塔里木盆地中央隆起区鹰山组层序地层及储集体地质特征
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摘要
论文以塔里木盆地下古生界奥陶系鹰山组为研究目的层,研究区域主要为塔中地区的卡塔克隆起及其围斜区,兼顾巴麦地区在内的中央隆起区。通过运用地震、钻井(典型井)、测井、地球化学分析(包括扫描电镜、碳氧锶同位素、流体包裹体等)等手段,以Vail经典层序地层学理论为指导,进行鹰山组层序地层学分析;在建立三级层序格架的基础上,以层序地层研究为主线,对鹰山组岩石特征、储集体空间类型及组合、成岩作用、孔隙演化、物性等方面进行研究;最后系统研究岩溶型储集体、白云岩储集体的特征、形成机理及主控因素,对中央隆起区鹰山组碳酸盐岩储集体进行综合评价:
利用钻井及测井资料重新厘定塔里木盆地中央隆起区奥陶系地层序列划分,结合区域地质背景分析,认为整个中央隆起区奥陶系上统存在恰尔巴克组。在此基础上,对鹰山组层序界面进行识别,识别标志包括岩性突变面、自然伽马异常面等,据此将研究区鹰山组划分为4个三级层序,层序内低位体系域不发育。层序格架内,鹰山组为弱-无镶边陆架型台地沉积,各层序台缘位置及沉积相分布有所差异,根据“沿坡定缘”的思路,利用地震资料确定了鹰山组各层序的台地边缘,并通过井震结合将沉积相与地震相对比,总结出沉积相的地震响应特征,勾绘出研究区鹰山组的沉积相平面展布。
以碳酸盐岩结构-成因为碳酸盐岩的分类标准,分析鹰山组的岩石学特征。根据碳酸盐岩储集空间的展布特征,用“储集体”的概念代替“储层”进行鹰山组碳酸盐岩储集体研究,详细描述储集体的储集空间类型及其组合,明确鹰山组碳酸盐岩的成岩类型,并讨论层序格架内成岩-孔隙演化的规律,认为层序控制的高位体系域对储集体的孔隙演化有重要作用。
将鹰山组储集体分为岩溶型储集体和白云岩储集体进行成因机理和主控因素的探讨。对于岩溶型储集体,同生期大气水溶蚀作用在该组不发育,表生岩溶作用和埋藏岩溶是储集体形成的主要原因,表生岩溶作用范围广、纵向分带性明显,古地理条件、岩溶期次、沉积相、高频层序对岩溶型储集体的分布具主要控制作用;白云岩储集体以晶间孔、晶间溶孔组成的孔隙型储集体为主,其成因与白云石化过程(白云石的结构演化)、次级海平面升降导致的短期暴露以及后期的构造-热液(埋藏溶蚀)调整、改造关系密切,尤其是在二叠纪火山-岩浆活动期间,侵蚀性热液流体对白云岩层进行改造,形成了新的溶蚀孔洞,这对于寻找内幕型白云岩储集体非常有利。
最后,论文通过多口井储集体物性特征统计,结合研究区成藏特征及试、采油资料,指出研究区较为有利的勘探区。
Various types of carbonate reservoir develope in Tarim Basin, but many previous studies indicate that the reservoir properties are of the characteristics of strong heterogeneities. Aiming at solving the shortage, this paper deals with the geological characteristics of Yingshan formation in the central uplift area of Tarim Basin. According to seismic interpretation and typical wells analysis, the sequence stratigraphy of Yingshan formation has been analyzed firstly. On the basis of sequence analysis, lithology, reservoir space types, diagenesis, pore evolution and physical property, etc. are investigated secondly. Finally, the reservoir of Yingshan formation is divided into Karst reservoir and Dolomite reservoir to discussed systematically, including genetic mechanism and main controlling factors. In addition, all these study are under the theoretical guidance of P.R.Vail’s classic sequence stratigraphy and sedimentary petrology and reservoir geology.
