西北太平洋海平面变化及其影响因素
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摘要
随着气候变化研究的逐步深入,综合研究各类影响因素在区域海平面多种时间尺度(如季节、年际和长期等)变化中的贡献需继续加强。本文对T/P海平面、比容海平面、淡水通量的EOF分析显示,黑潮延伸体、西北太平洋暖池、南海为其空间本征函数的变化核心区,同时也是影响因素对海平面贡献显著的区域,其时间本征函数有年际变化特征。因此选取这三个海区为特定区域,分析探讨各特定海域海平面年际变化特征及其影响因素。
黑潮延伸体海域上游区海平面和比容海平面年际和年代变化明显,两者变化基本一致。下游区海平面年代变化明显,年际变化不明显；比容海平面年际变化明显,两者变化一致性稍差。温度的垂直结构及其变化是影响比容海平面变化的主要原因。黑潮延伸体海域200m以下水体为明显的年际变化。发生黑潮大弯曲的年份,KE上游区200m以下水体增温显著,比容海平面和海平面也达到年代和年际变化的高值。2007年上游区200m-500m的海洋水体出现异常降温,比容海平面下降。风场对KE区海平面年际变化有明显影响。上游区风应力旋度减弱,海平面上升,反之亦然。而下游区风应力旋度异常与海平面的相关性差。PDO源地风应力变化激发的斜压Rossby波与黑潮延伸体海平面低频变化显著相关。上游区和下游区淡水通量的变幅远小于海平面的变化幅度,对海平面的影响并不明显。
暖池区海平面和比容海平面都与ENSO事件有关。比容效应是暖池区海平面年际变化的主要原因。暖池区海洋水体的温度变化集中在100m-300m的深度上。风场对海平面年际变化也有明显的影响,风应力旋度减弱时,海平面上升；风应力旋度增强,海平面下降,且风应力旋度的变化稍超前于海平面变化。纬向风应力与海平面变化的关系表明,Walker环流的变化也会影响暖池区海平面年际变化。暖池区淡水通量对海平面变化为正贡献,降雨对海平面的影响大于蒸发。降雨明显与ENSO事件有关。
南海海平面变化明显与ENSO事件有关,比容与ENSO事件的相关性稍弱。南海比容效应是海平面年际变化的主要影响因素。南海风应力旋度与海平面的关系与KE区和暖池区相反。风应力旋度减小时,海平面下降；风应力旋度增加时,海平面上升。El Nino事件发生时,Walker环流和Hardly环流的变化对海平面年际变化特征都有影响。南海淡水通量对海平面变化为正贡献,降雨对海平面的影响大于蒸发。降雨明显与ENSO事件有关。
Along with the climate change research gradually thorough, synthetically study on influence factors's contribution in various time scales will be strengthen. In this paper, we analyse the Sea level, Steric sea level, wind stress curl and Freshwater flux using Empirical Orthogonal Functions (EOF). The result are that Kuroshio Extension (KE), North Pacific warm pool and the South China Sea are the core change region for the spatial distribution of EOF, and the interannual cycles are existed(according to the temporal eigenfunction). Thus we focus on these three regions, analyzing the interannual sea level variation and its influencing factors.
On interannual and interdecadal time scale, TSea level and Steric sea level show evident variations, and have a better consistency in the upstream of KE. However, in the downstream region, Sea level variation obviously in interdecal time scale, and Steric sea level changes obviously in interannual time scale. The vertical structure of the temperature is the main reason for the interannual variations of Steric sea level. Down below 200m, the temperature has an obvious interannual characters. Wind field has a significant effect on the interannual sea level changes in KE. In the upstream region, the correlation coefficient between the anomaly of wind stress curl and T/P sea level is-0.5. Wind stress curl decreases, then sea level rises, and vice versa. But, in the downstream, it has a worse correlation. Freshwater's change range is smaller than the sea level', and has little impact on the sea level.
Sea level and Steric sea level have a correlation with ENSO event. Steric effects is the main reason for Sea level's interannual variation in warm pool. Ocean water changes greatly in 100m-300m below sea surface. Wind filed effect on interannual sea level significantly. Walker circulation impacts on warm pool's interannual sea level. Freshwater flux have a positive contribution on sea level interannual variation. Precipitaion impact on sea level more than evaporation.
ENSO events impact on interannual sea level variation in the South China Sea. Steric effects is the main reason for sea level's interannual variation. Vertical structure of temperature do not significantly correlation with ENSO. Wind stress curl have a positive correlation coefficient with sea level variation. When El Nino events occurrence, Walker circulation and Hardley circulation impacts on sea level's interannual variation. Freshwater flux have a positive contribution on the South China Sea's interannual sea level variation.
