国地震局地球物理研究所2006.07:1,9~15
[2]段进,李志明等.论防范城市灾害的城市形态优化[[J].城市规划,2003,27 ( 7 ):61~63
[3]唐川.城市减灾研究综述[J].云南地理环境研究,2003 15 (3):1 ~6
[4]蒋维,金磊.中国城市综合减灾对策[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,1992 11:231
[5]卢秀梅.城市防灾公园规划问题的研究[D].河北理工大学,2005,3~5
[6] Hall.D Altogether Misguided and Dangerous-----a Review of Newman and Kenworthy. Town and Country Planning. 1989 60(11/12): 350-351
[7]王薇.城市防灾空间规划研究及实践[D],2007.3,中南大学
[8]金磊.构造城市防灾空间——21世纪城市功能设计的关键.工程设计与CAD智能设计[J].2001, (9) 6-12
[9]John J. Kiefer. Urban Terrorism Strategies for mitigating terrorist attacks against the domestic urban environment. Old Dominion University. Doctoral dissertation. 2001
[10]贾婧.利用综合防灾规划及其空间决策支持系统研究[D],2008.6中国海洋大学
[11]童林旭.地下空间概论(三)[J].地下空间.2004, 24 (3):414-420
[12]吕元,胡斌.城市防灾空间理念解析[J]低温建筑技术,2004 (5):36~37
[13]施小斌.城市防灾空间效能分析及优化选址研究[D].西安:西安建筑科技大学,2006.6
[14]吕元.城市防灾空间系统规划策略研究[D], 2004.11北京工业大学
[15]苏幼坡,刘瑞兴.城市地震避难所的规划原则与要点田[J].灾害学,2004, 27,(3)
[16]姚清林.试论城市减灾规划[J].城市规划.1995. (3):39~40
[17]Anthony Gar-On Yeh, Man Hong Chow . An integrated GIS and Location-Allocation Approach to Public Facilities Planning-an Example of Open Space Planning.comput.enviro and urban systems,1996,20(4/5):339-350
[18]恩华.唐山震后重建的思考.城市规划[J].1997, (4): 16-18
[19]冯凯,徐志胜,张福麟.基于GIS的小城镇灾害数字仿真与公共安全应急决策系统开发[J].哈尔滨工业大学学报,2006,38(6): 98~103
[20]冯凯,徐志胜,王丽.灾害数字仿真重构理论及实证研究(1)—灾害本质解析及仿真理论可行性分析[J].灾害学,2006, 21(1):1~7
[21]马玉宏,赵桂峰.地震灾害风险分析及管理.科学出版.2008
[22]金江军等.城市地震灾害风险评价方法研究[J].内陆地震.2007.06
[23]郭跃.自然灾害的风险特征及风险管理模型的探讨[J].水土保持研究.第13卷第4期,2006年8月15-18.5
[24]徐波.城市防灾减灾规划研究. [D].同济大学.2007.02
[25]Taylor J R. Risk Analysis for Proeess Plant. Pipelines and Transport. 1st edition. Uk:E&F SPon,1994.
[26]Entee. Fire Cover Risk Criteria and Cost-effeetiveness: Initial Proposals,l998.
[27]王静爱,史培军,王瑛等.中国城市自然灾害区划编制[J].自然灾害学报,2005,14(6):42-46
[28]冯健,周一星.1990年代北京市人口空问分布的最新变化[J].城市规划.2003 (5): 55-56
[29]黄东宏.利用地下空间建立城市综合防灾空间体系[D],1995.1:73
[30]高蕊.唐山市中心区避震疏散空间规划策略研究. [D].哈尔滨工业大学.2007.12
[31][日]石源,荣一.防灾公园之规划与设计.日本SANKI顾问公司环境计划部,1998
[32]曹国强.城市避震疏散和救助医疗机构规划问题的研究. [D]河北理工大学.2005.03:19~13
[33]Ian Mcharg. Design With Nature. Donbleday/ Nature History Press Donbleday & Company . Inc. 1969:43
[34]河北地震信息网http://www.eq-he.ac.cn/cms/html/aoyunzhuanlan/20080714/460.html
[35]秦皇岛市防震减灾规划.国家信息中心.2008.09.06
[36]河北地震信息网:http://www.eq-he.ac.cn/cms/html/aoyunzhuanlan/20080714/461.html
[37]中国城市规划行业信息网:http://www.china-up.com/projec t/showproject.asp? cid= 1282&title =秦皇岛市城市总体规划(2001-2020)
[38]河北省统计局: http://www.hetj.gov.cn/article.htm1?id=1620
[39]秦皇岛市规划局: http://www.qhdgh.gov.cn/showpicjt.asp
[40]秦皇岛市规划局: http://www.qhdgh.gov.cn/shownewyi.asp?newsid=773&id2=412
[41]中国城市规划行业信息网: http://www.china-up.com/gzcy/showproject.asp?id=118
[42]Mike Jenks, Elizabeth Burton, Katie Williams. The Compact City:A Sustainable Urban Form. Spon Press. London .1996
[43]American Heritage Dictionary 4th.Edition .2000
[44] Geis, D.E. By design:The Disaster-resistant and Quality-of-life Community. Natural Hazards Review. 2000,(3):151—160
[45]Fujii,T. Urban structure and damage caused by an earthquake: a case study in the eastern Kobe City by GIS Geomechanics Abstracts Volume:1997, Issue: 3,May 6, 1997, 137—138
