成都市旅游产业集群发展战略研究
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摘要
在世界经济全球化、信息化、市场化和一体化的大背景下,产业集群化发展是21世纪国际产业发展的新趋势,培育和构建产业集群已成为各国参与全球竞争,提高产业国际竞争力的有效手段。旅游业作为新兴的朝阳产业,因其具有综合性、开放性、竞争性和关联性等特点而成为产业融合程度最深的产业之一。自从1990年美国哈佛商学院著名管理学家迈克尔?波特(Porter, M.E.)在其《国家竞争优势》一书中提出“产业集群”的概念,产业集群理论逐渐被运用到旅游产业和区域经济的研究和实践中。在我国现阶段,越来越多的旅游区朝着产业集聚的方向发展,通过集群的方式提高旅游业的整体竞争力,如长三角旅游协作区、珠三角旅游圈、环渤海旅游带等旅游集群的发展,都在逐步打破行政区划的界限,构建大都市旅游圈,整合区域内的优势旅游资源,集中包装,推出跨区域的旅游线路,旅游产业集群发展战略促使国内旅游进入区域旅游发展的新阶段。但旅游产业具有不同于一般产业或行业的特点,旅游产品的界限模糊,服务结构趋同,消费的无形性、季节性以及与其它产业融合程度较深等特点使得旅游产业的集群现象不如制造业普遍,因此对旅游产业集群发展模式的探索也尚处起步阶段。
20世纪90年代起,国内外各界便已经开始注意到旅游产业集群现象的重要性,并对旅游产业集群现象及其理论进行了积极的研究与探讨,但国内外学者关于旅游产业集群理论的研究多停留概念、特征、作用等基础理论上,而对旅游产业集群的发展模式、形成机制、具体实施等实际操作等方面研究较少。而且关于旅游产业的许多基础概念仍存在诸多争议,尚未达成一致见解。因此总体来看,目前国内外对旅游产业集群的研究仍然处于初步阶段,有待进一步深入研究。成都作为中国优秀旅游城市,旅游资源丰富,旅游业发展潜力巨大。
2005-2010年近5年间成都市旅游收入年平均增长率达16.2%,国内旅客接待量年平均增长率达14%,呈快速增长态势,旅游业已经成为成都市经济发展的支柱性产业。但总体来看,目前成都市旅游业缺乏具备国际竞争力的知名旅游景区与龙头旅游企业,呈现行业集中度低、景区综合实力弱等问题。因此本文在此背景下,笔者根据成都旅游产业集群发展现状,借鉴国内外学者对旅游产业集群发展研究成果,探索未来成都市旅游集群化发展的战略与实施措施。
本文对旅游产业集群理论相关理论进行了系统梳理,全面阐述了相关概念的内涵,并归纳总结了旅游产业集群的概念、特征、形成条件、功能、发展模式、生命周期等相关概念。结合成都市旅游业实际发展情况,对成都旅游集群化发展进行SWOT分析,以了解目前成都市旅游集群发展的内外部环境,探明成都市旅游业发展的优劣势,以及面临的机遇与挑战。同时提出成都市旅游产业集群发展的战略目标,并从旅游企业集群战略、旅游空间发展战略、旅游产业园区与旅游综合体发展战略政府力量四大方面,提出如何具体实现成都市旅游产业集群发展的战略建议。希望通过旅游产业集群发展,以增强成都市旅游业的综合实力,提升成都市旅游业的国际知名度。
In the world of economic globalization, information technology, market economy and economic integration, the industrial cluster development is a new trend of international industrial development in the 21st century. As a new sunrise industry, Tourism becomes one of industries with the deep integration degree due to its comprehensive, open, competitive and relevance characteristics. Since 1990 the famous Harvard Business School management expert Michael ? Porter (Porter, ME) in his "Competitive Advantage of Nations," has proposed "industry cluster" concept, industrial cluster theory is gradually being applied to the tourism industry and regional economic research and practice. At present, more and more tourist area develops in the direction of industrial clustering, through which the overall competitiveness of the tourism industry is improved. The cases in point are the Yangtze River Delta area, the Pearl River Delta Tourism Zone, the Bohai Sea Tourism Zone. In those areas, tourism industry development are gradually breaking the boundaries of administrative divisions, metropolitan tourism circle is built, the tourism resources are integrated within the region, packaging is focused, and the new cross-regional tourist routes is introduced. The tourist industry cluster development strategy promotes domestic tourism into new stage of regional tourism development. But the tourism industry has different characteristics from the general industry sector with blurring lines of tourism products, convergent services structure, the intangible nature of consumption, seasonal feature, and the deeper level of integration with other industries. Those features make the tourism industry cluster not as common as the manufacturing sector Clusters. The exploration of the tourism industry cluster development model is still at the initial stage.
