重力式挡墙大型振动台模型试验与基于性能的抗震设计方法研究
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摘要
重力式挡墙是岩土工程中的重要构造物,开展大型振动台模型试验及基于性能的抗震设计方法研究,能进一步揭示重力式挡墙在地震作用下的破坏机理和规律,完善抗震设计理论及方法,提高抗震水平和能力,对抗震设计规范的发展具有重要意义。为此,本文主要完成了如下工作：
1.依据烈度、结构形式、破坏类型、场地条件、砌筑方式、线路走向与断裂带关系对汶川地震支挡结构震害进行了归类与分析,总结了上述因素对震害分布的影响规律,从震害调查分析的角度为抗震规范的修编提供了支撑。
2.阐述了中国、欧洲、日本、新西兰4国抗震规范中地震土压力的计算流程,结合挡墙实例对比研究了各国地震土压力计算思想的差异性,总结了我国规范地震土压力计算与其他国家的差异,对现行抗震规范地震土压力的计算方法提出了改进建议。
3.详细介绍了重力式挡墙大型振动台模型试验的设计、实施及主要试验结果,总结了墙体位移及土压力的变化规律,对比研究了4国抗震规范计算与实测土压力的差距,系统考察了不同地基条件下挡墙抗震性能的差异性。最后,对现行抗震规范的相关设计标准进行了外延,为现行抗震规范的修编提出了合理性建议。
4.以支挡结构震害调查分析及大型振动台模型试验为支撑,构建了重力式挡墙基于性能的抗震设计方法,首次将分级设防理念引入挡墙的抗震设计中,实现了路基支挡构造物由基于力法的抗震设计向基于性能抗震设计的转变。经与现行抗震规范对比,显示了基于性能抗震设计的优越性,最终形成了重力式挡墙基于性能抗震设计的规范化流程,提高了性能设计在工程应用中的可行性。
5.凝练全文主要研究结论,从现行抗震技术框架的扩展与更新角度出发,讨论了挡墙抗震设计的关键技术问题,填补了现行抗震规范的空白领域,提出了抗震设计规范的修编建议。
Gravity retaining wall is key structure in geotechnical engineering, developing large scale shaking table tests and performance-based seismic design not only can reveal failure mechanism and laws of gravity retaining walls under seismic loads, perfect the seismic design theory and method, but also improve seismic competence and ability, and is of great significance to the development of seismic code. Therefore, the mainly works we have done in this paper are as follows:
1. According to intensity, structure form, damage types, site condition, masonry type and the relationship between line alignment and fault zone, seismic damage of retaining structures in WenChuan earthquake are classified and analysis. The distribution law of seismic damage affected by the above factors is summarized, in the perspective of seismic damage survey and analysis, the revising suggestions of seismic codes are proposed.
2. Seismic earth pressure calculation flows of seismic codes among China, European countries, Japanese and New Zealand are introduced. Combined with an example of a retaining wall, the differences of the above seismic codes and the gap between China seismic code and the others are discussed. By analyzing the calculation results, some suggestions for modifying seismic earth pressure calculation method in Chinese code are proposed.
3. Experimental designs, implementations and the main test results of large scale shaking table tests are firstly described in detail, variation law of displacement and earth pressure are summarized later. After carrying out comparative studies of earth pressure calculated by seismic codes and measured values, the seismic performance differences of retaining walls lying in different site conditions are systematically investigated. Finally, some relative design criteria of current seismic code are affirmed and extended, the reasonable revising suggestions for seismic code are also proposed.
4. Based on the survey and analysis of retaining structures seismic damage in WenChuan earthquake and large scale shaking table tests, a seismic performance-based design method for gravity retaining walls is established, which firstly introduces the graded protection design idea into the seismic design of retaining walls, and the transformation from force-based to displacement-based of seismic design ideas for subgrads retaining structure is also realized. By comparing the design method of seismic code and performance-based design, the superiority of performance design has been revealed. Finally, a standard flow of performance-based seismic design for gravity retaining walls is formed, which improves the feasibility of performance-based design in engineering applications.
