河源市草坪景观设计
摘要
近年来,草坪在城市建设中的应用越来越大,许多城市都把铺设开阔、平坦的草坪纳入现代城市建设规划。然而,在城市发展过程中,草坪设计的数量、规模的过度与不合理使用,导致城市生态绿地功不能正常发挥、土地资源污染、水资源浪费、生物多样性遭破坏等越来越严重的负面效应。本论文通过采用查阅相关论文与资料、实地观察、取样研究、借地实验、收集数据、对比分析、调查问卷等方法进行调查研究。结合美学、景观生态学等相关学科的理论知识对河源市草坪景观开展研究。主要研究结果如下：
1.调查研究方面：通过对河源市的草坪的景观进行了实地调查,发现存在以下问题：①与植物配置杂乱,缺乏草坪空间感；②景观效果单一,实用性不强；③品种单一,破坏生物多样性；同时还存在杂草入侵,人工养护成本提高,这四个方面的问题。
2.理论研究方面：本文分析了草坪的相关定义、分类、功能,为草坪景观设计理论研究和实践提供一定的研究基础。
3.应用研究方面：通过将草坪景观与其它生态绿化模式的实验对比,分析草坪景观绿化与近自然生态绿化的优劣。并以生态学潜在自然植被和群落演替基本理论为依据,选择适生乡土植物,应用容器育苗等模拟自然的技术和手法,超常速、低造价地实验营造具有群落结构完整、物种多样性丰富、趋于稳定状态、后期完全遵循自然循环规律的生态型绿地。并提出了节约型草坪的建设——优质适应性野草绿化在园林中的推广的可行性。
未来河源市的绿地系统必须进行科学、合理的规划设计,逐步以各种乡土物种为主组成城市生态绿地,减少草坪绿化的比例,并建立和完善城市绿化植物管理体制,挖掘和推广更多的乡土植物作为城市绿化储备资源。本文旨在以河源市为例引导一种较为正确的城市生态绿化意识,从而强化城市生态绿化体系建设,构建真正意义的生态园林城市。
In recent years, more turf-grass landscapes are used in city constructs so most new construction projects for cities are built with turf-grass landscapes in mind. However, even with these projects excluded, turf-grass designs are of a sub-par nature:scales are not reasonable, the grass in the city's ecosystem is incapable of normal exertion, the projects waste water and land resources, and the designs hurt creature diversity. This thesis is based on other theses and data, on-the-spot observation, sampled searches, borrowed experiments, collected data, contrast analysis, inspections of questionnaires, and method progress inspections. This theory combines esthetics, knowledge of ecology, related academic development, and searches of turf-grass landscape views in Heyuan City. Main searches result as follows:
1.Inspect aspects:An on-site inspection of the view of Heyuan City's municipal turf-grass makes the following questions:should one install miscellaneous plants disorderly, with a scarcity of turf-grass space? Does it help or destroy the functionality? Does it create or eliminate creature diversity? And can one, at the same time, protect costs?
2.The theory's aspects:This text analyzes the related definition, sort and function of turf-grass design theories and fulfills to provide certain search foundations for turf-grass landscapes.
3.Application study:contrast turf-grass and other ecosystem landscapes, analyze the pros and cons of these designs, and through basic theory of succession show potential natural vegetation in ecological communities. This theory explains how to select proper living for a native plant, apply containers to teach seedlings, simulate natural techniques, use low cost experiment constructions after testing the integrity of the structure, create a diverse creature environment, tend in a stabilized state, and completely follow the natural cycle of the ecosystem's grass. This theory also shows how to best manipulate the landscape of the high quality turf-grass in the generalized area of the park.
Heyuan City's green future depends on a system having a scientific and rational plan and design, including:gradually forming a variety of native species, maintaining urban ecological green space, reducing the proportion of green grass and plants to establish and improve the urban management system, and promoting more reserve of native plants for urban green resources. This guide aims for Heyuan City to have a more correct sense of urban ecological constructions, thereby strengthening the system of urban ecological landscapes turning Heyuan into a beautiful ecological garden city.
