闽产紫花香薷挥发油及提取物的抗氧化和抑菌活性研究
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摘要
紫花香薷(Elsholtzia argyi Levl.)系唇形科草本植物。植株含挥发油,可供药用,对感冒、中暑、急性胃肠炎等症有疗效。现代研究表明紫花香薷可作为重金属污染土壤的植物修复材料,而备受人们关注。从资源化利用角度,以紫花香薷为材料,开展了以下几个方面研究。
1. GC-MS分析鉴定结果表明野生和栽培紫花香薷叶片和花部挥发油中挥发性物质的主要成分基本一致,包括柠檬醛、(z)-柠檬醛、(E)-β-金合欢烯、石竹烯、(z)-罗勒烯、D-柠檬烯等,占总含量的70%以上,且均属于低沸点的萜类化合物,但野生和栽培条件下,叶片和花部挥发油中主要成分的相对含量差别较大,且贮藏后主成分亦会有所变化。
在生长周期内,栽培紫花香薷叶片挥发油含量在0.2%-1.4%间,呈偏向“单峰型”曲线。GC-MS分析显示：苗期时挥发油主成分为(z)-β-金合欢烯、石竹烯,旺盛生长期时以D-柠檬烯、柠檬醛、(z)-罗勒烯、(Z)-柠檬醛、(Z)-β-金合欢烯为主,花期时以柠檬醛、(z)-β-金合欢烯、石竹烯、(z)-柠檬醛、D-柠檬烯等为主,果期时则以柠檬醛、(Z)-β-会合欢烯、(Z)-柠檬醛、石竹烯等为主。可见,挥发油中(Z)-β-会合欢烯、D-柠檬烯、柠檬醛等成分的相对含量变幅较大,提示此类成分的合成累积与其生长周期密切相关。
紫花香薷茎中挥发油含量微,成分以脂肪族化合物为主；花部挥发油含量在0.3%-1.2%间,成分以石竹烯、柠檬醛、(E)-β-金合欢烯、(z)-柠檬醛和葎草烯等为主,但在整个花期主要成分的相对含量有所变化,其中石竹烯呈明显的下降趋势(25.35%→7.14%),而柠檬醛则呈递增的趋势。
紫花香薷白花变种叶片挥发油的主要成分为(E)-β-金合欢烯(26.30%)、石竹烯(13.65%)、柠檬醛(8.77%)等,约占总含量的62.29%。与原变种的主要成分基本一致,但相对含量差别较大。
2.采用牛津杯法,初步研究了紫花香薷叶片挥发油对7种供试菌(4种细菌和3种真菌)的抑菌活性,结果表明该挥发油对供试菌均具有一定的抑制效果,其中对革兰氏阳性菌(枯草芽孢杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌)的抑制效果较好,对供试霉菌的抑菌效果显著强于酵母菌(p<0.05)。抑菌活性强弱可能与其挥发油中含(Z)-β-金合欢烯、柠檬醛和石竹烯等半萜烯类相关。
采用DPPH·法、β-胡萝卜素漂白法开展了紫花香薷叶片挥发油抗氧化活性的体外评价,结果表明该挥发油有一定的DPPH清除能力及抗过氧化作用,但与合成抗氧化剂--BHT相比,该挥发油在上述2个体系中的抗氧化效果差,这可能与其主要成分中基本无含氧萜烯衍生物等物质有关。
3.从6种类型的大孔树脂中筛选出对紫花香薷多酚有良好吸附和解吸性能的NKA树脂,考察了利用该树脂制备多酚提取物的合适吸附和解吸条件。在此基础上,制备了紫花香薷不同器官的多酚提取物。采用Folin-Ciocalteu试剂比色法检测发现：根提取物中总酚质量分数最高,达463.73 mg·g-1,其次为花提取物(369.80 mg·g-1),茎和叶提取物分别为307.69 mg·g-1和302.89 mg·g-1,两者差异不显著(p>0.05)。
分别采用5种体外试验体系评价了多酚提取物的抗氧化活性。结果表明：紫花香薷不同器官多酚提取物对人工自由基(DPPH和ABTS·+)、活性氧自由基(O2-·、·OH)均具有较强的清除能力,以及具有较强的铁还原/抗氧化能力。其中根提取物清除DPPH·、O2-的能力较强,其ρEC50值分别为0.115 mg-mL-1、0.052 mg-mL-1;抗氧化能力亦较强,其TEAC值和FRAP值分别为4.20 mmol TE·mg-1、8.06 mmol FeSO4·mg-1。而花提取物则对·OH具有较强清除能力,其PEC50值为0.072 mg·mL-1。与对照品芦丁和BHT相比,清除DPPH能力大小顺序为芦丁>BHT>根>花>茎>叶,抗氧化能力大小顺序为BHT≈根>茎>芦丁≈花>叶,对O1-·的清除能力强弱顺序为芦丁>根>花>茎>叶,对·OH的清除能力从大到小依次为花>芦丁>根>茎>叶。
相关性分析表明,紫花香薷抗氧化活性强弱与总酚高低有关,提示酚性物质是其抗氧化活性主要贡献者,但具体活性成分的纯化和鉴定,有待下一步研究。
从资源利用化角度分析,叶片挥发油将在紫花香薷开发利用中处于重要地位。不过,植株中酚性物质及其活性也不容忽视。
