基于激光雷达的低层大气光学特性探测研究
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摘要
本研究工作所基于的Mie散射激光雷达系统：采用染料激光器作为发射单元,波长定为560nm；光学接收单元为卡塞格林接收望远镜,配以小孔光栏限制视场,提高信噪比,光电探测器使用低噪声、高增益的光电倍增管；信号检测单元采用运算放大电路作为输出方式,并由TDS5104B示波器来实现数据的显示与存储。利用该系统实现了对南京北郊低层大气的探测,所得回波信号真实地反映了大气状况。
因激光雷达实验系统采用非共轴模式,为修正近场信号,就要解决其所带来的几何重叠因子标定问题。几何重叠因子理论计算过程比较复杂,针对其曲线的趋势,假设一个简单明了且几何意义明确的指数形式,将其与理论计算结果做最小二乘法拟合确定相关参数,拟合程度理想,说明理论计算的几何重叠因子近似符合指数变化趋势；对于理论计算结果不实用以及实验法操作不便的问题,在前人近场信号修正工作的基础上,提出一种简单新标定方法：利用距离校准函数S(z)远场线性拟合以及近场二次多项式拟合获得近场修正信号,根据激光雷达方程将近场修正后的信号与原始回波信号做比,即得该系统的几何重叠因子。
Klett反演算法是应用广泛比较成功的算法,此解要求一个参考高度和该高度处的消光值。提出一种基于拟合的参考消光值标定方法：利用所得的几何重叠因子对所测回波信号进行修正,采用最小二乘法对最大范围大气均匀区回波信号进行拟合,获得消光参考值。利用所提出的几何重叠因子及消光参考值的标定,对南京北郊的低层大气探测回波信号进行了大气消光反演,得到了很好的效果。
In this work, firstly, the Mie scattering lidar system is built and introduced. The dye laser is the transmitter, working at the wavelength of560nm. The Cassegrain telescope is taken as the signal receiver. In order to improve the SNR, a ray bar is used to limit the field of view. The photo detector is a low-noise, high grain photomultiplier tube. The operational-amplifier circuit is taken as the output mode of the signal detection part, and a TDS5104B oscilloscope is used to displayed and stored the data. By the system, the detection of the lower atmosphere in northern suburbs of Nanjing is achieved, and the obtained echo shows the real atmospheric conditions.
As the experimental lidar using non-coaxial mode, the geometrical form factor should be calibrated. The theoretical calculation of geometrical form factor is complex, so a simple exponential form, whose geometrical meaning is clear, is assumed. Make it done the least squares fitting with the theoretical calculation to determine the relevant parameters, and the result is ideal,which shows the theoretical calculation approximate to the exponential trend. To solve the problems that the theoretical calculation is not practical and experimental operation is inconvenient, a simple calibration is proposed based on the near-field correction of relevant scholars. Using the linear fitting of near-field and quadratic fitting of far-field, make the original echo signal devised with near-field signals according to the lidar equation, and the geometrical form factor is gained.
Klett inversion algorithm, which requires a reference height and extinction value, is used widely and successfully. A new calibration based on fitting for reference value is presented in this paper. The echo signal is directly corrected through the geometrical form factor. The least squares method is used to fit the maximum range of atmospheric echo signals, then the reference value is gained. Using the calibration, the lower atmosphere echo signals of the northern suburb of Nanjing are inversed, and the good results are got.
