内蒙古乌尼特煤田下白垩统分散角质层研究
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摘要
在内蒙古自治区东乌珠穆沁旗的乌尼特煤田下白垩统巴彦花组下部含煤段保存有良好的植物化石分散角质层。将富含分散角质层的岩石样品自下而上分为6小层,并对各层内角质层进行分析。利用沈光隆等(1993)分散角质层的分类体系,划分出共计18种分散角质层类型,它们归属2大类,7类,12亚类。并以所研究的分散角质层材料为例,对沈光隆等(1993)的分类体系中的无气孔大类进行了补充,以表皮细胞形态特征为区分依据,建立了6个新的亚类。在此基础上,根据分散角质层微观构造,对各类型分散角质层的母体植物进行推测。结果表明：本文所讨论的分散角质层可能来自银杏纲的银杏属、拜拉属和茨康诺司基叶属,苏铁纲的侧羽叶属与似查米亚属,松柏纲的杉科。利用推断的分散角质层母体植物组合的总体特征,得知该区总体气候条件应属于温暖而潮湿的暖温带气候并具有季节性变化的特征。通过母体植物在各小层分布的差异性的研究,可以发现当时的古环境可能由温带向亚热带过渡的变化。
最后,运用植物表皮气孔参数与大气CO2浓度呈负相关性关系,通过对岩石样品各小层分布较广泛的分散角质层具气孔大类六列气孔器类直壁亚类中的类型三的气孔参数进行统计,发现其气孔指数明显上升,可以推测在当时古C02浓度出现逐渐降低的变化趋势。
This thesis deals with some dispersed cuticles, which were found in the Lower Cretaceous Bayanhua Formation of Wunite Coal Field in Inner Mongolia. The rock sample, which is rich in well-preserved dispersed cuticles, was divided into6successional layers. A total of18distinct forms dispersed cuticles,6without stomata and12with stomata, were recognized from the6layers. They are referable to12Subturma,7Turma,2Anteturma, accoding to the scheme of classification and nomenclature of dispersed cuticles proposed by Shen et al.(1993). Based on the shapes of the epidermal cells, the6forms without stomata can be described as6new Subturma, making some supplement for the Anteturma Estomatiferae in the classifying system of Shen et al.(1993). Ginkgo, Baiera, Czekanowskia, Zamites, Pterophyllum can be deduced as the parent plants of the corresponding dispersed cuticles according to the characteristics of the epidermal cells which have been known in fossil leaves. Basing on the assembling characteristics of the deducd parent plants, the climate in the sedimentary period of the Bayanhua Formation was probably a warm temperate with seasonal changes. The differences of the relative abundances of the deduced parent plants in each layer of the rock sample reveal that environment might change from temperate to subtropics at that time. As known, the negative relationships between atmospheric CO2concentration and leaf stomatal index (SI) have been proved. It shows that the changing trend of the atmospheric CO2was decreasing accompanying with the uplift of stomatal index of the Turma Hexastomatae Subturma Rectiseptae Type Three in the early Cretaceous Bayanhua Formation.
最后,运用植物表皮气孔参数与大气CO2浓度呈负相关性关系,通过对岩石样品各小层分布较广泛的分散角质层具气孔大类六列气孔器类直壁亚类中的类型三的气孔参数进行统计,发现其气孔指数明显上升,可以推测在当时古C02浓度出现逐渐降低的变化趋势。
This thesis deals with some dispersed cuticles, which were found in the Lower Cretaceous Bayanhua Formation of Wunite Coal Field in Inner Mongolia. The rock sample, which is rich in well-preserved dispersed cuticles, was divided into6successional layers. A total of18distinct forms dispersed cuticles,6without stomata and12with stomata, were recognized from the6layers. They are referable to12Subturma,7Turma,2Anteturma, accoding to the scheme of classification and nomenclature of dispersed cuticles proposed by Shen et al.(1993). Based on the shapes of the epidermal cells, the6forms without stomata can be described as6new Subturma, making some supplement for the Anteturma Estomatiferae in the classifying system of Shen et al.(1993). Ginkgo, Baiera, Czekanowskia, Zamites, Pterophyllum can be deduced as the parent plants of the corresponding dispersed cuticles according to the characteristics of the epidermal cells which have been known in fossil leaves. Basing on the assembling characteristics of the deducd parent plants, the climate in the sedimentary period of the Bayanhua Formation was probably a warm temperate with seasonal changes. The differences of the relative abundances of the deduced parent plants in each layer of the rock sample reveal that environment might change from temperate to subtropics at that time. As known, the negative relationships between atmospheric CO2concentration and leaf stomatal index (SI) have been proved. It shows that the changing trend of the atmospheric CO2was decreasing accompanying with the uplift of stomatal index of the Turma Hexastomatae Subturma Rectiseptae Type Three in the early Cretaceous Bayanhua Formation.
引文
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2. B. Erdei, M. Lesiak. A study of dispersed cuticles, fossil seeds and cones from Sarmatian (Upper Miocene) deposits of Sopron-Piusz puszta (W Hungary)[J]. Sludia Botanica Hungarica.1999-2000:5-26.
3. Beerling DJ. Stomatal density and index:theory an application[A]. In:Jones TP, Rowe NP(eds). Fossil Plants and SPores:Modem Techniques[C]. London:Geological Society. 1999:251-256.
4. Dianne Edwards. Dispersed cuticles of putative non-vascular plants from the Lower Devonian of Britain [J]. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society.1986,93(3):259-275.
5. Dilcher, D. L. Approaches to the classification of angiosperm leaf remains[J]. Botanical Review.1974,40(1):1-157.
6. E.J. Salisbury.On the causes and ecological significance of stomatal frequency, with special reference to the woodland flora[J]. Philosophical Transations of the Royal Society of London.Series B, Containing Papers of a Biological Character.1927,216:1-65.