Elsholtzia argyi Levl. is an herbaceous, annual plant belonging to Lamiaceae family, which contains abundant essential oils. In folk medicine, E. argyi have been taken as remedies for the treatment of cold, fever and acute gastroenteritis. Modern research indicates that E. argyi can be used as phytoremediation for heavy metal-contaminated soils. In the view of full resource utilization, the main results of our study on E. argyi are summarized as follows:
1.Analyzed by GC-MS, the result showed that the main volatile components of essential oils from wild and cultivated E. argyi were almost the same, includin-g 2,6-Octadienal,3,7-dimethyl-;(Z)-2,6-Octadienal,3,7-dimethyl-;Caryophyllene;(E)-1,3,6,10-Dodecatetraene,3,7,11-trimethyl-; (Z)-1,3,6-Octatriene,3,7-dimethyl-;D-Limo-nene and so on. These components in the oil took up more than 70% of the tot-al contents, and most of them were terpenoid compounds with low boiling point. However, relative contents of the volatile components in the leaves and flowers fr-om wild and cultivated plants vary greatly, and the main components became diff-erent after they have been stored.
In whole growth period, the amount of essential oils from cultivated E. argyi leaves was between 0.2% and 1.4%, and the variation was one-peak-curve. GC-MS analysis indicated that the major chemical components in the essential oils we re (E)-1,3,6,10-Dodecatetraene,3,7,11-trimethyl- and Caryophyllene at the seedling s tage;the major components of essential oils in the fast growing stage were D-Li monene,2,6-Octadienal,3,7-dimethyl-; (Z)-1,3,6-Octatriene,3,7-dimethyl-;(Z)-2,6-Oc tadienal,3,7-dimethyl-; and (E)-1,3,6,10-Dodecatetraene,3,7,11-trimethyl-.2,6-Octadie nal,3,7-dimethyl-; (Z)-1,3,6,10-Dodecatetraene,3,7,11-trimethyl-; Caryophyllene; (Z)-2,6-Octadienal,3,7-dimethyl-and D-Limonene were the major components during th e blooming time. While 2,6-Octadienal,3,7-dimethyl; (Z)-1,3,6,10-Dodecatetraene,3, 7,11-trimethyl-;(Z)-2,6-Octadienal,3,7-dimethyl and Caryophyllene were the major components during the fruiting stage. We could see that the relative contents of th ese components in essential oils, such as (E)-1,3,6,10-Dodecatetraene,3,7,11-trimeth yl-; D-Limonene and 2,6-Octadienal,3,7-dimethyl- varied greatly from different har vest times. This indicated that the synthesis and accumulation of these components closely related to its growth cycle.