黑潮延伸体海域上游区海平面和比容海平面年际和年代变化明显,两者变化基本一致。下游区海平面年代变化明显,年际变化不明显；比容海平面年际变化明显,两者变化一致性稍差。温度的垂直结构及其变化是影响比容海平面变化的主要原因。黑潮延伸体海域200m以下水体为明显的年际变化。发生黑潮大弯曲的年份,KE上游区200m以下水体增温显著,比容海平面和海平面也达到年代和年际变化的高值。2007年上游区200m-500m的海洋水体出现异常降温,比容海平面下降。风场对KE区海平面年际变化有明显影响。上游区风应力旋度减弱,海平面上升,反之亦然。而下游区风应力旋度异常与海平面的相关性差。PDO源地风应力变化激发的斜压Rossby波与黑潮延伸体海平面低频变化显著相关。上游区和下游区淡水通量的变幅远小于海平面的变化幅度,对海平面的影响并不明显。
暖池区海平面和比容海平面都与ENSO事件有关。比容效应是暖池区海平面年际变化的主要原因。暖池区海洋水体的温度变化集中在100m-300m的深度上。风场对海平面年际变化也有明显的影响,风应力旋度减弱时,海平面上升；风应力旋度增强,海平面下降,且风应力旋度的变化稍超前于海平面变化。纬向风应力与海平面变化的关系表明,Walker环流的变化也会影响暖池区海平面年际变化。暖池区淡水通量对海平面变化为正贡献,降雨对海平面的影响大于蒸发。降雨明显与ENSO事件有关。
南海海平面变化明显与ENSO事件有关,比容与ENSO事件的相关性稍弱。南海比容效应是海平面年际变化的主要影响因素。南海风应力旋度与海平面的关系与KE区和暖池区相反。风应力旋度减小时,海平面下降；风应力旋度增加时,海平面上升。El Nino事件发生时,Walker环流和Hardly环流的变化对海平面年际变化特征都有影响。南海淡水通量对海平面变化为正贡献,降雨对海平面的影响大于蒸发。降雨明显与ENSO事件有关。
Along with the climate change research gradually thorough, synthetically study on influence factors's contribution in various time scales will be strengthen. In this paper, we analyse the Sea level, Steric sea level, wind stress curl and Freshwater flux using Empirical Orthogonal Functions (EOF). The result are that Kuroshio Extension (KE), North Pacific warm pool and the South China Sea are the core change region for the spatial distribution of EOF, and the interannual cycles are existed(according to the temporal eigenfunction). Thus we focus on these three regions, analyzing the interannual sea level variation and its influencing factors.
On interannual and interdecadal time scale, TSea level and Steric sea level show evident variations, and have a better consistency in the upstream of KE. However, in the downstream region, Sea level variation obviously in interdecal time scale, and Steric sea level changes obviously in interannual time scale. The vertical structure of the temperature is the main reason for the interannual variations of Steric sea level. Down below 200m, the temperature has an obvious interannual characters. Wind field has a significant effect on the interannual sea level changes in KE. In the upstream region, the correlation coefficient between the anomaly of wind stress curl and T/P sea level is-0.5. Wind stress curl decreases, then sea level rises, and vice versa. But, in the downstream, it has a worse correlation. Freshwater's change range is smaller than the sea level', and has little impact on the sea level.
Sea level and Steric sea level have a correlation with ENSO event. Steric effects is the main reason for Sea level's interannual variation in warm pool. Ocean water changes greatly in 100m-300m below sea surface. Wind filed effect on interannual sea level significantly. Walker circulation impacts on warm pool's interannual sea level. Freshwater flux have a positive contribution on sea level interannual variation. Precipitaion impact on sea level more than evaporation.
ENSO events impact on interannual sea level variation in the South China Sea. Steric effects is the main reason for sea level's interannual variation. Vertical structure of temperature do not significantly correlation with ENSO. Wind stress curl have a positive correlation coefficient with sea level variation. When El Nino events occurrence, Walker circulation and Hardley circulation impacts on sea level's interannual variation. Freshwater flux have a positive contribution on the South China Sea's interannual sea level variation.
引文
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2. 丁荣荣,左军成,杜凌等.南海海平面变化及其比容高度和风场的关系.中国海洋大学学报.2007,37(Sup. II):023-030
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5. 高理,刘玉光,荣增瑞.黑潮延伸区的海平面异常和中尺度涡的统计分析.海洋湖沼通报.2007(1),14-23.
6. 胡瑞金,刘秦玉,2002。热带太平洋海平面高度年变化与季节内变化特征。海洋与湖沼,33(3),303-313。
7. 刘秦玉,贾英来,杨海军,刘征宇.南海北部海面高度季节变化机制.海洋学报.2002,24(增刊1)：134-141.
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10.沈春,杜凌,左军成等.南海海面高度异常与厄尔尼诺和大气环流的关系.已接收.
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2. 丁荣荣,左军成,杜凌等.南海海平面变化及其比容高度和风场的关系.中国海洋大学学报.2007,37(Sup. II):023-030
3. 董晓军,黄珹,2000,利用TOPEX/Poseidon卫星测高资料监测全球海平面变化。测绘学报,29(3),266-272
4. 杜凌.中国海典型海域潮波研究与全球海平面变化规律研究.[博士学位论文].青岛.中国海洋大学海洋环境学院,2005.
5. 高理,刘玉光,荣增瑞.黑潮延伸区的海平面异常和中尺度涡的统计分析.海洋湖沼通报.2007(1),14-23.
6. 胡瑞金,刘秦玉,2002。热带太平洋海平面高度年变化与季节内变化特征。海洋与湖沼,33(3),303-313。
7. 刘秦玉,贾英来,杨海军,刘征宇.南海北部海面高度季节变化机制.海洋学报.2002,24(增刊1)：134-141.
8. 潘家炜等.用Geosat高度计数据观测黑潮流系的低频变化.海洋学报,1997,19(4)：41-50.
9. 容增瑞,刘玉光,陈满春,宗海波,修鹏,文凡.全球和南海海平面变化及其与厄尔尼诺的关系.海洋通报,2008,27(1)：1-8.
10.沈春,杜凌,左军成等.南海海面高度异常与厄尔尼诺和大气环流的关系.已接收.
11.颜梅.全球海平面变化的热力学机制研究.[博士学位论文].青岛.中国海洋大学海洋环境学院,2008.
12.曾丽丽,施平,王东晓,陈举.南海蒸发和净淡水通量的季节和年纪变化.地球物理学报.2009,52(4)：929-938.
13.张建立,全球海平面变化规律及比容变化的影响.[博士学位论文].青岛.中国海洋大学海洋环境学院,2006.
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