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太平洋板块俯冲对中国东北地区深浅震影响机理的数值模拟研究
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摘要
长期以来,人们就注意到太平洋板块俯冲至中国东北地区660km深度,在东北地区黑龙江珲春一带引发了一系列深震这一明显现象。中国东北地区作为我国大陆唯一的深震带,它的发震时间,空间,强度与日本海沟地震,东北地区浅震均存在比较明显的联系。国内外的地震工作者均十分重视这一现象并在多方面进行了研究,一方面证实了这一现象,另外一方面利用反演,层析成像,统计分析等方面研究太平洋俯冲板块的结构,中国东北地区的岩石圈构造,东北地区地震的震源机制,深震与浅震的动力机理,东北地区的动力学环境等方面均作了很多研究。但目前对太平洋板块俯冲与中国东北地区深浅震之间的孕震机理研究尚缺少系统的数值模拟分析。因此,本文将采用数值模拟方法研究东北地区深浅震之间的孕震机理,以探讨东北地区的构造应力场的动力学环境。
     基于上述思路,本文根据东北地区地震活动性特征利用有限单元法重点开展以下研究工作:
     (1)太平洋板块以不同俯冲角度向东北地区俯冲对应力场分布的影响。根据太平洋板块向东北地区660km俯冲为研究对象建立二维垂向模型,设置不同俯冲角度,研究太平洋板块俯冲角度对中国东北地区深浅震的孕震机理的影响。此外,根据应力场分布,分析太平洋板块俯冲对中国东北地区的深浅震的孕震机理。
     (2)太平洋板块向东北地区俯冲对不同剖面的弹性模型和黏弹性模型的产生的应力场分布的影响。在俯冲带实际俯冲角度基础上,建立太平洋板块向东北地区俯冲的包含三组典型构造地区的剖面模型,分别是郯庐断裂带北段、长白山火山区、海城河断裂带。分别讨论弹性模型的和粘弹性模型的应力场分布。探讨弹性模型和黏弹性模型中应力场的变化机理,并进行对比,从不同角度研究东北地区深浅震的孕震机理。
     (3)研究东北地区郯庐断裂带北段的位移场、应力场分布及其数值分析。为进一步弄清楚浅源地震的孕震环境,选择郯庐断裂带北段的依兰-伊通断裂与敦化-密山断裂为研究对象,探讨其应力场、位移场的数值分析结果,探讨断裂带的构造以及所在的构造环境对于浅源地震孕震的影响。通过数值模拟和综合分析,论文得到以下几点认识:
     (1)太平洋板块向我国东北地区俯冲是产生我国东北地区深浅震地震的主要动力源,它们有统一的构造应力场。
     (2)研究区应力场分布表明:在太平洋板块俯冲作用下,我国东北地区深部以及浅部地区形成两个主要的应力集中区,这也是深源地震和浅源地震的主要孕震区,说明深震的发生与东北地区浅源地震的发生之间有内在联系,从而可为理解东北地区深震与浅震发生的相关现象提供启示。
     (3)不同剖面的黏弹性与弹性模型结果表明:两种剖面模型的理论结果有一定的相似性,都是深部和浅部出现应力集中效应。其中弹性模型可以解释每一地震活跃期深震触发浅震的基本的动力学机理,而黏弹性模型的应力场分布则显示出时间尺度上的积累效应,而且出现明显的火山区应力集中效应。
     (4)为研究郯庐断裂带北段的依兰伊通断裂带以及敦化密山断裂带对地表形变的影响,给出了断裂带的水平位移和垂向位移场和形变场数值结果。其结果分析显示:郯庐断裂带的敦化密山部分地区依旧为现今构造活动比较强烈的区域,需要密切关注。需要进一步研究岩石圈底部的地幔对流效应对断裂带的影响作用和以地壳软弱层为中心的构造变形作用,以解释东北地区浅部中强震多发生在7~17km的中地壳软弱层的原因,也为浅源地震的孕震机理和地震活动趋势的提供研究基础。
The Pacific Plate dived into Northeast China up to660km deep, leading to a series of deep earthquakes in Hunchun zones, Heilongjiang province, which was noticed by seismologists at home and abroad for a long time. As the only deep-earthquake belt in China, its occurrence-time, locations and magnitudes are closely associated with Japan trench earthquakes and shallow earthquakes in Northeast China. Until now, seismologists at home and abroad attached great importance to this phenomenon and reaearched it in various related aspects. On the one hand, the research results confirmed the phenomenon, on the other hand, by using inversion, tomographic, statistical analysis and other methods, masses of important results were studied, including the structure of the Pacific subducting plate, lithosphere structure in Northeast China, the earthquake focal mechanism, seismic dynamic mechanism about the deep and shallow earthquakes, the dynamics environment in northeast region. But until now, there is seldom systematic research about the relationship among Pacific plate, deep and shallow earthquakes using numerical simulation method. Therefore, this paper will adopt this method to study their relationships, and further to explore the tectonic stress field and dynamics environment in Northeast China.