Little essential oils were found in stem of E. argyi, and the main components were aliphatic compounds. The amount of essential oils in flowers was between 0.3% and 1.2%, and the main constituents were Caryophyllene; 2,6-Octadienal,3,7-dimethyl-; (E)-1,3,6,10-Dodecatetraene,3,7,11-trimethyl-;and a-Caryophyllene. However, the relative contents of main components varied in the whole blooming time. Among all of them, the relative content of Caryophyllene reduced significantly from 25.35% to 7.14%, while the content of 2,6-Octadiena1,3,7-dimethyl kept increasing.
The main components of leaf essential oils in white flower variation of E. argyi were (E)-1,3,6,10-Dodecatetraene,3,7,11-trimethyl-(26.30%), Caryophyllene(13.56%), 2,6-Octadiena1,3,7-dimethyl-(8.77%) etc, which took up about 53% of the total oil. These main constituents were almost consistent with the prototype of E. argyi, but the relative contents between them differed greatly.
2. By Oxford-plate method, a preliminary study was carried out on the antibacterial activity of essential oils from leaves of E. argyi against seven tested strains (four species of bacteria and three species of fungal). The result showed that the essential oils had certain antibacterial effects on all the selected strains. The effects on Gram-positive bacteria(Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus) were better than on others. The inhibitory effect on selected fungi was significantly stronger than that of yeast (p<0.05). The strength of antimicrobial activity may be related to semi-terpenes components of (E)-1,3,6,10-Dodecatetraene,3,7,1 1-trimethyl-; 2,6-Octadienal,3,7-dimethyl-; and caryophyllene of the essential oils.
Using DPPH·method andβ-carotene bleaching, the vitro evaluation of antioxidant activity of the oil was carried out. The results showed that the essential oils had certain scavenging ability on DPPH·and anti-peroxidation effect. Compared with the synthetic antioxidants of BHT, the oil exhibited poor antioxidant effect in the above mentioned two different systems. It may be related to the lack of oxygenated terpene derivatives and other substances in the major components of the essential oils.
3. Out of six kinds of macroporous resins tested, NKA resin was found having good ability of adsorption and desorption to polyphenols of E. argyi leaves. And then the factors affecting the adsorption-desporption process were researched. With NKA resin, polyphenols extracts from different organs of E. argyi were prepared by macroporous resin method. Using Folin-Ciocalteu method, the content of polyphenols extracts from four organs was determined, and the results showed that the root extract presented the highest content of polyphenols in four extracts, which was up to 463.73 mg·g-1, followed by the flower extract(369.80 mg·g-1), while that of stem extract and leaf extract were 307.69mg·g-1,302.89mg·g-1, respectively, between which there were no significant difference (p> 0.05).
Antioxidant activities of polyphenols extracts were examined by 5 methods in vitro models. The result showed that polyphenols extracts from different organs of E. argyi had both strong reducing Ferric/antioxidant activity and strong scavenging abilities against artificial radicals (DPPH·and ABTS·+) and active oxygen radicals (O2-·and·OH). The root extract exhibited stronger scavenging abilities on DPPH·and O2-·, withρEC50 value were 0.115 mg·mL-1,0.052 mg·mL-1, respectively, and higher antioxidant activity in FRAP assay and TEAC method, with the TEAC value and FRAP value were 4.20 mmol TE·mg-1,8.06 mmol FeSO4·mg-1, respectively. Comparatively, the flower extract showed stronger·OH scavenging ability with theρEC50 value of 0.072 mg·mL-1. Compared with BHT and Rutin, which were used as positive controls, the scavenging capacity of controls and polyphenols from each organ against DPPH·ranks as follows:rutin>BHT>root> flower>stem>leaf, and the order of reducing Ferric/antioxidant activity were BHT≈root>stem>rutin≈flower> leaf. And that of scavenging abilitity on O2-·and·OH were rutin>root>flower>stem>leaf, flower>rutin>root>stem>leaf, respectively.
Correlation analysis showed that antioxidant activity of E. argyi extracts was related to its polyphenol content, and indicated that the phenolic substances of extracts were the major contributor to their antioxidant activities.However, further studies on purification and identification of the above mentioned extracts are needed.