[2]段进,李志明等.论防范城市灾害的城市形态优化[[J].城市规划,2003,27 ( 7 ):61~63
[3]唐川.城市减灾研究综述[J].云南地理环境研究,2003 15 (3):1 ~6
[4]蒋维,金磊.中国城市综合减灾对策[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,1992 11:231
[5]卢秀梅.城市防灾公园规划问题的研究[D].河北理工大学,2005,3~5
[6] Hall.D Altogether Misguided and Dangerous-----a Review of Newman and Kenworthy. Town and Country Planning. 1989 60(11/12): 350-351
[7]王薇.城市防灾空间规划研究及实践[D],2007.3,中南大学
[8]金磊.构造城市防灾空间——21世纪城市功能设计的关键.工程设计与CAD智能设计[J].2001, (9) 6-12
[9]John J. Kiefer. Urban Terrorism Strategies for mitigating terrorist attacks against the domestic urban environment. Old Dominion University. Doctoral dissertation. 2001
[10]贾婧.利用综合防灾规划及其空间决策支持系统研究[D],2008.6中国海洋大学
[11]童林旭.地下空间概论(三)[J].地下空间.2004, 24 (3):414-420
[12]吕元,胡斌.城市防灾空间理念解析[J]低温建筑技术,2004 (5):36~37
[13]施小斌.城市防灾空间效能分析及优化选址研究[D].西安:西安建筑科技大学,2006.6
[14]吕元.城市防灾空间系统规划策略研究[D], 2004.11北京工业大学
[15]苏幼坡,刘瑞兴.城市地震避难所的规划原则与要点田[J].灾害学,2004, 27,(3)
[16]姚清林.试论城市减灾规划[J].城市规划.1995. (3):39~40
[17]Anthony Gar-On Yeh, Man Hong Chow . An integrated GIS and Location-Allocation Approach to Public Facilities Planning-an Example of Open Space Planning.comput.enviro and urban systems,1996,20(4/5):339-350
[18]恩华.唐山震后重建的思考.城市规划[J].1997, (4): 16-18
[19]冯凯,徐志胜,张福麟.基于GIS的小城镇灾害数字仿真与公共安全应急决策系统开发[J].哈尔滨工业大学学报,2006,38(6): 98~103
[20]冯凯,徐志胜,王丽.灾害数字仿真重构理论及实证研究(1)—灾害本质解析及仿真理论可行性分析[J].灾害学,2006, 21(1):1~7
[21]马玉宏,赵桂峰.地震灾害风险分析及管理.科学出版.2008
[22]金江军等.城市地震灾害风险评价方法研究[J].内陆地震.2007.06
[23]郭跃.自然灾害的风险特征及风险管理模型的探讨[J].水土保持研究.第13卷第4期,2006年8月15-18.5
[24]徐波.城市防灾减灾规划研究. [D].同济大学.2007.02
[25]Taylor J R. Risk Analysis for Proeess Plant. Pipelines and Transport. 1st edition. Uk:E&F SPon,1994.
[26]Entee. Fire Cover Risk Criteria and Cost-effeetiveness: Initial Proposals,l998.
[27]王静爱,史培军,王瑛等.中国城市自然灾害区划编制[J].自然灾害学报,2005,14(6):42-46
[28]冯健,周一星.1990年代北京市人口空问分布的最新变化[J].城市规划.2003 (5): 55-56
[29]黄东宏.利用地下空间建立城市综合防灾空间体系[D],1995.1:73
[30]高蕊.唐山市中心区避震疏散空间规划策略研究. [D].哈尔滨工业大学.2007.12
[31][日]石源,荣一.防灾公园之规划与设计.日本SANKI顾问公司环境计划部,1998
[32]曹国强.城市避震疏散和救助医疗机构规划问题的研究. [D]河北理工大学.2005.03:19~13
[33]Ian Mcharg. Design With Nature. Donbleday/ Nature History Press Donbleday & Company . Inc. 1969:43
[34]河北地震信息网http://www.eq-he.ac.cn/cms/html/aoyunzhuanlan/20080714/460.html
[35]秦皇岛市防震减灾规划.国家信息中心.2008.09.06
[36]河北地震信息网:http://www.eq-he.ac.cn/cms/html/aoyunzhuanlan/20080714/461.html
[37]中国城市规划行业信息网:http://www.china-up.com/projec t/showproject.asp? cid= 1282&title =秦皇岛市城市总体规划(2001-2020)
[38]河北省统计局: http://www.hetj.gov.cn/article.htm1?id=1620
[39]秦皇岛市规划局: http://www.qhdgh.gov.cn/showpicjt.asp
[40]秦皇岛市规划局: http://www.qhdgh.gov.cn/shownewyi.asp?newsid=773&id2=412
[41]中国城市规划行业信息网: http://www.china-up.com/gzcy/showproject.asp?id=118
[42]Mike Jenks, Elizabeth Burton, Katie Williams. The Compact City:A Sustainable Urban Form. Spon Press. London .1996
[43]American Heritage Dictionary 4th.Edition .2000
[44] Geis, D.E. By design:The Disaster-resistant and Quality-of-life Community. Natural Hazards Review. 2000,(3):151—160
[45]Fujii,T. Urban structure and damage caused by an earthquake: a case study in the eastern Kobe City by GIS Geomechanics Abstracts Volume:1997, Issue: 3,May 6, 1997, 137—138
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