From 1990s, experts home and abroad have noted the importance of the tourism industry cluster, and made study about the tourism industry cluster theory , but the study mainly covers basic theory like concept, characteristics, and function, seldom covers development pattern, formation, and specific implementation. There are many disputes about the concept of tourism industry. Overall, the study is still at the initial stage, waiting for the further study.
As China's outstanding tourist city, Chengdu is rich in tourism resources and tourism development potential. During the Eleventh Five-Year Plan period, the Chengdu tourism industry keeps steady growth, and is becoming a new economic growth point in Chengdu economic development. Overall, however, Chengdu lacks an internationally competitive attractions and leading tourism enterprises, presenting low tourism industry concentration, and weak overall strength of the tourist attractions. In this context, This paper draws the successful experience from tourism industry cluster development research home and abroad, and studies the future development direction of Chengdu tourism cluster development.
This paper firstly systematically studies the tourism industry cluster theory, makes a comprehensive exposition of the relevant concepts, and summarizes the characteristics, formation conditions, function, development model, life cycle and other related concepts of tourism industry cluster theory. With the study of the actual development of the tourism industry in Chengdu, the paper then makes a systematic SWOT analysis about Chengdu tourism cluster development to understand the current tourism cluster development in Chengdu, including its internal and external environment, its own strengths and weaknesses, its opportunities and challenges. Thirdly the paper proposes Chengdu tourism industry cluster development strategic objectives and proposes how to reach these objectives: mainly through four strategies: through Enterprise Cluster Strategy, tourism spatial development strategy, tourist industry complex development Strategy, and the Government power strategy, in the hope that with those three strategies it can enhance the overall strength and popularity of the tourism industry in Chengdu.
20世纪90年代起,国内外各界便已经开始注意到旅游产业集群现象的重要性,并对旅游产业集群现象及其理论进行了积极的研究与探讨,但国内外学者关于旅游产业集群理论的研究多停留概念、特征、作用等基础理论上,而对旅游产业集群的发展模式、形成机制、具体实施等实际操作等方面研究较少。而且关于旅游产业的许多基础概念仍存在诸多争议,尚未达成一致见解。因此总体来看,目前国内外对旅游产业集群的研究仍然处于初步阶段,有待进一步深入研究。成都作为中国优秀旅游城市,旅游资源丰富,旅游业发展潜力巨大。
2005-2010年近5年间成都市旅游收入年平均增长率达16.2%,国内旅客接待量年平均增长率达14%,呈快速增长态势,旅游业已经成为成都市经济发展的支柱性产业。但总体来看,目前成都市旅游业缺乏具备国际竞争力的知名旅游景区与龙头旅游企业,呈现行业集中度低、景区综合实力弱等问题。因此本文在此背景下,笔者根据成都旅游产业集群发展现状,借鉴国内外学者对旅游产业集群发展研究成果,探索未来成都市旅游集群化发展的战略与实施措施。
本文对旅游产业集群理论相关理论进行了系统梳理,全面阐述了相关概念的内涵,并归纳总结了旅游产业集群的概念、特征、形成条件、功能、发展模式、生命周期等相关概念。结合成都市旅游业实际发展情况,对成都旅游集群化发展进行SWOT分析,以了解目前成都市旅游集群发展的内外部环境,探明成都市旅游业发展的优劣势,以及面临的机遇与挑战。同时提出成都市旅游产业集群发展的战略目标,并从旅游企业集群战略、旅游空间发展战略、旅游产业园区与旅游综合体发展战略政府力量四大方面,提出如何具体实现成都市旅游产业集群发展的战略建议。希望通过旅游产业集群发展,以增强成都市旅游业的综合实力,提升成都市旅游业的国际知名度。
In the world of economic globalization, information technology, market economy and economic integration, the industrial cluster development is a new trend of international industrial development in the 21st century. As a new sunrise industry, Tourism becomes one of industries with the deep integration degree due to its comprehensive, open, competitive and relevance characteristics. Since 1990 the famous Harvard Business School management expert Michael ? Porter (Porter, ME) in his "Competitive Advantage of Nations," has proposed "industry cluster" concept, industrial cluster theory is gradually being applied to the tourism industry and regional economic research and practice. At present, more and more tourist area develops in the direction of industrial clustering, through which the overall competitiveness of the tourism industry is improved. The cases in point are the Yangtze River Delta area, the Pearl River Delta Tourism Zone, the Bohai Sea Tourism Zone. In those areas, tourism industry development are gradually breaking the boundaries of administrative divisions, metropolitan tourism circle