In the view of resource utilization, apart from the great value of the essential oils in the leaves, phenolic substances and its antioxidant activity in E. argyr was also worth further consideration.
1. GC-MS分析鉴定结果表明野生和栽培紫花香薷叶片和花部挥发油中挥发性物质的主要成分基本一致,包括柠檬醛、(z)-柠檬醛、(E)-β-金合欢烯、石竹烯、(z)-罗勒烯、D-柠檬烯等,占总含量的70%以上,且均属于低沸点的萜类化合物,但野生和栽培条件下,叶片和花部挥发油中主要成分的相对含量差别较大,且贮藏后主成分亦会有所变化。
在生长周期内,栽培紫花香薷叶片挥发油含量在0.2%-1.4%间,呈偏向“单峰型”曲线。GC-MS分析显示：苗期时挥发油主成分为(z)-β-金合欢烯、石竹烯,旺盛生长期时以D-柠檬烯、柠檬醛、(z)-罗勒烯、(Z)-柠檬醛、(Z)-β-金合欢烯为主,花期时以柠檬醛、(z)-β-金合欢烯、石竹烯、(z)-柠檬醛、D-柠檬烯等为主,果期时则以柠檬醛、(Z)-β-会合欢烯、(Z)-柠檬醛、石竹烯等为主。可见,挥发油中(Z)-β-会合欢烯、D-柠檬烯、柠檬醛等成分的相对含量变幅较大,提示此类成分的合成累积与其生长周期密切相关。
紫花香薷茎中挥发油含量微,成分以脂肪族化合物为主；花部挥发油含量在0.3%-1.2%间,成分以石竹烯、柠檬醛、(E)-β-金合欢烯、(z)-柠檬醛和葎草烯等为主,但在整个花期主要成分的相对含量有所变化,其中石竹烯呈明显的下降趋势(25.35%→7.14%),而柠檬醛则呈递增的趋势。
紫花香薷白花变种叶片挥发油的主要成分为(E)-β-金合欢烯(26.30%)、石竹烯(13.65%)、柠檬醛(8.77%)等,约占总含量的62.29%。与原变种的主要成分基本一致,但相对含量差别较大。
2.采用牛津杯法,初步研究了紫花香薷叶片挥发油对7种供试菌(4种细菌和3种真菌)的抑菌活性,结果表明该挥发油对供试菌均具有一定的抑制效果,其中对革兰氏阳性菌(枯草芽孢杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌)的抑制效果较好,对供试霉菌的抑菌效果显著强于酵母菌(p<0.05)。抑菌活性强弱可能与其挥发油中含(Z)-β-金合欢烯、柠檬醛和石竹烯等半萜烯类相关。
采用DPPH·法、β-胡萝卜素漂白法开展了紫花香薷叶片挥发油抗氧化活性的体外评价,结果表明该挥发油有一定的DPPH清除能力及抗过氧化作用,但与合成抗氧化剂--BHT相比,该挥发油在上述2个体系中的抗氧化效果差,这可能与其主要成分中基本无含氧萜烯衍生物等物质有关。
3.从6种类型的大孔树脂中筛选出对紫花香薷多酚有良好吸附和解吸性能的NKA树脂,考察了利用该树脂制备多酚提取物的合适吸附和解吸条件。在此基础上,制备了紫花香薷不同器官的多酚提取物。采用Folin-Ciocalteu试剂比色法检测发现：根提取物中总酚质量分数最高,达463.73 mg·g-1,其次为花提取物(369.80 mg·g-1),茎和叶提取物分别为307.69 mg·g-1和302.89 mg·g-1,两者差异不显著(p>0.05)。
分别采用5种体外试验体系评价了多酚提取物的抗氧化活性。结果表明：紫花香薷不同器官多酚提取物对人工自由基(DPPH和ABTS·+)、活性氧自由基(O2-·、·OH)均具有较强的清除能力,以及具有较强的铁还原/抗氧化能力。其中根提取物清除DPPH·、O2-的能力较强,其ρEC50值分别为0.115 mg-mL-1、0.052 mg-mL-1;抗氧化能力亦较强,其TEAC值和FRAP值分别为4.20 mmol TE·mg-1、8.06 mmol FeSO4·mg-1。而花提取物则对·OH具有较强清除能力,其PEC50值为0.072 mg·mL-1。与对照品芦丁和BHT相比,清除DPPH能力大小顺序为芦丁>BHT>根>花>茎>叶,抗氧化能力大小顺序为BHT≈根>茎>芦丁≈花>叶,对O1-·的清除能力强弱顺序为芦丁>根>花>茎>叶,对·OH的清除能力从大到小依次为花>芦丁>根>茎>叶。
相关性分析表明,紫花香薷抗氧化活性强弱与总酚高低有关,提示酚性物质是其抗氧化活性主要贡献者,但具体活性成分的纯化和鉴定,有待下一步研究。
从资源利用化角度分析,叶片挥发油将在紫花香薷开发利用中处于重要地位。不过,植株中酚性物质及其活性也不容忽视。
Elsholtzia argyi Levl. is an herbaceous, annual plant belonging to Lamiaceae family, which contains abundant essential oils. In folk medicine, E. argyi have been taken as remedies for the treatment of cold, fever and acute gastroenteritis. Modern research indicates that E. argyi can be used as phytoremediation for heavy metal-contaminated soils. In the view of full resource utilization, the main results of our study on E. argyi are summarized as follows:
