地震仪器指标体系研究与MEMS仪器设计
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摘要
地震预警和烈度速报在地震多发国家和地区得到了充分的重视和发展，日本、美国、墨西哥、土耳其、罗马尼亚、台湾等国家和地区都积极发展地震预警和烈度速报系统，其中日本、墨西哥、土耳其的地震预警系统已经投入运行；美国、台湾正在进行地震预警相关研究和测试。我国十五期间数字地震观测网络项目大大提高了地震台站密度，为在部分地区开展地震预警与烈度速报示范应用提供了研究试验条件，也为今后进一步建设全国性的地震预警和烈度速报系统打下了基础，但我国地震预警和烈度速报系统的相关标准、评估方法体系方面工作基础薄弱，本文在研究国内外现有地震预警和烈度速报系统的仪器技术指标体系基础上，建议适合于地震预警和烈度速报系统的仪器技术指标体系。本文的具体工作如下：
(1)在已有强震仪器标准《数字强震动加速度仪》和《中国数字台网建设规范》的基础上，针对应用于烈度速报系统的仪器指标体系研究，通过对国际上现有的烈度速报系统进行调研，分析这些国家和地区烈度速报系统中的仪器应用情况、技术参数水平以及指标要求，建议了地震仪器数据流输出及时性和传感器输出分量组合模式的实验方案，运用高速视频测量时间的方法对地震仪器的数据流输出及时性进行了测量。通过统计分析给出了应用于烈度速报系统的地震仪器应该满足现有仪器标准和文中所提的通信标准和时间标准等。
(2)针对应用于地震预警系统中的仪器指标,本文通过对国际上现有的地震预警系统进行调研，给出这些国家和地区地震预警系统的仪器应用情况、技术参数水平以及指标要求，总结地震预警系统中的地震仪器指标体系，并且对我国现有地震仪器进行了调研，给出其种类和技术水平，并建议给出了我国地震预警系统中的仪器购置和使用等要求，并初步给出我国现有仪器应用于地震预警系统中的指标体系。
(3)通过现有MEMS厂商的三轴MEMS加速度计芯片分析，选取了其中性能较好并且价格便宜的意法半导体公司的芯片LIS331DLH数字三轴加速度计芯片设计了基于MEMS强震加速度计，制作了一个样品，并在三维振动台开展对比试验，为今后研发基于MEMS的地震预警与烈度速报仪器提供基础资料。
(4)结合本文设计的MEMS加速度计，基于TCP/IP和文中设计开发的简易强震计实现一个强震观测系统。系统客户端主要完成给实时数据标记时间戳、给出仪器的地理位置、触发、向服务器端发起数据传输等功能。服务器端软件运行在服务器端，完成数据的收集工作。系统的意义在于能够通过搭建形成一个有线的传感器监测网络，实时地监测地震动情况，为地震预警、烈度速报体系的建设提供知识积累。
Earthquake early warning systems and rapid intensity report systemsreceive more and more attention and are developed in the counties that haveearthquakes frequently. Countries like Japan, USA, Mexico, Turkey, Rumaniaand Chinese Taiwan province have developed or are developing their rapidintensity report system, among these countries and areas, Japan, Mexico andTurkey have their systems working while USA, Rumania and Chinese Taiwanprovince are evaluating their rapid intensity report systems. In our China, thedensity of earthquake stations increased as a result of the earthquake monitoringnetwork projects during the tenth five-year period, this provides experimentalinfrastructure for some exemplary projects that have been implemented by theinstitutes of some provinces, and provides infrastructure to build nationalearthquake early warning systems and rapid intensity report systems. But theearthquake instrumentation standards and evaluation methods used inearthquake early warning and intensity fast report were not well studied. Sobased on the study of the existing earthquake early warning systems and rapidintensity reporting systems, we proposed some propositional standards aboutinstruments using in earthquake early warning systems and rapid intensity reportsystems. The following is the work we have done.