1.调查研究方面：通过对河源市的草坪的景观进行了实地调查,发现存在以下问题：①与植物配置杂乱,缺乏草坪空间感；②景观效果单一,实用性不强；③品种单一,破坏生物多样性；同时还存在杂草入侵,人工养护成本提高,这四个方面的问题。
2.理论研究方面：本文分析了草坪的相关定义、分类、功能,为草坪景观设计理论研究和实践提供一定的研究基础。
3.应用研究方面：通过将草坪景观与其它生态绿化模式的实验对比,分析草坪景观绿化与近自然生态绿化的优劣。并以生态学潜在自然植被和群落演替基本理论为依据,选择适生乡土植物,应用容器育苗等模拟自然的技术和手法,超常速、低造价地实验营造具有群落结构完整、物种多样性丰富、趋于稳定状态、后期完全遵循自然循环规律的生态型绿地。并提出了节约型草坪的建设——优质适应性野草绿化在园林中的推广的可行性。
未来河源市的绿地系统必须进行科学、合理的规划设计,逐步以各种乡土物种为主组成城市生态绿地,减少草坪绿化的比例,并建立和完善城市绿化植物管理体制,挖掘和推广更多的乡土植物作为城市绿化储备资源。本文旨在以河源市为例引导一种较为正确的城市生态绿化意识,从而强化城市生态绿化体系建设,构建真正意义的生态园林城市。
In recent years, more turf-grass landscapes are used in city constructs so most new construction projects for cities are built with turf-grass landscapes in mind. However, even with these projects excluded, turf-grass designs are of a sub-par nature:scales are not reasonable, the grass in the city's ecosystem is incapable of normal exertion, the projects waste water and land resources, and the designs hurt creature diversity. This thesis is based on other theses and data, on-the-spot observation, sampled searches, borrowed experiments, collected data, contrast analysis, inspections of questionnaires, and method progress inspections. This theory combines esthetics, knowledge of ecology, related academic development, and searches of turf-grass landscape views in Heyuan City. Main searches result as follows:
1.Inspect aspects:An on-site inspection of the view of Heyuan City's municipal turf-grass makes the following questions:should one install miscellaneous plants disorderly, with a scarcity of turf-grass space? Does it help or destroy the functionality? Does it create or eliminate creature diversity? And can one, at the same time, protect costs?
2.The theory's aspects:This text analyzes the related definition, sort and function of turf-grass design theories and fulfills to provide certain search foundations for turf-grass landscapes.
3.Application study:contrast turf-grass and other ecosystem landscapes, analyze the pros and cons of these designs, and through basic theory of succession show potential natural vegetation in ecological communities. This theory explains how to select proper living for a native plant, apply containers to teach seedlings, simulate natural techniques, use low cost experiment constructions after testing the integrity of the structure, create a diverse creature environment, tend in a stabilized state, and completely follow the natural cycle of the ecosystem's grass. This theory also shows how to best manipulate the landscape of the high quality turf-grass in the generalized area of the park.
Heyuan City's green future depends on a system having a scientific and rational plan and design, including:gradually forming a variety of native species, maintaining urban ecological green space, reducing the proportion of green grass and plants to establish and improve the urban management system, and promoting more reserve of native plants for urban green resources. This guide aims for Heyuan City to have a more correct sense of urban ecological constructions, thereby strengthening the system of urban ecological landscapes turning Heyuan into a beautiful ecological garden city.