1.Analyzed by GC-MS, the result showed that the main volatile components of essential oils from wild and cultivated E. argyi were almost the same, includin-g 2,6-Octadienal,3,7-dimethyl-;(Z)-2,6-Octadienal,3,7-dimethyl-;Caryophyllene;(E)-1,3,6,10-Dodecatetraene,3,7,11-trimethyl-; (Z)-1,3,6-Octatriene,3,7-dimethyl-;D-Limo-nene and so on. These components in the oil took up more than 70% of the tot-al contents, and most of them were terpenoid compounds with low boiling point. However, relative contents of the volatile components in the leaves and flowers fr-om wild and cultivated plants vary greatly, and the main components became diff-erent after they have been stored.
In whole growth period, the amount of essential oils from cultivated E. argyi leaves was between 0.2% and 1.4%, and the variation was one-peak-curve. GC-MS analysis indicated that the major chemical components in the essential oils we re (E)-1,3,6,10-Dodecatetraene,3,7,11-trimethyl- and Caryophyllene at the seedling s tage;the major components of essential oils in the fast growing stage were D-Li monene,2,6-Octadienal,3,7-dimethyl-; (Z)-1,3,6-Octatriene,3,7-dimethyl-;(Z)-2,6-Oc tadienal,3,7-dimethyl-; and (E)-1,3,6,10-Dodecatetraene,3,7,11-trimethyl-.2,6-Octadie nal,3,7-dimethyl-; (Z)-1,3,6,10-Dodecatetraene,3,7,11-trimethyl-; Caryophyllene; (Z)-2,6-Octadienal,3,7-dimethyl-and D-Limonene were the major components during th e blooming time. While 2,6-Octadienal,3,7-dimethyl; (Z)-1,3,6,10-Dodecatetraene,3, 7,11-trimethyl-;(Z)-2,6-Octadienal,3,7-dimethyl and Caryophyllene were the major components during the fruiting stage. We could see that the relative contents of th ese components in essential oils, such as (E)-1,3,6,10-Dodecatetraene,3,7,11-trimeth yl-; D-Limonene and 2,6-Octadienal,3,7-dimethyl- varied greatly from different har vest times. This indicated that the synthesis and accumulation of these components closely related to its growth cycle.
Little essential oils were found in stem of E. argyi, and the main components were aliphatic compounds. The amount of essential oils in flowers was between 0.3% and 1.2%, and the main constituents were Caryophyllene; 2,6-Octadienal,3,7-dimethyl-; (E)-1,3,6,10-Dodecatetraene,3,7,11-trimethyl-;and a-Caryophyllene. However, the relative contents of main components varied in the whole blooming time. Among all of them, the relative content of Caryophyllene reduced significantly from 25.35% to 7.14%, while the content of 2,6-Octadiena1,3,7-dimethyl kept increasing.