Based on absorbing the studied results of former geologists, drilling and logging dates show that there exists a high GR section (about10~30m) at the bottom of Lianglitage formation,which can be comparative to Qiaerbake formation. Considering the geological background, we initially puts forward that the Qiaerbake formation presents in the interesting area. On the theory basis of the P.R.Vail’s classic sequence stratigraphy, with well drilling (the sign of the exposure, the lithologic association, the gamma anomaly), well logging and seismic as recognition method, five sequence boundary and four third-order sequences could be identified in Yingshan formation. every sequence develops transgression system tract (TST) and high system tract (HST),but the low system tract (LST) is hardly found.
Lithology feature demonstrates the depositional environment of Yingshan formation is feeble rimmed or rimless platform. The sedimentary facies include restricted platform, open platform and platform margin. Sedimentary facies planar distribution within the sequence framework are different in different third-order sequences. The location of platform margin are also various, by combining the clue of locating border along slope.
This paper has seen departmental standard and carbonate rock structural genetic classification as fundamental framework and guidebook, put forward structural genetic clascification criteria of Yingshan carbonate rock in the interesting area. With the ananlying of lithofacies, diagenesis, reservoir space and physical property, the law found within third-order sequence is that high system tract(HST) controlled by sequence takes an essential role in the evolution of pore. The reservoir spaces contain non-selective solution dissolved pore, cavity, vuggy and fracture. They combination can be compartmentalize four types, i.e. dissolved pore type, dissolved pore-fracture type, karst cave type and fracture type. The best one for reservoir is dissolved pore-fracture type.
The reservoir of Yingshan formation can be divided into karst reservoir and dolomite reservoir to explore their genetic mechanism and controlling factors. The syndepositional karstification does not develop in the reservoir of Yingshan formation, but mainly controlled by epigenetic karstification and burial karstification. The epigenetic karstification distribute widely with obvious longitudinal zoning and discrepancy in different areas. And karst reservoir development is related to paleogeography, karstification stages, sedimentary facies and high frequency sequences. Dolomite reservoir whose reservoir space dominated by intercrystalline pore and intercrystalline solution pore is intimately controlled by dolomitization (evolution of dolomitie structure), short-term exposure caused by subordinated fluctuation of sea level and later structurally controlled hydrothermal alteration(burial karstification). Especially, aggressive hydrothermal fluid transfers through open fault and encourage dolomization in the volcano-magma active period of Permian.The hydrothermal dolomization makes new solution pore born, which is beneficial to discover the inner buried dolomite reservoir.
As a result, the favourable exploration area has been pointed out by statistical characteristics of reservoir properties and analysis of typical reservoirs in the end.
利用钻井及测井资料重新厘定塔里木盆地中央隆起区奥陶系地层序列划分,结合区域地质背景分析,认为整个中央隆起区奥陶系上统存在恰尔巴克组。在此基础上,对鹰山组层序界面进行识别,识别标志包括岩性突变面、自然伽马异常面等,据此将研究区鹰山组划分为4个三级层序,层序内低位体系域不发育。层序格架内,鹰山组为弱-无镶边陆架型台地沉积,各层序台缘位置及沉积相分布有所差异,根据“沿坡定缘”的思路,利用地震资料确定了鹰山组各层序的台地边缘,并通过井震结合将沉积相与地震相对比,总结出沉积相的地震响应特征,勾绘出研究区鹰山组的沉积相平面展布。
以碳酸盐岩结构-成因为碳酸盐岩的分类标准,分析鹰山组的岩石学特征。根据碳酸盐岩储集空间的展布特征,用“储集体”的概念代替“储层”进行鹰山组碳酸盐岩储集体研究,详细描述储集体的储集空间类型及其组合,明确鹰山组碳酸盐岩的成岩类型,并讨论层序格架内成岩-孔隙演化的规律,认为层序控制的高位体系域对储集体的孔隙演化有重要作用。
将鹰山组储集体分为岩溶型储集体和白云岩储集体进行成因机理和主控因素的探讨。对于岩溶型储集体,同生期大气水溶蚀作用在该组不发育,表生岩溶作用和埋藏岩溶是储集体形成的主要原因,表生岩溶作用范围广、纵向分带性明显,古地理条件、岩溶期次、沉积相、高频层序对岩溶型储集体的分布具主要控制作用;白云岩储集体以晶间孔、晶间溶孔组成的孔隙型储集体为主,其成因与白云石化过程(白云石的结构演化)、次级海平面升降导致的短期暴露以及后期的构造-热液(埋藏溶蚀)调整、改造关系密切,尤其是在二叠纪火山-岩浆活动期间,侵蚀性热液流体对白云岩层进行改造,形成了新的溶蚀孔洞,这对于寻找内幕型白云岩储集体非常有利。
最后,论文通过多口井储集体物性特征统计,结合研究区成藏特征及试、采油资料,指出研究区较为有利的勘探区。
