浅黄恩蚜小蜂的过寄生现象及其对子代发育的影响
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摘要
本文以烟粉虱Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius)重要寄生蜂之一——浅黄恩蚜小蜂Encarsia sophia(Girault & Dodd)为研究对象。首先,确定了对寄主烟粉虱若虫的位置进行定位的方法及浅黄恩蚜小蜂雌蜂产雌过寄生行为发生的判断标准。随后,从浅黄恩蚜小蜂产雌过寄生行为学、产雌过寄生发生对子代发育的影响、产雌产雄生殖分界点研究及接蜂密度和接蜂时间对过寄生发生的影响等几个方面,探讨了浅黄恩蚜小蜂的产雌过寄生现象及过寄生发生对浅黄恩蚜小蜂子代蜂发育的影响,为实际应用和更深层次的理论研究提供依据。
根据烟粉虱若虫一龄后期固定取食后不再移动的现象,采用数码相机拍照,然后打印输出到A4纸上的方法,使得对烟粉虱若虫位置的标定简单易行。利用该方法,观察烟粉虱发育过程中若虫的形态变化,分析烟粉虱若虫龄期和身体尺寸的关系,结果表明,四龄前期前各龄期若虫在体长和体宽间均存在显著差异,且若虫的体长与体宽的变异系数随着虫龄的增加而变大。故可以根据若虫大小,结合形态特征识别烟粉虱若虫的龄期。
利用解剖镜,采用培养皿观察法对浅黄恩蚜小蜂的产雌寄生行为进行观察,先后研究了寄生产卵次数与寄主体内着卵量间的关系,过寄生行为发生对雌性子代发育的影响,产卵时间间隔对子代间竞争关系的影响,以及产卵时间间隔对过寄生发生率的影响。结果发现,可以通过蜂的寄生产卵动作判断蜂是否排卵,蜂对烟粉虱若虫的体内检测时间及寄主体内着卵量随着寄生次数的增加显著增长,体内检测时间从寄生一次时的147.37±8.41s增长到寄生三次时的285.43±32.82s,寄主体内着卵量从寄生一次时的1.04±0.03粒增长至寄生三次的3.05±0.08粒。雌性子代的发育历期也随着寄生次数的增加而显著延长,子代蜂的总发育时间从寄生一次的11.53±0.11d显著延长至寄生三次的15.53±0.41d。通过比较两次产卵时间间隔分别为0、48及96 h时过寄生的发生情况,发现蜂的产雌过寄生率随产卵时间间隔的增长显著下降,过寄生率从产卵间隔0-24 h时的70%下降至间隔96-120 h的23.8%。最后,观察了产卵时间间隔分别为0-12、24-36、48-60 h情况下,寄主体内寄生物间的竞争关系,发现产卵时间间隔在48 h以前,小蜂初产子代与后产子代在竞争中均有胜出,产卵间隔为48-60h时,初产子代竞争胜出。
利用解剖镜观察浅黄恩蚜小蜂的产雄寄生行为,并与产雌寄生行为进行比较。对浅黄恩蚜小蜂的产雌产雄生殖分界点进行了研究,找出可作为浅黄恩蚜小蜂产雄寄主的初产子代的发育时间点。试验结果表明,可以通过行为观察对浅黄恩蚜小蜂的产雌及产雄行为进行区别。并通过试验找出了产雄及产雌生殖分界点为第一次产雌生殖后的第五天。
不同接蜂密度及接蜂时间对浅黄恩蚜小蜂的过寄生率影响的研究结果表明,二者对该蜂的过寄生发生率均有显著影响。蜂过寄生率从接蜂密度1(1头/12 h)时的0.4±0.4(%)增长至蜂密度3(5头/12 h)时的47.6±2.3(%),从接蜂时间1(6 h/3蜂)时的11.2±2.0(%)增长至接蜂时间3(24 h/3蜂)时的39.6±2.9(%)。
In this paper, the main research object is Encarsia sophia(Girault & Dodd), a kind of important natural enemy parasitoids of Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius). First, we studied how to locate the nymph of B. tabaci and how to determine the occurrence of superparasitism, then we explored superparasitism of Encarsia sophia and its influence on parasitoid offspring development, the demarcation development stage of host nymph for thelygeny and arrhenogeny and the influence of host density and inoculation time on the superparasitism rates.
According to the observation that the nymphs of the whitefly would not move after the late first instar nymphs begin to feed, a method of using digital camera to take photos of host leaf with nymphs and printing the photos on A4 paper was used to mark the locations of the nymphs on host leaf. Furthermore, we observed the morphologic change of nymphs and investigated the relationship between the body size and the instars of B. tabaci nymphs by using this method. The results indicated that there were significant differences among the first instar, the second instar, the third instar and the early fourth instar nymphs both the body length and width of B. tabaci nymphs, and the coefficient of variation of nymphs body size increased with the larva instars increased. So we could distinguish different instars according to their body size and morphology.