The main components of leaf essential oils in white flower variation of E. argyi were (E)-1,3,6,10-Dodecatetraene,3,7,11-trimethyl-(26.30%), Caryophyllene(13.56%), 2,6-Octadiena1,3,7-dimethyl-(8.77%) etc, which took up about 53% of the total oil. These main constituents were almost consistent with the prototype of E. argyi, but the relative contents between them differed greatly.
2. By Oxford-plate method, a preliminary study was carried out on the antibacterial activity of essential oils from leaves of E. argyi against seven tested strains (four species of bacteria and three species of fungal). The result showed that the essential oils had certain antibacterial effects on all the selected strains. The effects on Gram-positive bacteria(Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus) were better than on others. The inhibitory effect on selected fungi was significantly stronger than that of yeast (p<0.05). The strength of antimicrobial activity may be related to semi-terpenes components of (E)-1,3,6,10-Dodecatetraene,3,7,1 1-trimethyl-; 2,6-Octadienal,3,7-dimethyl-; and caryophyllene of the essential oils.
Using DPPH·method andβ-carotene bleaching, the vitro evaluation of antioxidant activity of the oil was carried out. The results showed that the essential oils had certain scavenging ability on DPPH·and anti-peroxidation effect. Compared with the synthetic antioxidants of BHT, the oil exhibited poor antioxidant effect in the above mentioned two different systems. It may be related to the lack of oxygenated terpene derivatives and other substances in the major components of the essential oils.
3. Out of six kinds of macroporous resins tested, NKA resin was found having good ability of adsorption and desorption to polyphenols of E. argyi leaves. And then the factors affecting the adsorption-desporption process were researched. With NKA resin, polyphenols extracts from different organs of E. argyi were prepared by macroporous resin method. Using Folin-Ciocalteu method, the content of polyphenols extracts from four organs was determined, and the results showed that the root extract presented the highest content of polyphenols in four extracts, which was up to 463.73 mg·g-1, followed by the flower extract(369.80 mg·g-1), while that of stem extract and leaf extract were 307.69mg·g-1,302.89mg·g-1, respectively, between which there were no significant difference (p> 0.05).
Antioxidant activities of polyphenols extracts were examined by 5 methods in vitro models. The result showed that polyphenols extracts from different organs of E. argyi had both strong reducing Ferric/antioxidant activity and strong scavenging abilities against artificial radicals (DPPH·and ABTS·+) and active oxygen radicals (O2-·and·OH). The root extract exhibited stronger scavenging abilities on DPPH·and O2-·, withρEC50 value were 0.115 mg·mL-1,0.052 mg·mL-1, respectively, and higher antioxidant activity in FRAP assay and TEAC method, with the TEAC value and FRAP value were 4.20 mmol TE·mg-1,8.06 mmol FeSO4·mg-1, respectively. Comparatively, the flower extract showed stronger·OH scavenging ability with theρEC50 value of 0.072 mg·mL-1. Compared with BHT and Rutin, which were used as positive controls, the scavenging capacity of controls and polyphenols from each organ against DPPH·ranks as follows:rutin>BHT>root> flower>stem>leaf, and the order of reducing Ferric/antioxidant activity were BHT≈root>stem>rutin≈flower> leaf. And that of scavenging abilitity on O2-·and·OH were rutin>root>flower>stem>leaf, flower>rutin>root>stem>leaf, respectively.
Correlation analysis showed that antioxidant activity of E. argyi extracts was related to its polyphenol content, and indicated that the phenolic substances of extracts were the major contributor to their antioxidant activities.However, further studies on purification and identification of the above mentioned extracts are needed.
In the view of resource utilization, apart from the great value of the essential oils in the leaves, phenolic substances and its antioxidant activity in E. argyr was also worth further consideration.
引文
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