7. Garland R,Upchurch,Rosemary.A.Askin.Latest Cretaceous and earliest Tertiary dispersed plant cuticles from Seymour Island[J]. Review.1986:7-10.
8. Garland R,Upchurch,Jr.Dispersed angiosperm cuticles:Their history,preparation,and application to the rise of angiosperms in Cretaceous and Paleocene coals,southern western interior of North America[J].International Journal of Coal Geology.1995,28:61-227.
9. Garland R.,Upchurch,Jr.Dispersed angiosperm cuticles[J]. National Center for Atmospheric Research.1995:64-81.
10. Jack A. Wolfe and Garland R. Upchurch, JR. Leaf assemblages across the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary in the Raton Basin, New Mexico and Colorado[J]. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA.1987,86:5096-5100.
11. Juchniewicz, K. The fossil flora from Turbow near Bogatynia studied by cuticular analysis, I. Cuticulae dispersae in clays[J]. Pruce Muzeum Ziemi.1975,24:64-115.
12. Kerp H, The study of fossil gymnosperms by means of cuticular analysis. Palaios.1990,5: 548-569.
13. Kovach W L, Dilcher D L. Dispersed cuticles from the Eocene of North America[J]. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society.1984(88):63-104.
14. LI Sheng_Sheng, WANG Shi_Jun, BEI Yue Min. On Some Dispersed Cordaitean Cuticles from Cathaysian Flora in the Permian of China and Their Significance[J]. Acta Botanica Sinica.003,45(5):517-522.
15. MA Qing-Wen, LI Cheng-Sen. Characteristics of reference in classifying fossil plants of genera Metasequoia and Sequoia by epidermal features[J]. Journal of Wuhan Botanical Research.2002,20(6):413-416.
16. Mike Pole. Dispersed leaf cuticle From the Early Miocene of southern New Zealand[J]. Palaeontologia Electronica.2008:3-117.
17. I Poolel, J. D. B Weyes, T. Lawsonetal. Variations in stomatal density and index: implications for palaeoclimatic reconstructions[J]. Plant, Cell and Environment.1996,19: 705-712.
18. Jennifer C. McElwain and William G. Chaloner. Stomatal density and index of fossil plants track atmospheric carbon dioxide in the Palaeozoic[J]. Annals of Botany.1995,76: 389-395.
19. Pole M S, Douglas J G. Bennettitales, Cycadales and Ginkgoales from the mid-Cretaceous of the Eromanga Basin, Queensland, Australia[J]. Cretaceous Research.1999.20:523-538.
20. Pole M. Latest Albian-earliest Cenomanian monocotyledonous leaves from Australia[J]. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society.1999,129:177-186.
21. RA Spicer.T he sorting and deposition of allochthonous plant material in a modern environment at Silwood Lake, Silwood Park, Berkshire, England[M]. United States Government Printing.1980.
22. RJ Carpenter and M Pole. Eocene plant fossils from the Lefroy and Cowan paleodrainages, Western Australia[J]. Australian Systematic Botany.1995,8(6):1107-1154.
23. RS Hill and MK MacPhail. A fossil flora from Rafted Plio-Pleistocene Mudstones at Regatta Point,Tasmania[J]. Australian Journal of Botany.1985,33(5):497-517.
24. Tewari R, Agarwal A. Distinctive stomatal structure from dispersed leaf cuticle of Sindhudrug Formation, Ratnagiri District, Maharashtra, India[J]. Current Science.2001,81 (12):638-1641.
25. Zhou Zhiyan. Elatides harrisii, sp. nov., from the lower cretaceous of Liaoning, China[J]. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology.1987,51(1-3):189-204.
26.曹正尧.浙江下白至统儿种裸子植物化石及其表皮构造研究[J].古生物学报.1987,28 (4)：436-440.
27.曹正尧.浙江东部馆头组一些坚叶杉新种[J].古生物学报.1991,30(5)：594-600.
28.陈芬,邓胜徽.早白垩世松柏植物似密叶杉Athrotaxites的三个种[J].现代地质.1990,4(3)：28-33.
29.陈立群,孙启高,李承森.气孔参数对大气CO2浓度变化的指示[J].植物科学进展(第三卷).2000：179-186.
30.邓胜徽.内蒙古霍林河盆地早白垩世植物化石[J].现代地质.1991,5(2)：147-156.
31.邓胜徽.内蒙古霍林河盆地早白垩世植物群[M].北京：地质出版社.1995.1-42
32.邓胜徽,陈芬.东北地区早白垩世植物群组合序列及时代[J].石油勘探与开发.1998,25(35)：35-38.
33.邓胜徽,杨小菊,卢远征.甘肃酒泉盆地下白垩统Pseudofrenelopsis(掌鳞杉科)的发现及其意义[J].古生物学报,2005,44(4)：505—-516.
34.邓胜徽.中生代主要植物化石的古气候指示[J].古地理学报.2007,9(6)：559-574.
35.董曼.内蒙古霍林河煤田早白垩世银杏叶部化石新材料[D].吉林大学.2008.
36.杜宝霞,关德飞,孙柏年等.辽宁阜新早白垩世儿种松柏类化石微细构造及地质意义[J].高校地质学报.2010,16(3)：327-338.
37.冯翠荣.内蒙古自治区乌尼特煤田下白垩统巴彦花组层序地层划分与聚煤规律研究[D].北京：中国地质大学.2010.
38.郭东鑫,唐书恒,郑贵强等.内蒙古乌尼特煤田含煤地层层序划分与聚煤规律[J].煤田地质与勘探.2011,19(6)：1-5.
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