5. By refining the main research results of the whole paper, the key technique problems of seismic design are discussed in two perspectives which are extension and updating of current seismic technique formwork, the gap of current seismic code are also filled based on the above works. Lastly, we put forward revising suggestions for seismic code.
1.依据烈度、结构形式、破坏类型、场地条件、砌筑方式、线路走向与断裂带关系对汶川地震支挡结构震害进行了归类与分析,总结了上述因素对震害分布的影响规律,从震害调查分析的角度为抗震规范的修编提供了支撑。
2.阐述了中国、欧洲、日本、新西兰4国抗震规范中地震土压力的计算流程,结合挡墙实例对比研究了各国地震土压力计算思想的差异性,总结了我国规范地震土压力计算与其他国家的差异,对现行抗震规范地震土压力的计算方法提出了改进建议。
3.详细介绍了重力式挡墙大型振动台模型试验的设计、实施及主要试验结果,总结了墙体位移及土压力的变化规律,对比研究了4国抗震规范计算与实测土压力的差距,系统考察了不同地基条件下挡墙抗震性能的差异性。最后,对现行抗震规范的相关设计标准进行了外延,为现行抗震规范的修编提出了合理性建议。
4.以支挡结构震害调查分析及大型振动台模型试验为支撑,构建了重力式挡墙基于性能的抗震设计方法,首次将分级设防理念引入挡墙的抗震设计中,实现了路基支挡构造物由基于力法的抗震设计向基于性能抗震设计的转变。经与现行抗震规范对比,显示了基于性能抗震设计的优越性,最终形成了重力式挡墙基于性能抗震设计的规范化流程,提高了性能设计在工程应用中的可行性。
5.凝练全文主要研究结论,从现行抗震技术框架的扩展与更新角度出发,讨论了挡墙抗震设计的关键技术问题,填补了现行抗震规范的空白领域,提出了抗震设计规范的修编建议。
Gravity retaining wall is key structure in geotechnical engineering, developing large scale shaking table tests and performance-based seismic design not only can reveal failure mechanism and laws of gravity retaining walls under seismic loads, perfect the seismic design theory and method, but also improve seismic competence and ability, and is of great significance to the development of seismic code. Therefore, the mainly works we have done in this paper are as follows:
1. According to intensity, structure form, damage types, site condition, masonry type and the relationship between line alignment and fault zone, seismic damage of retaining structures in WenChuan earthquake are classified and analysis. The distribution law of seismic damage affected by the above factors is summarized, in the perspective of seismic damage survey and analysis, the revising suggestions of seismic codes are proposed.
2. Seismic earth pressure calculation flows of seismic codes among China, European countries, Japanese and New Zealand are introduced. Combined with an example of a retaining wall, the differences of the above seismic codes and the gap between China seismic code and the others are discussed. By analyzing the calculation results, some suggestions for modifying seismic earth pressure calculation method in Chinese code are proposed.
3. Experimental designs, implementations and the main test results of large scale shaking table tests are firstly described in detail, variation law of displacement and earth pressure are summarized later. After carrying out comparative studies of earth pressure calculated by seismic codes and measured values, the seismic performance differences of retaining walls lying in different site conditions are systematically investigated. Finally, some relative design criteria of current seismic code are affirmed and extended, the reasonable revising suggestions for seismic code are also proposed.
4. Based on the survey and analysis of retaining structures seismic damage in WenChuan earthquake and large scale shaking table tests, a seismic performance-based design method for gravity retaining walls is established, which firstly introduces the graded protection design idea into the seismic design of retaining walls, and the transformation from force-based to displacement-based of seismic design ideas for subgrads retaining structure is also realized. By comparing the design method of seismic code and performance-based design, the superiority of performance design has been revealed. Finally, a standard flow of performance-based seismic design for gravity retaining walls is formed, which improves the feasibility of performance-based design in engineering applications.
5. By refining the main research results of the whole paper, the key technique problems of seismic design are discussed in two perspectives which are extension and updating of current seismic technique formwork, the gap of current seismic code are also filled based on the above works. Lastly, we put forward revising suggestions for seismic code.