(1) Based on the existing instrumentation standards: Digital Strong MotionAccelerograph and Stipulation on China Digital Seismograph Network, weimplemented our researches as following sequence. Firstly on the instrumentstandards using in rapid intensity report systems, we investigated the existingsystems and analysis the instruments using in these systems and compared thespecifications with the instruments using in our country, and then we proposedtwo experiments to evaluate the instruments as a further evaluation. The firstexperiment was about the response time and the second is about matchingschema of sensor outputs. We implemented the first experiment using highspeed image pick-up, and we gave the standards of communications and timingby investigation.
(2) With regard to the instrumentation standards being used in earthquakeearly warning systems, we investigated the existing earthquake early warningsystems and analysis the specifications of the instruments using in these systems.And we also investigated the specifications of the instruments that are using inour China, the content included the categories and specifications, at last weproposed the standards of instruments using in earthquake early warningsystems.
(3) Based on the study of current triaxial MEMS accelerometers, weselected the sensor called LIS331DLH which produced by STMicroelectronics,designed and made an accelerograph, we also evaluated its specifications on theshake table, and this provided some instructions about the MEMS technology using in earthquake early warning and rapid intensity report systems.
(4) As an application of seismic monitoring, by using the accelerograph wehad made, we designed and implemented a distributed monitoring system.Functions as timing, location, triggering and starting a data stream transportwere implemented on the client, the server received the data stream. Thesignification of this system was to monitor the ground motion and cultivateknowledge for earthquake early system and rapid intensity report systems.
(1)在已有强震仪器标准《数字强震动加速度仪》和《中国数字台网建设规范》的基础上，针对应用于烈度速报系统的仪器指标体系研究，通过对国际上现有的烈度速报系统进行调研，分析这些国家和地区烈度速报系统中的仪器应用情况、技术参数水平以及指标要求，建议了地震仪器数据流输出及时性和传感器输出分量组合模式的实验方案，运用高速视频测量时间的方法对地震仪器的数据流输出及时性进行了测量。通过统计分析给出了应用于烈度速报系统的地震仪器应该满足现有仪器标准和文中所提的通信标准和时间标准等。
(2)针对应用于地震预警系统中的仪器指标,本文通过对国际上现有的地震预警系统进行调研，给出这些国家和地区地震预警系统的仪器应用情况、技术参数水平以及指标要求，总结地震预警系统中的地震仪器指标体系，并且对我国现有地震仪器进行了调研，给出其种类和技术水平，并建议给出了我国地震预警系统中的仪器购置和使用等要求，并初步给出我国现有仪器应用于地震预警系统中的指标体系。
(3)通过现有MEMS厂商的三轴MEMS加速度计芯片分析，选取了其中性能较好并且价格便宜的意法半导体公司的芯片LIS331DLH数字三轴加速度计芯片设计了基于MEMS强震加速度计，制作了一个样品，并在三维振动台开展对比试验，为今后研发基于MEMS的地震预警与烈度速报仪器提供基础资料。
(4)结合本文设计的MEMS加速度计，基于TCP/IP和文中设计开发的简易强震计实现一个强震观测系统。系统客户端主要完成给实时数据标记时间戳、给出仪器的地理位置、触发、向服务器端发起数据传输等功能。服务器端软件运行在服务器端，完成数据的收集工作。系统的意义在于能够通过搭建形成一个有线的传感器监测网络，实时地监测地震动情况，为地震预警、烈度速报体系的建设提供知识积累。
Earthquake early warning systems and rapid intensity report systemsreceive more and more attention and are developed in the counties that haveearthquakes frequently. Countries like Japan, USA, Mexico, Turkey, Rumaniaand Chinese Taiwan province have developed or are developing their rapidintensity report system, among these countries and areas, Japan, Mexico andTurkey have their systems working while USA, Rumania and Chinese Taiwanprovince are evaluating their rapid intensity report systems. In our China, thedensity of earthquake stations increased as a result of the earthquake monitoringnetwork projects during the tenth five-year period, this provides experimentalinfrastructure for some exemplary projects that have been implemented by theinstitutes of some provinces, and provides infrastructure to build nationalearthquake early warning systems and rapid intensity report systems. But theearthquake instrumentation standards and evaluation methods used inearthquake early warning and intensity fast report were not well studied. Sobased on the study of the existing earthquake early warning systems and rapidintensity reporting systems, we proposed some propositional standards aboutinstruments using in earthquake early warning systems and rapid intensity reportsystems. The following is the work we have done.
