重庆稻田生态养鳅模式的增收效应分析
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摘要
本文涉及泥鳅的生物学研究和农业经济研究两个学科领域。
在生物学研究领域搞清楚泥鳅在研现状和既得成果；在此基础上,广泛开展重庆本地泥鳅品种分布和在养现状,拟定养殖品种,开展泥鳅生态环境调查、泥鳅食性、泥鳅人工催产技术、泥鳅育苗技术、泥鳅稻田养殖技术、泥鳅稻田捕捞技术等方面的研究。
在农业经济学领域,通过对国内外研究现状的概述与相关理论的研究和分析,运用经济学与生态学等原理对重庆地区稻田养鳅进行可行性分析,同时利用重庆地区稻田养鳅实例开展经济学效用分析,最终找到农业技术推广过程中的问题和农业技术推广对农业增收的实际效用,并得出最终政策结论。
稻田生态养殖技术是建立在农业土地资源的有效利用和改善农民收入的基础上的一种农村产业体系改造措施和增益措施。通过全生态的养殖方式,有效利用稻田资源,减少养鳅投入,使农民在有限的稻田资源上实现水稻不增产而收入增益。它的实现和推广将有效改善诸多三农问题。
研究指出,在重庆地区适合发展生态养鳅。生态养鳅使稻田增益,总收入1100-1400元之间,净增收益500-600元；生态养鳅引导农村闲置劳动力的再分配,优化产业结构,社会效益显著；生态养鳅项目的开展使农业耕种模式实现理性回归到生态模式,野生泥鳅的种群数量得到增长,生态效益显著。
Two subjects, Aquaculture Science and management of agricultural economy, are involved in this research. Here we mainly explored the cultivation technology of Misgurnus anguillicaudatus in fields and feeding management & industry efficiency of it, based on the natural science and the humanities respectively.
Misgurnus anguillicaudatus is one kind of small freshwater fishes that is widely distributed in China. Recently, with its marketable value, especially its unique healthcare value being gradually revealed but its wild resource quantity showing a down trend, so it is necessary and urgent for us to take measures to deploy its manpower-breeding technology. Loach breeding has been a hot and vigorous field in the wide aquaculture domain. For a long time, poor in scale breeding technology has been a bottleneck for its mass breeding. hitherto, most of Misgurnus anguillicaudatus are cultivated by means of small intensive aquiculture, field ecological cultivation is still in the stage of exploration.
Artificial spawning, natural propagation and standardized management during seedling periods are key factors to its large-scaled seedling. Having been exploring for 5 years, we have won the fund supports from Chongqing Education Committee and Water Conservancy Bureau of Wanzhou District, staged results, such as germinating at least 100,000 fish per time, have been also achieved in loach large-scaled seedling project. Related cultivation modes are also deployed based on these achievements.
Growing rice in the field is a traditional agricultural planting in China, at the same time, rice field is also a traditional habitat for wild loach. fertile soil and abundant biological environment provide loach available living places and plentiful bait organisms, which makes this old species long live on this planet and enrich we human food resource. Last 1980's, usage of modern agricultural techniques, in addition of abuse of chemical fertilizers and pesticides, made the filed environment which the wild loach resources live in worse and deficient. So, restoring wild loach resources, saving the artificial breeding cost, meeting the supply of green initiative loaches, increasing farmers' income, ect. All these problems gave birth to ecological cultivation technology of Misgurnus anguillicaudatus in paddy fields.
Ecological cultivation technology of Misgurnus anguillicaudatus means in order to obtain the best overall economic efficiency, ecology principle, rational usage of paddy field and ecological methods should be integrated in the breeding. Take Chongqing for instance, its landform, suitable climate, rotation habit and local government policy are advantages for vigorously developing the ecological cultivation.
According to the resources surveys, we ascertained two kinds of local loach in Chongqing, they are P.dabryanus (Sauvage) and M.anguillicatus (Cantor). Here we chose M.anguillicatus (Cantor) as the main breeding cultivar. Many experiments results proved that when taking the artificial spawning, in order to the best seedling quantity, it is better to do this task in any time from the end of April to the middle of June. Loach that features 250IU have a better state of relative spawning quantity using HCG, fertility rate and rate of hatchability. Baits such as yolk, soya-bean milk and rotifer have different influence on loach's feeding, movement and physical condition, rotifer is the best biological bait for its palatability, trophism and environment-friendly. Besides cultivation technology, management during the seedling periods should be given the primarily important attention, such as betterment of field and meeting the technology requirement. Explicating the days after tillering stage as the releasing time. In order to save cost, we applied fertilizer rather than casting bait to make sure that the loach were green. The single suttle weight could be up to 20g in October after applying additional baiting method, this met the standard for sale, it yielded 50kg per mu.