is built, the tourism resources are integrated within the region, packaging is focused, and the new cross-regional tourist routes is introduced. The tourist industry cluster development strategy promotes domestic tourism into new stage of regional tourism development. But the tourism industry has different characteristics from the general industry sector with blurring lines of tourism products, convergent services structure, the intangible nature of consumption, seasonal feature, and the deeper level of integration with other industries. Those features make the tourism industry cluster not as common as the manufacturing sector Clusters. The exploration of the tourism industry cluster development model is still at the initial stage.
From 1990s, experts home and abroad have noted the importance of the tourism industry cluster, and made study about the tourism industry cluster theory , but the study mainly covers basic theory like concept, characteristics, and function, seldom covers development pattern, formation, and specific implementation. There are many disputes about the concept of tourism industry. Overall, the study is still at the initial stage, waiting for the further study.
As China's outstanding tourist city, Chengdu is rich in tourism resources and tourism development potential. During the Eleventh Five-Year Plan period, the Chengdu tourism industry keeps steady growth, and is becoming a new economic growth point in Chengdu economic development. Overall, however, Chengdu lacks an internationally competitive attractions and leading tourism enterprises, presenting low tourism industry concentration, and weak overall strength of the tourist attractions. In this context, This paper draws the successful experience from tourism industry cluster development research home and abroad, and studies the future development direction of Chengdu tourism cluster development.
This paper firstly systematically studies the tourism industry cluster theory, makes a comprehensive exposition of the relevant concepts, and summarizes the characteristics, formation conditions, function, development model, life cycle and other related concepts of tourism industry cluster theory. With the study of the actual development of the tourism industry in Chengdu, the paper then makes a systematic SWOT analysis about Chengdu tourism cluster development to understand the current tourism cluster development in Chengdu, including its internal and external environment, its own strengths and weaknesses, its opportunities and challenges. Thirdly the paper proposes Chengdu tourism industry cluster development strategic objectives and proposes how to reach these objectives: mainly through four strategies: through Enterprise Cluster Strategy, tourism spatial development strategy, tourist industry complex development Strategy, and the Government power strategy, in the hope that with those three strategies it can enhance the overall strength and popularity of the tourism industry in Chengdu.
引文
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[2] Porter M.E.The Competitive Advantage of Nation.[M].The Fere Press,1990.
[3] Gollub James,Amy Hosier,Grace WOO.Using Cluster Based Economic Strategy to Minimize Tourism Leakages[R].Research Report Submitted to Global Economic Development Practice(GEDP) San Francisco,California .2002.
[4] Sara Nordin Tourism Clustering&Innovation-Pathto Economic Gro Development [R]. European Tourism Research Institute mid-Sweden University.2003 (14):1-8.
[5] Rick Heffernon.Destination Flagstaff How Important is the Flagstaff-Area Tourism [J].Arizona State University,2000(1):78-80.
[6] Smith,K.A.and Schott.Proceeding of the New Z Tourism and Hospitality Research Conference[C].Wellington,2004(10):23-31.
[7] Julie Jackson.Developing regional tourism in China:The potential foactivating business clusters in a socialist market economy[J].Tourism Mana2005(2):1-12.
[8] Marina Novelli,Birte Schmitz,Trisha Spencer.Networks,clusters and innovation in tourism:a UK experience[J].Tourism Management,2006(27):1141-1152.
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