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漠河盆地MK-1与MK-2井天然气水合物钻探施工关键技术
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摘要
天然气水合物是一种可以取代石油煤炭的清洁能源,因而也是一种重要的潜在未来资源,且其储量巨大。研究表明,其资源量相当于全球煤、石油和天然气资源量和的两倍。我国国土资源部门已将天然气水合物的调查与评价列入了2015年规划。天然气水合物广泛分布于海底沉积物(如大陆架斜坡带、洋中脊、海沟和海岭等)和陆地永久冻土带(如极地冻土带和高海拔的永久冻土带)中。我国是世界上第三冻土大国,多年冻土面积达215万平方公里,占国土总面积的22.3%。我国冻土区主要分布于东北大兴安岭地区和青藏高原,并零星分布在一些高山上。其中漠河盆地年平均气温低,地温梯度为1.9℃,冻土发育,并有充足的气源形成天然气水合物,为水合物的形成提供了有利条件。因此中国地质调查局联合吉林大学建设工程学院及相关科研单位在漠河盆地进行了天然气水合物钻探施工以期获得天然气水合物样品,为冻土区天然气水合物的勘查研究及资源评价奠定基础。
     在天然气水合物资源勘查中,钻探取样获得天然气水合物岩心,进行科学钻探试验井工程,才是开展天然气水合物开发工作的前提。通过对岩心的分析,可以评估天然气水合物的资源量,天然气水合物的产状、规模和性质等地质参数,这些对于开发天然气水合物都具有十分重要的意义。
     吉林大学建设工程学院作为东北冻土区天然气水合物资源勘查(钻探试验井工程)项目的主要参与单位,主要负责试验井的钻探,天然气水合物样品的钻采,同时进行冻土区天然气水合物科学钻探专用机具及钻探工艺方法研究,形成冻土区天然气水合物科学钻探技术规范。
     作者在2010、2012年分别参与了漠河盆地天然气水合物钻探施工的整个过程,因此作者通过亲身参与漠河地区冻土层天然气水合物钻探项目,分析研究了漠河地区冻土层天然气水合物地层钻探时所涉及的关键技术。主要指大直径绳索取心技术、低温泥浆技术、泥浆制冷系统在漠河地区天然气水合物钻探施工中的应用技术、天然气水合物钻井用井口压力控制装置在漠河地区天然气水合物钻探施工中的应用技术、天然气水合物钻井参数检测系统在漠河地区天然气水合物钻探施工中的应用技术。作者总结了以往的冻土层天然气水合物钻探施工经验,对钻探施工过程中出现的一些事故及设备故障进行了分析,提出了相应的解决方法以及对设备的不足之处提出改进。对冻土层天然气水合物钻探施工工艺方法进行了优化,这对以后的漠河地区以及别的冻土地区天然气水合物钻探施工具有很大的指导意义。
Gas hydrate is a clean energy to replace oil and coal, and also important potential futureresources, and it has huge reserves. Studies have shown that the amount of resources equal to twicethe world's coal, oil and gas resources. The investigation and evaluation of gas hydrate has beenincluded in the2015plan by China's Ministry of Land and Resources. The gas hydrates are widelydistributed in the bottom sediments (such as the continental shelf slope zone, mid-ocean ridges,trenches and Ridge, etc.) and terrestrial permafrost zone (such as the Arctic tundra and high-altitudepermafrost zone). China is the third large country in the world of the permafrost, the area of whichis2.15million square kilometers, accounting for22.3%of the total land area. Permafrost zone inChina are mainly distributed in the Northeast Daxinganling region and the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau,and scattered in some mountains. Mohe basin annual average temperature is low, the geothermalgradient was1.9°C, well developed permafrost and adequate source of gas for the formation of gashydrate, provided favorable conditions for formation of gas hydrate. China Geological Surveyjointed College of Construction Engineering of Jilin University and related scientific research unitsconducted the gas hydrate drilling construction in order to obtain the gas hydrate samples in theMohe basin, lay the foundation for gas hydrate of the permafrost research and the resourcesevaluation.
     In the gas hydrate resources exploration process, drilling for the samples of gas hydrate coreand conducting a scientific test well is to carry out the premise of the gas hydrate development work.By analyzing the core, we can assess the amount of resources of gas hydrate, the occurrence, thescale, the nature and other geological parameters of gas hydrate, which have great significance forthe development of gas hydrates.
     In the exploration of the resources of gas hydrate in Northeast permafrost zone (Engineeringfor drilling test well) project, as the major participating units, College of Construction Engineeringof Jilin University was mainly responsible for drilling the test wells, drilling for obtaining gashydrate samples, while conducted the research for scientific drilling equipment and drillingtechnology method for gas hydrate of the permafrost zone, to complete the formation of thescientific drilling specifications for gas hydrate of permafrost.
     The author had participated in the whole process of drilling for gas hydrate in the Mohe basin in2010and2012. Through the program, the author had analyzed the key technologies involved inthe drilling for gas hydrate in Mohe permafrost,which mainly refer to the large diameter wire-linecore drilling technology,the low temperature mud technology, the mud cooling system applied tothe construction of gas hydrate drilling in Mohe, wellhead pressure control equipment applied to heconstruction of gas hydrate drilling in Mohe, gas hydrate drilling parameter measuring systemapplied to he construction of gas hydrate drilling in Mohe. The author had concluded the experienceof gas hydrate drilling construction in permafrost, had analyzed the accidents and the equipmentfailures in the the whole drilling construction process, and proposed appropriate solutions andsuggested improvements to the inadequacies of the equipment improvement. The author hadoptimized gas hydrate drilling construction process methods in permafrost, which has great guidingsignificance for gas hydrate drilling construction in Mohe region and other permafrost regions.
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