因激光雷达实验系统采用非共轴模式,为修正近场信号,就要解决其所带来的几何重叠因子标定问题。几何重叠因子理论计算过程比较复杂,针对其曲线的趋势,假设一个简单明了且几何意义明确的指数形式,将其与理论计算结果做最小二乘法拟合确定相关参数,拟合程度理想,说明理论计算的几何重叠因子近似符合指数变化趋势；对于理论计算结果不实用以及实验法操作不便的问题,在前人近场信号修正工作的基础上,提出一种简单新标定方法：利用距离校准函数S(z)远场线性拟合以及近场二次多项式拟合获得近场修正信号,根据激光雷达方程将近场修正后的信号与原始回波信号做比,即得该系统的几何重叠因子。
Klett反演算法是应用广泛比较成功的算法,此解要求一个参考高度和该高度处的消光值。提出一种基于拟合的参考消光值标定方法：利用所得的几何重叠因子对所测回波信号进行修正,采用最小二乘法对最大范围大气均匀区回波信号进行拟合,获得消光参考值。利用所提出的几何重叠因子及消光参考值的标定,对南京北郊的低层大气探测回波信号进行了大气消光反演,得到了很好的效果。
In this work, firstly, the Mie scattering lidar system is built and introduced. The dye laser is the transmitter, working at the wavelength of560nm. The Cassegrain telescope is taken as the signal receiver. In order to improve the SNR, a ray bar is used to limit the field of view. The photo detector is a low-noise, high grain photomultiplier tube. The operational-amplifier circuit is taken as the output mode of the signal detection part, and a TDS5104B oscilloscope is used to displayed and stored the data. By the system, the detection of the lower atmosphere in northern suburbs of Nanjing is achieved, and the obtained echo shows the real atmospheric conditions.
As the experimental lidar using non-coaxial mode, the geometrical form factor should be calibrated. The theoretical calculation of geometrical form factor is complex, so a simple exponential form, whose geometrical meaning is clear, is assumed. Make it done the least squares fitting with the theoretical calculation to determine the relevant parameters, and the result is ideal,which shows the theoretical calculation approximate to the exponential trend. To solve the problems that the theoretical calculation is not practical and experimental operation is inconvenient, a simple calibration is proposed based on the near-field correction of relevant scholars. Using the linear fitting of near-field and quadratic fitting of far-field, make the original echo signal devised with near-field signals according to the lidar equation, and the geometrical form factor is gained.
Klett inversion algorithm, which requires a reference height and extinction value, is used widely and successfully. A new calibration based on fitting for reference value is presented in this paper. The echo signal is directly corrected through the geometrical form factor. The least squares method is used to fit the maximum range of atmospheric echo signals, then the reference value is gained. Using the calibration, the lower atmosphere echo signals of the northern suburb of Nanjing are inversed, and the good results are got.
引文
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[2]曹贤洁,张镭,周碧等.利用激光雷达观测兰州沙尘气溶胶辐射特性[J].高原气象,2009,(05)：1115-1120.
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[4]Iwasaka Y. The Effects of the Volcanic Eruption of St. Helens on the Polarization Properties of Strata-spheric Aerosols:Lidar Measurements at Nagoya[J].Meteorological Society of Japan,1981,59(4):611-614.
[5]蔡宏珂,周任君,傅云飞等CALIOP对一次秸秆焚烧后气溶胶光学特性的探测分析[J].气候与环境研究,2011,(04)：469478.
[6]闵敏,王普才,宗雪梅等.灰霾过程中的气溶胶特性观测研究[J].气候与环境研究,2009,(02)：153-160.
[7]潘鹄,耿福海,陈勇航等.利用微脉冲激光雷达分析上海地区一次灰霾过程[J].环境科学学报,2010,(11)：2164-2173.
[8]王英,李令军,李金香等.北京冬季雾日大气污染结构特征[J].环境科学研究,2009,(09)：1032-1038.
[9]邱金桓,孙金辉,夏其林等.北京大气气溶胶光学特性的综合遥感和分析[J].气象学报,1988,(01)：49-58.
[10]陈敏,孙东松,李洪敬等.激光雷达斜程能见度的一种探测方法及其分析[J].红外与激光工程,2006,(02)：156-160.
[11]陈士英,张平贵,卢俊平.激光雷达技术及其在大气环境监测中的应用[J].内蒙古科技与经济,2010,(02)：85-86+91.
[12]韩道文,刘文清,张玉钧等.基于激光雷达的水平能见度自动反演算法[J].激光与红外,2007,(12)：1250-1252.
[13]韩永,谢晨波,饶瑞中等.基于光散射技术的两种能见度探测方法的比较分析[J].红外与激光工程,2006,(02)：173-176.
[14]胡顺星,王珍珠,徐青山等.激光雷达测量大气气溶胶光学厚度方法研究[J].量子电子学报,2006,(03)：307-310.
[15]刘玉丽,张寅超,苏嘉等.探测低空大气温度分布的转动拉曼激光雷达[J].光电工程,2006,(10)：43-48.
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