     Based on the above ideas, using finite element numerical simulation method, the following work will be studied with the characteristics of seismic activity in Northeast China in this paper:
     (1) When the Pacific plate dived to Northeast China with different angles, the stress fields distribution were affected differently. We built two2D vertical models according to the Pacific plate subducting to660km deep in northeast area with different subduction angles, to discuss the role of subduction angles affecting stress field and seismogenic mechanism about deep and shallow earthquakes. In addition, base on the stress fields, we can analysis the relationship between the Pacific plate subduction and the seismogenic mechanism about deep and shallow earthquakes, reseaching different stress fields were caused by different angles respectively.
     (2) Three group typical sections were built up including the elastic and viscoelastic models to study the stress field distribution of Pacific plate diving to Northeast China,. Based on the actual angle,we built three group models with typical structure sections, such as the northern of Tanlu faults, Changbaishan volcanic zone, Haichenghe fault. Firstly we discussed the stress field distribution of elastic models, then the viscoelastic models, with time scale were also discussed. Through the different stress fields, stress change mechanisms and seismogenic mechanism could be revealed.
     (3) Take the northern part of Tanlu fault for example, the regional stress field and displacement field were analyzed by numerical simulation analysis. To make the shallow earthquake mechanism clearly, we selected the northern part of Tanlu fault, Dunhua-Mishan fault and Yilan-Yitong fault as the research object to research their stress fields and displacement fields using numerical analysis results, discussed the relationship between structure of fault zones、tectonic environment and shallow earthquakes.
     Through numerical simulation and comprehensive analysis, the conclusions were as follows:
     (1) The Pacific plate diving into Northeastern China is the main dynamic resource causing a series of deep-focal and shallow-focal earthquakes, which had the united tectonic stress fields;
     (2) The stress field numerical simulation results showed that there were two chief areas of stress concentration zone under the subduction of pacific plate, where was the seismogenic zone of deep and shallow earthquakes. So it could be certificated that the relationship about the seismogenic mechanism between deep and shallow earthquakes, which would provide much information about dynamic mechanism about Northeast China.
     (3) The results of three groups sections with elasticity and viscoelasticity showed that there were some similarity to a certain degree between the two kinds model, which appeared stress concentration effect. The elastic models proved that the deep earthquakes trigger the shallows during each seismic period; And the viscoelastic models proved that the time scale build-up effect of stress field and volcanic stress field are existed.
     (4) In order to research the regional stress field and displacement field characteristic, we take the north part of Tanlu faults for example, including Dunhua-Mishan fault and Yilan-Yitong fault. The displacement field and deformation field numerical results were given. The results showed that the displacement field and stress field were controlled by the Pacific plate and the GPS observation data. The south part of Dunhua-Mishan fault was the potential danger area, where the tectonic activity was strong and should be furthly monitored. Furthermore, the mantle convection had an effect on the bottom of lithosphere, and then affected the faults. Some low velocity medium existing in the middle crust layer leaded to the occurrence of the shallow earthquakes, which was lied in between7-17km in depth. Meanwhile, these stress field and displacement fields would provide much useful information to study the seismogenic mechanism of shallow earthquakes and analyse the trend of shallow seismic activity.
引文
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