We observed thelygeny parasitic behavior of Encarsia sophia using dissecting microscope and petri dish as arena, and explored the relationship between the parasitization times of E. sophia and the number of eggs loaded in host, the relationship between the parasitization times of E. sophia and thelygeny behavior, the influence of the superparasitism on female offspring development, the influence of parasitic time intervals on competition of offspring and the occurrence rate of superparasitism. At last, we can determine whether E. sophia really oviposited host through observing its parasitical behavior. In addition, the detection time of E. sophia in vivo of nymphs of whitefly and the number of eggs loaded per host increased significantly by the parasitic times, the detection time of E. sophia in vivo of nymphs of whitefly prolonged from 147.37±8.41s for one parasitization to 285.43±32.82s for three parasitizations, and the number of eggs loaded per host increased from the average of 1.04±0.03 for one parasitization to 3.05±0.08 for three parasitizations. The development time of offsping also prolonged significantly with the parasitization times increased. The total development time of E. sophia offsping prolonged obviously from 11.53±0.11d for one parasitization to 15.53±0.41d for three parasitizations. The thelygeny superparasitism rates of Encarsia sophia decreased sharply with the time interval of oviposition, The thelygeny superparasitism rates of Encarsia sophia decreased from 70% of the oviposition time interval 0-12 h to 23.8%. Moreover, there were obvious competition relationship among the parasitoids in host, both the primiparity offsping or the supernumerary larva can survive after competition before 48h of the time interval of oviposition, but all the primiparity offsping would defeat the supernumerary larva after 48h of the time interval of oviposition.
We observed arrhenogeny behavior of Encarsia sophia and compared it with thelygeny behavior. We also studied the demarcation point of thelygeny and arrhenogeny, The results indicated that the thelygeny behavior and arrhenogeny behavior could be distinguished through naked eyes, and the demarcation development stage for arrhenogeny was 5 days after thelygeny happened.
We studied the influence of E. sophia of different inoculation times and exposure period on superparasitism ratio in experiment. The results showed, both inoculation times and exposure period significantly influenced superparasitism of E. sophia. The superparasitism ratio increased from 0.4±0.4 (%) of inoculation time 1 (1 female/12 h) to 47.6±2.3 (%) of inoculation time 3 (5 females/12 h), and increased from 11.2±2.0 (%) of exposure period 1(6 h/ 3females) to 39.6±2.9 (%) of exposure period 3(24 h/3 females).
根据烟粉虱若虫一龄后期固定取食后不再移动的现象,采用数码相机拍照,然后打印输出到A4纸上的方法,使得对烟粉虱若虫位置的标定简单易行。利用该方法,观察烟粉虱发育过程中若虫的形态变化,分析烟粉虱若虫龄期和身体尺寸的关系,结果表明,四龄前期前各龄期若虫在体长和体宽间均存在显著差异,且若虫的体长与体宽的变异系数随着虫龄的增加而变大。故可以根据若虫大小,结合形态特征识别烟粉虱若虫的龄期。
利用解剖镜,采用培养皿观察法对浅黄恩蚜小蜂的产雌寄生行为进行观察,先后研究了寄生产卵次数与寄主体内着卵量间的关系,过寄生行为发生对雌性子代发育的影响,产卵时间间隔对子代间竞争关系的影响,以及产卵时间间隔对过寄生发生率的影响。结果发现,可以通过蜂的寄生产卵动作判断蜂是否排卵,蜂对烟粉虱若虫的体内检测时间及寄主体内着卵量随着寄生次数的增加显著增长,体内检测时间从寄生一次时的147.37±8.41s增长到寄生三次时的285.43±32.82s,寄主体内着卵量从寄生一次时的1.04±0.03粒增长至寄生三次的3.05±0.08粒。雌性子代的发育历期也随着寄生次数的增加而显著延长,子代蜂的总发育时间从寄生一次的11.53±0.11d显著延长至寄生三次的15.53±0.41d。通过比较两次产卵时间间隔分别为0、48及96 h时过寄生的发生情况,发现蜂的产雌过寄生率随产卵时间间隔的增长显著下降,过寄生率从产卵间隔0-24 h时的70%下降至间隔96-120 h的23.8%。最后,观察了产卵时间间隔分别为0-12、24-36、48-60 h情况下,寄主体内寄生物间的竞争关系,发现产卵时间间隔在48 h以前,小蜂初产子代与后产子代在竞争中均有胜出,产卵间隔为48-60h时,初产子代竞争胜出。
利用解剖镜观察浅黄恩蚜小蜂的产雄寄生行为,并与产雌寄生行为进行比较。对浅黄恩蚜小蜂的产雌产雄生殖分界点进行了研究,找出可作为浅黄恩蚜小蜂产雄寄主的初产子代的发育时间点。试验结果表明,可以通过行为观察对浅黄恩蚜小蜂的产雌及产雄行为进行区别。并通过试验找出了产雄及产雌生殖分界点为第一次产雌生殖后的第五天。
不同接蜂密度及接蜂时间对浅黄恩蚜小蜂的过寄生率影响的研究结果表明,二者对该蜂的过寄生发生率均有显著影响。蜂过寄生率从接蜂密度1(1头/12 h)时的0.4±0.4(%)增长至蜂密度3(5头/12 h)时的47.6±2.3(%),从接蜂时间1(6 h/3蜂)时的11.2±2.0(%)增长至接蜂时间3(24 h/3蜂)时的39.6±2.9(%)。