引文
[1]李敏.中国现代公园—发展与评价[M].北京：北京科学技术出版社,1987：5-10
[2]郑芷青.建设国际化大都市的广州市区园林绿化[J].生态科学,1998(1)：17
[3]瞿辉,李湘萍.园林植物配置[M].北京：中国农业大学出版社,1999：70
[4]韩烈保.草坪管理学[M].北京：中国农业大学出版社,1994.1
[5]夏汉平.美国草坪业的发展历史、现状及思考[J].草业科学,2002,(03)
[6]陈佐忠.现代草坪研究进展[M].北京：中国农业出版社,1999：87
[7]陈佐忠.面向21世纪的中国草坪科学与草坪业[M].北京：中国农业大学出版社,1999：26-28
[8]孙冶启,戴建民,周卫东.草坪业发展的概况和思考[J].中国园林,1998(2)：36-38
[9]孙本信,李敏,白世且.绿地草坪[M].北京：中国林业出版社,1999：67-90
[10]马军山,戚贤军.园林草坪发展概况及景观设计[J].浙江林学院学报,2004,21(1)：61-64
[11]陈志一.再探草坪的起源与演化及其概念——中文·汉语的“草坪”一词及其他[J].草原与草坪,2002,(01)
[12]孙吉雄.草坪学[M].北京：中国农业出版社,2004：7-75
[13]孙吉雄.草坪技术指南[M].北京：科学技术文献出版社,2000：35-37
[14]http://baike.baidu.com/view/1703020.htm
[15]蒋倩.孙吉雄.草坪景观在园林中的功能及设计应用[J].农业科技通讯.2009(10)：72-74
[16]Robert D.Emunons.Tarfgrass Science and Management[M].Delmar Publishers,1995: 200-214
[17]陈玉如.草坪在绿化中的作用[N].中国花卉报,1993-11-05
[18]瞿辉,李湘平.园林植物配置[M].北京：中国农业大学出版社,1999：70
[19]Brian Clouston,陈自新.风景园林植物配置[M].北京：中国建筑工业出版社,1992：133-135
[20]黄文杰.园林空间小议[J].中国园林,1998(3)：28
[21]来红良.草坪在园林中的应用[J].园林植物,32-33
[22]Emmons, Robert D. Turfgrass Science and Management [M]. Albany, NY:Delmar Publishers,2000:78-95
[23]孙彦.草坪实用技术手册[M].北京：化学工业出版社,2001：51-53
[24]任继周.草坪科学研究方法[M].北京：中国农业出版社,1998：37
[25]熊亚平.草坪与园林艺术[N].中国花卉报,2002-12-12(5)
[26]陆庆轩,纪凯.草坪建植与养护管理[M].沈阳：辽宁科学技术出版社,2003
[27]熊鲲.浅论草坪的景观设计[J].广东科技2011.2(4)：58-59
[28]刘卫东.草坪在园林景观设计中的应用[J].中南林学院学报,2004(4)
[29]郑曙肠.景观设计[M].北京：中国美术学院出版社,2002
[30]余树勋.园林美与园林艺术,北京科学出版社出版.1987.1.
[31]陈玉如.草坪在绿化中的作用[N].中国花卉报,1993-11-05.
[32]阮萍.草坪与城市环境[J].热带林业,2002,(02)
[33]韩烈保.草坪管理学[M].北京：中国农业大学出版社,1994.1
[34]Stuart Graauthers. Green Space in London[M].London:The Great London Council, 1986:21-42
[35]Haber W. Using Landscape Ecology in Planting and management [M]. New York, USA:Springer-verlag,1991:217-232
[36]杨赉丽.城市园林绿地规划[M].北京：中国林业出版社,1995.12
[37]成西娟.景观生态学方法初探.硕士研究生.中国环境科学研究院.2010
[38]刘英锋,郭广会,李晓燕.景观与心理[J].中国疗养医学,2005(10)：330-333
[39]白雪莲.草坪在景观设计中的应用研究[J].文化艺术,2009：53
[40]Webb David.Practical Landscaping and Lawn Care[M].Blue ridge Summit,PA:Tab Books,1985:150-179
[41]卓凯.张兵.王云飞.园林设计中草坪的应用[J].现代农业科技.2007,22：41-43
[42]陆庆轩,纪凯.草坪建植与养护管理[M].沈阳：辽宁科学技术出版社,2003
[43]何才生.草坪的功能和景观设计[J].湖南林业科技,2006,33(4)：39-40
[44]简有志.草坪杂草群落的时空动态研究.硕士论文.2010
[45]张学友.浅析草坪养护及管理应注意的几个问题[J].农业科技与信息(现代园林),2009,(11)
[46]Bingley. Journal of Turfgrass Science[M].West Yorkshire:Sports Turf Research Institute,1997:45-50
[47]Mears Gillian.The Mint Lawn[M].North Sidney,NSW:Allen& Unwin,1991:67-78