Surrounding the maximization earnings of field and new ideas of rural economy development, combining with Chongqing local humanity, climate, resource and other characteristics, building the industrial structure which features ecological agriculture and tourism as its backbone, constructing the ecological agriculture with field ecological cultivating loach as its pillar industry as the core idea, only in this way could we realize the sustainable development of industries. In addition, during the development, expanding industry chain, combining agriculture, aquaculture, tourism and the agricultural products processing and trade, producing resource advantage, strengthening industrial linkage, plan and design scientifically, all these means are for the expect of increasing the gain of rural paddy fields ecological cultivation of loach. We had actual example:taking ecological cultivation for instance, releasing 2000 fish per mu would harvest 50kg product loach per year and a farmer would receive more Y600.
在生物学研究领域搞清楚泥鳅在研现状和既得成果；在此基础上,广泛开展重庆本地泥鳅品种分布和在养现状,拟定养殖品种,开展泥鳅生态环境调查、泥鳅食性、泥鳅人工催产技术、泥鳅育苗技术、泥鳅稻田养殖技术、泥鳅稻田捕捞技术等方面的研究。
在农业经济学领域,通过对国内外研究现状的概述与相关理论的研究和分析,运用经济学与生态学等原理对重庆地区稻田养鳅进行可行性分析,同时利用重庆地区稻田养鳅实例开展经济学效用分析,最终找到农业技术推广过程中的问题和农业技术推广对农业增收的实际效用,并得出最终政策结论。
稻田生态养殖技术是建立在农业土地资源的有效利用和改善农民收入的基础上的一种农村产业体系改造措施和增益措施。通过全生态的养殖方式,有效利用稻田资源,减少养鳅投入,使农民在有限的稻田资源上实现水稻不增产而收入增益。它的实现和推广将有效改善诸多三农问题。
研究指出,在重庆地区适合发展生态养鳅。生态养鳅使稻田增益,总收入1100-1400元之间,净增收益500-600元；生态养鳅引导农村闲置劳动力的再分配,优化产业结构,社会效益显著；生态养鳅项目的开展使农业耕种模式实现理性回归到生态模式,野生泥鳅的种群数量得到增长,生态效益显著。
Two subjects, Aquaculture Science and management of agricultural economy, are involved in this research. Here we mainly explored the cultivation technology of Misgurnus anguillicaudatus in fields and feeding management & industry efficiency of it, based on the natural science and the humanities respectively.
Misgurnus anguillicaudatus is one kind of small freshwater fishes that is widely distributed in China. Recently, with its marketable value, especially its unique healthcare value being gradually revealed but its wild resource quantity showing a down trend, so it is necessary and urgent for us to take measures to deploy its manpower-breeding technology. Loach breeding has been a hot and vigorous field in the wide aquaculture domain. For a long time, poor in scale breeding technology has been a bottleneck for its mass breeding. hitherto, most of Misgurnus anguillicaudatus are cultivated by means of small intensive aquiculture, field ecological cultivation is still in the stage of exploration.
Artificial spawning, natural propagation and standardized management during seedling periods are key factors to its large-scaled seedling. Having been exploring for 5 years, we have won the fund supports from Chongqing Education Committee and Water Conservancy Bureau of Wanzhou District, staged results, such as germinating at least 100,000 fish per time, have been also achieved in loach large-scaled seedling project. Related cultivation modes are also deployed based on these achievements.
Growing rice in the field is a traditional agricultural planting in China, at the same time, rice field is also a traditional habitat for wild loach. fertile soil and abundant biological environment provide loach available living places and plentiful bait organisms, which makes this old species long live on this planet and enrich we human food resource. Last 1980's, usage of modern agricultural techniques, in addition of abuse of chemical fertilizers and pesticides, made the filed environment which the wild loach resources live in worse and deficient. So, restoring wild loach resources, saving the artificial breeding cost, meeting the supply of green initiative loaches, increasing farmers' income, ect. All these problems gave birth to ecological cultivation technology of Misgurnus anguillicaudatus in paddy fields.