(1) Based on the existing instrumentation standards: Digital Strong MotionAccelerograph and Stipulation on China Digital Seismograph Network, weimplemented our researches as following sequence. Firstly on the instrumentstandards using in rapid intensity report systems, we investigated the existingsystems and analysis the instruments using in these systems and compared thespecifications with the instruments using in our country, and then we proposedtwo experiments to evaluate the instruments as a further evaluation. The firstexperiment was about the response time and the second is about matchingschema of sensor outputs. We implemented the first experiment using highspeed image pick-up, and we gave the standards of communications and timingby investigation.
(2) With regard to the instrumentation standards being used in earthquakeearly warning systems, we investigated the existing earthquake early warningsystems and analysis the specifications of the instruments using in these systems.And we also investigated the specifications of the instruments that are using inour China, the content included the categories and specifications, at last weproposed the standards of instruments using in earthquake early warningsystems.
(3) Based on the study of current triaxial MEMS accelerometers, weselected the sensor called LIS331DLH which produced by STMicroelectronics,designed and made an accelerograph, we also evaluated its specifications on theshake table, and this provided some instructions about the MEMS technology using in earthquake early warning and rapid intensity report systems.
(4) As an application of seismic monitoring, by using the accelerograph wehad made, we designed and implemented a distributed monitoring system.Functions as timing, location, triggering and starting a data stream transportwere implemented on the client, the server received the data stream. Thesignification of this system was to monitor the ground motion and cultivateknowledge for earthquake early system and rapid intensity report systems.
引文
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[3]袁志祥，李娟，段峰．新时期防震减灾宣传教育工作的新思想[J]．灾害学，2011，23(4)：60-63．
[4]夏坤，张令心，刘洁平．中外烈度表“人的感觉”和“器物的反应”对比研究[J]．地震工程与工程振动，2011，31(5)：21-31．
[5]李俊，苏枫，米洪亮．ShakeMap及其在地震动快速预估中的应用[J]．中国地震，2010，26(1)：103-111;
[6]王峰，王健．爆炸过程相关测量的计算机图像测量方法[J]．光子学报，2007，36(5)：930-934．
[7] DB/T10-2001，数字强震动加速度仪[S]，北京：地震出版社，2001．
[8]中国数字测震台网技术规程[S]，北京：地震出版社，2005．
[9]周雍年．强震观测的发展趋势和任务[J]．世界工程地震．2001，17(4)：19-26．