In this paper, the main research object is Encarsia sophia(Girault & Dodd), a kind of important natural enemy parasitoids of Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius). First, we studied how to locate the nymph of B. tabaci and how to determine the occurrence of superparasitism, then we explored superparasitism of Encarsia sophia and its influence on parasitoid offspring development, the demarcation development stage of host nymph for thelygeny and arrhenogeny and the influence of host density and inoculation time on the superparasitism rates.
According to the observation that the nymphs of the whitefly would not move after the late first instar nymphs begin to feed, a method of using digital camera to take photos of host leaf with nymphs and printing the photos on A4 paper was used to mark the locations of the nymphs on host leaf. Furthermore, we observed the morphologic change of nymphs and investigated the relationship between the body size and the instars of B. tabaci nymphs by using this method. The results indicated that there were significant differences among the first instar, the second instar, the third instar and the early fourth instar nymphs both the body length and width of B. tabaci nymphs, and the coefficient of variation of nymphs body size increased with the larva instars increased. So we could distinguish different instars according to their body size and morphology.
We observed thelygeny parasitic behavior of Encarsia sophia using dissecting microscope and petri dish as arena, and explored the relationship between the parasitization times of E. sophia and the number of eggs loaded in host, the relationship between the parasitization times of E. sophia and thelygeny behavior, the influence of the superparasitism on female offspring development, the influence of parasitic time intervals on competition of offspring and the occurrence rate of superparasitism. At last, we can determine whether E. sophia really oviposited host through observing its parasitical behavior. In addition, the detection time of E. sophia in vivo of nymphs of whitefly and the number of eggs loaded per host increased significantly by the parasitic times, the detection time of E. sophia in vivo of nymphs of whitefly prolonged from 147.37±8.41s for one parasitization to 285.43±32.82s for three parasitizations, and the number of eggs loaded per host increased from the average of 1.04±0.03 for one parasitization to 3.05±0.08 for three parasitizations. The development time of offsping also prolonged significantly with the parasitization times increased. The total development time of E. sophia offsping prolonged obviously from 11.53±0.11d for one parasitization to 15.53±0.41d for three parasitizations. The thelygeny superparasitism rates of Encarsia sophia decreased sharply with the time interval of oviposition, The thelygeny superparasitism rates of Encarsia sophia decreased from 70% of the oviposition time interval 0-12 h to 23.8%. Moreover, there were obvious competition relationship among the parasitoids in host, both the primiparity offsping or the supernumerary larva can survive after competition before 48h of the time interval of oviposition, but all the primiparity offsping would defeat the supernumerary larva after 48h of the time interval of oviposition.
We observed arrhenogeny behavior of Encarsia sophia and compared it with thelygeny behavior. We also studied the demarcation point of thelygeny and arrhenogeny, The results indicated that the thelygeny behavior and arrhenogeny behavior could be distinguished through naked eyes, and the demarcation development stage for arrhenogeny was 5 days after thelygeny happened.
We studied the influence of E. sophia of different inoculation times and exposure period on superparasitism ratio in experiment. The results showed, both inoculation times and exposure period significantly influenced superparasitism of E. sophia. The superparasitism ratio increased from 0.4±0.4 (%) of inoculation time 1 (1 female/12 h) to 47.6±2.3 (%) of inoculation time 3 (5 females/12 h), and increased from 11.2±2.0 (%) of exposure period 1(6 h/ 3females) to 39.6±2.9 (%) of exposure period 3(24 h/3 females).
引文
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