Various types of carbonate reservoir develope in Tarim Basin, but many previous studies indicate that the reservoir properties are of the characteristics of strong heterogeneities. Aiming at solving the shortage, this paper deals with the geological characteristics of Yingshan formation in the central uplift area of Tarim Basin. According to seismic interpretation and typical wells analysis, the sequence stratigraphy of Yingshan formation has been analyzed firstly. On the basis of sequence analysis, lithology, reservoir space types, diagenesis, pore evolution and physical property, etc. are investigated secondly. Finally, the reservoir of Yingshan formation is divided into Karst reservoir and Dolomite reservoir to discussed systematically, including genetic mechanism and main controlling factors. In addition, all these study are under the theoretical guidance of P.R.Vail’s classic sequence stratigraphy and sedimentary petrology and reservoir geology.
Based on absorbing the studied results of former geologists, drilling and logging dates show that there exists a high GR section (about10~30m) at the bottom of Lianglitage formation,which can be comparative to Qiaerbake formation. Considering the geological background, we initially puts forward that the Qiaerbake formation presents in the interesting area. On the theory basis of the P.R.Vail’s classic sequence stratigraphy, with well drilling (the sign of the exposure, the lithologic association, the gamma anomaly), well logging and seismic as recognition method, five sequence boundary and four third-order sequences could be identified in Yingshan formation. every sequence develops transgression system tract (TST) and high system tract (HST),but the low system tract (LST) is hardly found.
Lithology feature demonstrates the depositional environment of Yingshan formation is feeble rimmed or rimless platform. The sedimentary facies include restricted platform, open platform and platform margin. Sedimentary facies planar distribution within the sequence framework are different in different third-order sequences. The location of platform margin are also various, by combining the clue of locating border along slope.
This paper has seen departmental standard and carbonate rock structural genetic classification as fundamental framework and guidebook, put forward structural genetic clascification criteria of Yingshan carbonate rock in the interesting area. With the ananlying of lithofacies, diagenesis, reservoir space and physical property, the law found within third-order sequence is that high system tract(HST) controlled by sequence takes an essential role in the evolution of pore. The reservoir spaces contain non-selective solution dissolved pore, cavity, vuggy and fracture. They combination can be compartmentalize four types, i.e. dissolved pore type, dissolved pore-fracture type, karst cave type and fracture type. The best one for reservoir is dissolved pore-fracture type.
The reservoir of Yingshan formation can be divided into karst reservoir and dolomite reservoir to explore their genetic mechanism and controlling factors. The syndepositional karstification does not develop in the reservoir of Yingshan formation, but mainly controlled by epigenetic karstification and burial karstification. The epigenetic karstification distribute widely with obvious longitudinal zoning and discrepancy in different areas. And karst reservoir development is related to paleogeography, karstification stages, sedimentary facies and high frequency sequences. Dolomite reservoir whose reservoir space dominated by intercrystalline pore and intercrystalline solution pore is intimately controlled by dolomitization (evolution of dolomitie structure), short-term exposure caused by subordinated fluctuation of sea level and later structurally controlled hydrothermal alteration(burial karstification). Especially, aggressive hydrothermal fluid transfers through open fault and encourage dolomization in the volcano-magma active period of Permian.The hydrothermal dolomization makes new solution pore born, which is beneficial to discover the inner buried dolomite reservoir.
As a result, the favourable exploration area has been pointed out by statistical characteristics of reservoir properties and analysis of typical reservoirs in the end.
引文
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