[10]胡星星，腾云田，周鹤鸣．基于MEMS传感器的月震计安装水平和定向方案研究[J]．地球物理学进展，2008，5(23)：1478-1493．
[11]唐巍，滕云田，王喜珍．基于微机电的速度型地震传感器技术仿真[J]．地磁观测与研究，2006，2(27)：78-83．
[12]唐巍，滕云田，王喜珍．基于无线网络的构筑物强震监测仪器设计[J]．地震研究，2009，2(32)：204-230．
[13]唐巍．构筑物强震动监测传感器网络技术研究[D]．北京，中国地震局地球物理研究所，2008．
[14]唐巍，滕云田，王喜珍．构筑物强震监测网络系统设计[J]．地震地磁观测与研究，2008，5(29)：89-95．
[15]刘钢锋，朱威，邹彤．MEMS加速度传感器在强震观测中的应用[J]．大地测量与地球动力学，2011，32(2)：168-172．
[16]杨建，余雅琴．基于MEMS的沉降观测倾斜仪设计[J]．科技风，2007，7(12)：32-33．
[17]王庆敏，杨要恩，苏木标．MEMS微电容式传感器传感特性研究[J]，传感技术学报，2009，22(10)，1397-1403．
[18]计测震度计仕样书[S]．Japan Meteorological Agency，2006．
[19]李一正．PDR-2台站群延迟[J]．地震研究，1991：2(21)：273-283．
[20]郑君里，应启桁，杨为理．信号系统[M]．北京，高等教育出版社，2009：140-159．
[21]王建军，吴荣辉，何加勇．基于IPV6和无线网络的地震烈度计开发[J]．现代电子技术，2009：2(12)：23-29．
[22]杨婕，占惠．厦门地震台RTP-1观测仪电源故障处理[J]．地震科学，2009，3(27)：61-66．
[23]叶福华，林建，胡俊明等．温度、湿度对地磁Z基线值得影响及分析[J]．四川地震，2006，1(12)：14-20．
[24]李鹏，师娅芳，苏小忠等．贵阳地震台地磁相对记录仪运行维护管理经验探讨[J]．地震地磁观测与研究，2009，6(30)：6-61．
[25]张鸿旭，欧阳祖熙，付子忠等．汶川大地震四种仪器观测到的异常现象及相关问题讨论[J]．地球物理学进展，2011，1(26)：99-111．
[26]赵宇彤，赵仲和．中国省级地震局英特网数据服务状况分析[J]．地震地磁观测与研究，2006，2(27)：82-90．
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[2]李山有，金星，陈先．地震动强度与地震烈度速报研究[J]．地震工程与工程震动，2002，22(6)：1-7．
[3]袁志祥，李娟，段峰．新时期防震减灾宣传教育工作的新思想[J]．灾害学，2011，23(4)：60-63．
[4]夏坤，张令心，刘洁平．中外烈度表“人的感觉”和“器物的反应”对比研究[J]．地震工程与工程振动，2011，31(5)：21-31．
[5]李俊，苏枫，米洪亮．ShakeMap及其在地震动快速预估中的应用[J]．中国地震，2010，26(1)：103-111;
[6]王峰，王健．爆炸过程相关测量的计算机图像测量方法[J]．光子学报，2007，36(5)：930-934．
[7] DB/T10-2001，数字强震动加速度仪[S]，北京：地震出版社，2001．
[8]中国数字测震台网技术规程[S]，北京：地震出版社，2005．
[9]周雍年．强震观测的发展趋势和任务[J]．世界工程地震．2001，17(4)：19-26．
[10]胡星星，腾云田，周鹤鸣．基于MEMS传感器的月震计安装水平和定向方案研究[J]．地球物理学进展，2008，5(23)：1478-1493．
[11]唐巍，滕云田，王喜珍．基于微机电的速度型地震传感器技术仿真[J]．地磁观测与研究，2006，2(27)：78-83．
[12]唐巍，滕云田，王喜珍．基于无线网络的构筑物强震监测仪器设计[J]．地震研究，2009，2(32)：204-230．
[13]唐巍．构筑物强震动监测传感器网络技术研究[D]．北京，中国地震局地球物理研究所，2008．
[14]唐巍，滕云田，王喜珍．构筑物强震监测网络系统设计[J]．地震地磁观测与研究，2008，5(29)：89-95．
[15]刘钢锋，朱威，邹彤．MEMS加速度传感器在强震观测中的应用[J]．大地测量与地球动力学，2011，32(2)：168-172．
[16]杨建，余雅琴．基于MEMS的沉降观测倾斜仪设计[J]．科技风，2007，7(12)：32-33．
[17]王庆敏，杨要恩，苏木标．MEMS微电容式传感器传感特性研究[J]，传感技术学报，2009，22(10)，1397-1403．
[18]计测震度计仕样书[S]．Japan Meteorological Agency，2006．
[19]李一正．PDR-2台站群延迟[J]．地震研究，1991：2(21)：273-283．
[20]郑君里，应启桁，杨为理．信号系统[M]．北京，高等教育出版社，2009：140-159．
[21]王建军，吴荣辉，何加勇．基于IPV6和无线网络的地震烈度计开发[J]．现代电子技术，2009：2(12)：23-29．
[22]杨婕，占惠．厦门地震台RTP-1观测仪电源故障处理[J]．地震科学，2009，3(27)：61-66．
[23]叶福华，林建，胡俊明等．温度、湿度对地磁Z基线值得影响及分析[J]．四川地震，2006，1(12)：14-20．
[24]李鹏，师娅芳，苏小忠等．贵阳地震台地磁相对记录仪运行维护管理经验探讨[J]．地震地磁观测与研究，2009，6(30)：6-61．
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