Ecological cultivation technology of Misgurnus anguillicaudatus means in order to obtain the best overall economic efficiency, ecology principle, rational usage of paddy field and ecological methods should be integrated in the breeding. Take Chongqing for instance, its landform, suitable climate, rotation habit and local government policy are advantages for vigorously developing the ecological cultivation.
According to the resources surveys, we ascertained two kinds of local loach in Chongqing, they are P.dabryanus (Sauvage) and M.anguillicatus (Cantor). Here we chose M.anguillicatus (Cantor) as the main breeding cultivar. Many experiments results proved that when taking the artificial spawning, in order to the best seedling quantity, it is better to do this task in any time from the end of April to the middle of June. Loach that features 250IU have a better state of relative spawning quantity using HCG, fertility rate and rate of hatchability. Baits such as yolk, soya-bean milk and rotifer have different influence on loach's feeding, movement and physical condition, rotifer is the best biological bait for its palatability, trophism and environment-friendly. Besides cultivation technology, management during the seedling periods should be given the primarily important attention, such as betterment of field and meeting the technology requirement. Explicating the days after tillering stage as the releasing time. In order to save cost, we applied fertilizer rather than casting bait to make sure that the loach were green. The single suttle weight could be up to 20g in October after applying additional baiting method, this met the standard for sale, it yielded 50kg per mu.
Surrounding the maximization earnings of field and new ideas of rural economy development, combining with Chongqing local humanity, climate, resource and other characteristics, building the industrial structure which features ecological agriculture and tourism as its backbone, constructing the ecological agriculture with field ecological cultivating loach as its pillar industry as the core idea, only in this way could we realize the sustainable development of industries. In addition, during the development, expanding industry chain, combining agriculture, aquaculture, tourism and the agricultural products processing and trade, producing resource advantage, strengthening industrial linkage, plan and design scientifically, all these means are for the expect of increasing the gain of rural paddy fields ecological cultivation of loach. We had actual example:taking ecological cultivation for instance, releasing 2000 fish per mu would harvest 50kg product loach per year and a farmer would receive more Y600.
引文
[1]金燮理等.泥鳅生物学的初步研究[J].湖南师范大学自然学报.1986,(2)：59-66.
[2]刘学谦.泥鳅的生理生态特性[J].水产科技情报.1981,(2)：26-27.
[3]潘建林等.黄鳝与泥鳅养殖新技术[M].上海：上海科学技术出版社,2002.
[4]金燮理,戴振炎.泥鳅个体生殖力的研究[J].湖南农学院学报.1990,18(1)：88-96.
[5]张瑞昌,蒋秋燕,张应龙,潘海勇,张家国,泥鳅的开发利用[J],食品与药品,2010,12(5),197-199.
[6]邢相成,“水中人参”泥鳅[J],家庭中医药,2009,8(8)：75。
[7]钦传光,韩定献,董先智,等,泥鳅及其提取物中营养成分的研究[J],食品科学,2002,23(2)：123-126.
[8]钦传光,陈泽宪,周军,等,泥鳅及其提取物中微量元素的含量分析[J],微量元素与健康研究,2001,18(4)：49-50.
[9]袁风霞.泥鳅年龄和生长的研究[J].华中农业大学学报.1986,5(2)：163-167.
[10]赵振山等.泥鳅和大鳞副泥鳅营养成分分析[J].水利渔业.1999,19(2)：88-96.
[11]郑闽泉.泥鳅繁殖习性的观察[J].四川动物.1992,11(2)：35-36.
[12]雷逢玉,王宾贤.泥鳅繁殖和生长的研究[J].水生生物学报.1990,14(1)：60-67.
[13]黄文.泥鳅的全人工繁殖[J].养殖与饲料.2003,(3)：23-24.
[14]周光顺.泥鳅人工繁殖技术[J].成都大学学报.1995,14(4)：29-31.
[15]GOTO-NANCER, WATAN ABEY, characterization of lectins from the skin nucus of the loach, Misgurnus anguillicaudatus[J], Fsheries science,1995,61 (1):137-140.