[2]郑芷青.建设国际化大都市的广州市区园林绿化[J].生态科学,1998(1)：17
[3]瞿辉,李湘萍.园林植物配置[M].北京：中国农业大学出版社,1999：70
[4]韩烈保.草坪管理学[M].北京：中国农业大学出版社,1994.1
[5]夏汉平.美国草坪业的发展历史、现状及思考[J].草业科学,2002,(03)
[6]陈佐忠.现代草坪研究进展[M].北京：中国农业出版社,1999：87
[7]陈佐忠.面向21世纪的中国草坪科学与草坪业[M].北京：中国农业大学出版社,1999：26-28
[8]孙冶启,戴建民,周卫东.草坪业发展的概况和思考[J].中国园林,1998(2)：36-38
[9]孙本信,李敏,白世且.绿地草坪[M].北京：中国林业出版社,1999：67-90
[10]马军山,戚贤军.园林草坪发展概况及景观设计[J].浙江林学院学报,2004,21(1)：61-64
[11]陈志一.再探草坪的起源与演化及其概念——中文·汉语的“草坪”一词及其他[J].草原与草坪,2002,(01)
[12]孙吉雄.草坪学[M].北京：中国农业出版社,2004：7-75
[13]孙吉雄.草坪技术指南[M].北京：科学技术文献出版社,2000：35-37
[14]http://baike.baidu.com/view/1703020.htm
[15]蒋倩.孙吉雄.草坪景观在园林中的功能及设计应用[J].农业科技通讯.2009(10)：72-74
[16]Robert D.Emunons.Tarfgrass Science and Management[M].Delmar Publishers,1995: 200-214
[17]陈玉如.草坪在绿化中的作用[N].中国花卉报,1993-11-05
[18]瞿辉,李湘平.园林植物配置[M].北京：中国农业大学出版社,1999：70
[19]Brian Clouston,陈自新.风景园林植物配置[M].北京：中国建筑工业出版社,1992：133-135
[20]黄文杰.园林空间小议[J].中国园林,1998(3)：28
[21]来红良.草坪在园林中的应用[J].园林植物,32-33
[22]Emmons, Robert D. Turfgrass Science and Management [M]. Albany, NY:Delmar Publishers,2000:78-95
[23]孙彦.草坪实用技术手册[M].北京：化学工业出版社,2001：51-53
[24]任继周.草坪科学研究方法[M].北京：中国农业出版社,1998：37
[25]熊亚平.草坪与园林艺术[N].中国花卉报,2002-12-12(5)
[26]陆庆轩,纪凯.草坪建植与养护管理[M].沈阳：辽宁科学技术出版社,2003
[27]熊鲲.浅论草坪的景观设计[J].广东科技2011.2(4)：58-59
[28]刘卫东.草坪在园林景观设计中的应用[J].中南林学院学报,2004(4)
[29]郑曙肠.景观设计[M].北京：中国美术学院出版社,2002
[30]余树勋.园林美与园林艺术,北京科学出版社出版.1987.1.
[31]陈玉如.草坪在绿化中的作用[N].中国花卉报,1993-11-05.
[32]阮萍.草坪与城市环境[J].热带林业,2002,(02)
[33]韩烈保.草坪管理学[M].北京：中国农业大学出版社,1994.1
[34]Stuart Graauthers. Green Space in London[M].London:The Great London Council, 1986:21-42
[35]Haber W. Using Landscape Ecology in Planting and management [M]. New York, USA:Springer-verlag,1991:217-232
[36]杨赉丽.城市园林绿地规划[M].北京：中国林业出版社,1995.12
[37]成西娟.景观生态学方法初探.硕士研究生.中国环境科学研究院.2010
[38]刘英锋,郭广会,李晓燕.景观与心理[J].中国疗养医学,2005(10)：330-333
[39]白雪莲.草坪在景观设计中的应用研究[J].文化艺术,2009：53
[40]Webb David.Practical Landscaping and Lawn Care[M].Blue ridge Summit,PA:Tab Books,1985:150-179
[41]卓凯.张兵.王云飞.园林设计中草坪的应用[J].现代农业科技.2007,22：41-43
[42]陆庆轩,纪凯.草坪建植与养护管理[M].沈阳：辽宁科学技术出版社,2003
[43]何才生.草坪的功能和景观设计[J].湖南林业科技,2006,33(4)：39-40
[44]简有志.草坪杂草群落的时空动态研究.硕士论文.2010
[45]张学友.浅析草坪养护及管理应注意的几个问题[J].农业科技与信息(现代园林),2009,(11)
[46]Bingley. Journal of Turfgrass Science[M].West Yorkshire:Sports Turf Research Institute,1997:45-50
[47]Mears Gillian.The Mint Lawn[M].North Sidney,NSW:Allen& Unwin,1991:67-78
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