引文
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[2]王云球.地震土压力的非线性分布[J].河海大学学报(自然科学版),1983(4)
[3]Seed, H.B, and Whiteman,R,V."Design of Earth Retaining Structures for Dynamic loads," Lateral Stresses in the Ground and Design of Earth Retaining Structures [J]. ASCE,1970, 103-147.
[4]Wood,J.H, "Earthquake-induced Soil Pressures on Structures," Report No.EERL73-05; Earthquake Engineering Research Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena,Calif,1973
[5]Wood,J.H, "Earthquake-induced Soil Pressures on a Rigid Wall Structure," Bulletin of New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering,Vol.8,No.3,1975, 175-186.
[6]李涛.地震主动土压力简化公式.铁道工程学报[J],1996(1)：103-105.
[7]顾慰慈.挡墙土压力计算[M].北京：中国建材工业出版社,2001
[8]陈学良,陶夏新 黏性土挡墙地震土压力解析解//现代地震工程进展[M]南京：东南大学出版社,2002：218-224
[9]Newmark, N. M. Effect of earthquakes on dams and embankments [J]. Geotechnique,1965, 15(2),139-159.
[10]Richard R, Elms D G. Seismic behavior of gravity retaining walls [J]. Journal of Geotechnical Engineering.ASCE,1979,105(4):449-464.
[11]Richard R, Elms D G. Seismic behavior of gravity retaining walls [J]. Journal of Geotechnical Engineering.ASCE,1979,105(4):449-464.
[12]陈学良,袁一凡.挡墙地震反应非线性波动模拟.地震工程与工程震动[J],2003,23(4)：9-16.
[13]Nadim F, Whitman R V. Seismically induced movement of retainingwalls[J]. Journal of the Geotechnical EngineeringDivision, ASCE,1983,109(7):915-931
[14]Nadim F, Whitman R V. Coup led sliding and tilting of gravity retaining walls during earthquakes[A]. Proceedings of 8 th WCEE [C]. San Francisco, CA.1984.
[15]Al-Homoud, A.S.and Whiteman,R.V.Comparision Between Fe Prediction and Result from Dynamic Centrifuge Test on Tilting Gravity Walls. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering.1995(14):259-268.
[16]朱桐浩,郑素璋,兰永珍.模拟地震荷载作用重力式挡墙土压力的模型试验[J].四川建筑科学研究,1983,(01)
[17]Nadakumaran P, Behaviour of retaining wall under dynamic loads [Ph.D.Thesis]. Rorkee,India 1973
[18]A.Sherif and Yung-Show Fang, Dynamic earth pressures on walls rotating about the top [J].Soils and Foundations,1984,24(4):109-117
[19]Isao Ishibashi andYung-Show Fang. Dynamic earth pressures with different wall movement modes[J].Soils and Foundations,1987,24(4):11-22
[20]C-C.Hang,S-H.Wu and H-J.Seismic Displacement Criterion for Soil Retaining Walls Based on Soil Strength Mobilization[J].Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering,ASCE,2009.
[21]Elms,D.G.,and Richards,R.1990."Seismic design of retaining walls." Proc., Design and Performance of Earth Retaining Structures, Geotechnical Special Publication No.25, P. Lambe and L.Hansen,eds. ASCE, New York,854-871.
[22]Koseki J,Munaf Y,Tat suoka F et all, Shaking and Tilt Table Tests of Geosynthetic-Reinforced Soil and Conventional-Type Retaining Walls Geosynthetics International, 1998,5(1-2):73-96
[23]Watanbe K, Munaf Y, Koseki J et all, Behavios of Several Types of Model Retaining Walls Subjected to Irregular Excitation 1 Journal of the Japanese Geotechnical Society:Soils and foundation,2003,143 (5):13-27
[24]Oritz LA. Dynamic centrifuge testing of cantilever retaining wall[Ph.D.Thesis].Cali-fornia Institute Technology,Pasadena,CA,USA,1982.
[25]Oritiz,Scott R F,Lee J. Dynamic centrifuge testing of cantilever retaining wall.J.of Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamic,1983,(11):251-268.
[26]Bolton M D,Steedman R S.The behavior of fixed cantilever subjected to lateral shaking. Proc.of a symposium on the application of centrifuge modeling to geotechnical design.Manchester, April,1984.301-313.
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