[16]PARK C B, LEE J H,PARK I Y, etal.A novel antimicrobial peptide from the loach, Misgurnus anguillicaudatus[J], FEBS Lett,1997,411(2/3):173-178
[17]周游,泥鳅的营养药膳及效用[J],中华实用中西医杂志,2004,17(21)：3328-3329,
[18]姚东瑞,王淑军,李园园,盘赛昆,杨帆,泥鳅肉酶解物对羟自由基的清除作用[J],食品科学,2010,31(21)：29-33
[19]陈雪岩,高峰,新时期关于三农问题的多维透视[J].农业经济问题(月刊),2007,11：95-98.
[20]中国社会科学院中医药事业国情调研课题组,关于创建中国特色生态养殖模式的思考,中国经贸导刊,2009,16：10-11.
[21]郭焕成,刘军萍,王云才,观光农业发展研究[J],经济地理,2000,3：121
[22]宋金平,盖兴文,我国观光农业发展存在的问题与对策,中国软科学,2003,2：31-34.
[23]李燕,印杰,泥鳅的几种加工方法,渔业致富指南,2007,20：42-43.
[24]赵忠全,陶志强,泥鳅软包装加工工艺,食品科学,2000,21(6)：66.
[2]刘学谦.泥鳅的生理生态特性[J].水产科技情报.1981,(2)：26-27.
[3]潘建林等.黄鳝与泥鳅养殖新技术[M].上海：上海科学技术出版社,2002.
[4]金燮理,戴振炎.泥鳅个体生殖力的研究[J].湖南农学院学报.1990,18(1)：88-96.
[5]张瑞昌,蒋秋燕,张应龙,潘海勇,张家国,泥鳅的开发利用[J],食品与药品,2010,12(5),197-199.
[6]邢相成,“水中人参”泥鳅[J],家庭中医药,2009,8(8)：75。
[7]钦传光,韩定献,董先智,等,泥鳅及其提取物中营养成分的研究[J],食品科学,2002,23(2)：123-126.
[8]钦传光,陈泽宪,周军,等,泥鳅及其提取物中微量元素的含量分析[J],微量元素与健康研究,2001,18(4)：49-50.
[9]袁风霞.泥鳅年龄和生长的研究[J].华中农业大学学报.1986,5(2)：163-167.
[10]赵振山等.泥鳅和大鳞副泥鳅营养成分分析[J].水利渔业.1999,19(2)：88-96.
[11]郑闽泉.泥鳅繁殖习性的观察[J].四川动物.1992,11(2)：35-36.
[12]雷逢玉,王宾贤.泥鳅繁殖和生长的研究[J].水生生物学报.1990,14(1)：60-67.
[13]黄文.泥鳅的全人工繁殖[J].养殖与饲料.2003,(3)：23-24.
[14]周光顺.泥鳅人工繁殖技术[J].成都大学学报.1995,14(4)：29-31.
[15]GOTO-NANCER, WATAN ABEY, characterization of lectins from the skin nucus of the loach, Misgurnus anguillicaudatus[J], Fsheries science,1995,61 (1):137-140.
[16]PARK C B, LEE J H,PARK I Y, etal.A novel antimicrobial peptide from the loach, Misgurnus anguillicaudatus[J], FEBS Lett,1997,411(2/3):173-178
[17]周游,泥鳅的营养药膳及效用[J],中华实用中西医杂志,2004,17(21)：3328-3329,
[18]姚东瑞,王淑军,李园园,盘赛昆,杨帆,泥鳅肉酶解物对羟自由基的清除作用[J],食品科学,2010,31(21)：29-33
[19]陈雪岩,高峰,新时期关于三农问题的多维透视[J].农业经济问题(月刊),2007,11：95-98.
[20]中国社会科学院中医药事业国情调研课题组,关于创建中国特色生态养殖模式的思考,中国经贸导刊,2009,16：10-11.
[21]郭焕成,刘军萍,王云才,观光农业发展研究[J],经济地理,2000,3：121
[22]宋金平,盖兴文,我国观光农业发展存在的问题与对策,中国软科学,2003,2：31-34.
[23]李燕,印杰,泥鳅的几种加工方法,渔业致富指南,2007,20：42-43.
[24]赵忠全,陶志强,泥鳅软包装加工工艺,食品科学,2000,21(6)：66.
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