利用GPS数据研究地震电离层TEC异常
|
摘要
空间对地观测技术具有覆盖面广、信息量大、动态性好以及分辨率高等优势,可以提供丰富的地震前兆信息。目前中国地震电磁卫星项目已经正式列入国家卫星发射规划。借助空间对地观测,配合地基观测手段,建立天地一体化的监测体系,有助于识别和提取与大震孕育发生过程有关的地震电磁、电离层、高能粒子前兆信息,实现我国及邻区大范围、连续的地震电磁信息时、空、强动态监测,提高我国地震预测的科学水平,增强短临预测能力,为地震预测预报实现突破提供基础。
电离层应用于地震分析的研究在我国刚刚起步,地震异常的提取和确定还需要更多资料的积累验证。利用现有卫星数据及地面观测资料,提前开展地震电离层效应的分析研究,总结地震电离层效应的规律,是必须的准备工作之一。
按照地震电磁立体观测体系发展思路,配合电磁卫星计划和地基电离层监测网的推进。本论文利用地基GPS观测体系,研究地震电离层TEC异常变化特征。对原有TEC异常检验方法进行优化改进,并发展了TEC异常信号探测、TEC扰动滤波分析等多种用于地震电离层TEC异常识别和信息提取技术的数据处理方法。基于中国大陆2000年以来的33个6级以上震例资料,对地震电离层扰动效应进行了统计研究,总结了强震前电离层异常特征。利用低轨GPS掩星数据和临频数据foF2开展了地震电离层扰动研究,从多参量角度揭示地震电离层扰动的时空演化过程。
论文首先对地震及其成因、电离层及电离层扰动进行了介绍,调研了国内外地震电离层异常研究现状,回顾了国内外在地震电离层效应方面震例研究的案例,并初步介绍了地震电离层耦合机理。
介绍了GPS系统的基本情况,包括GPS信号、GPS观测量及观测方程、GPS信号传播过程中的电离层延迟等。重点介绍了利用双频GPS获取电离层TEC的原理与方法。
讨论了几种常用的TEC异常检验方法,在此基础上对地震电离层TEC扰动的检验方法进行了优化,并发展了几种用于地震电离层TEC异常识别的数据处理方法,具体如下:
(1)对包络线法进行了优化改进。以前15天滑动TEC中值作为背景参考值,滑动四分位距作为异常判定界限,避免了离群值及震时震后效应的影响,有助于科学探讨震前电离层TEC扰动与地震孕育的关系。
(2)利用Neyman-Pearson信号探测方法,对震前电离层TEC异常可能性进行初步定量分析。
(3)发展了TEC扰动滤波方法。对单颗GPS卫星及单站间TEC时空变化过程进行详细研究。
(4)开展了GPS掩星数据和临频数据的地震电离层扰动对比研究,从多参数角度揭示地震电离层扰动的时空演化过程。
利用多种电离层异常检验方法,分析汶川地震前后电离层TEC异常变化,得到如下结果:
(1)汶川震前TEC出现明显正异常。排除来自空间因素影响,震前三天出现的TEC正异常与汶川地震具有较大相关性。
(2) TEC异常仅出现在汶川震中偏东南部,且异常区呈现共轭形态。
基于2000年以来,中国大陆6级以上震例的电离层效应研究,初步总结了强震前电离层TEC异常特征。震例统计分析结果如下:
(1)中强地震电离层TEC异常多出现在震前数天,为非持续性变化,异常持续时间多为几个小时,但一些大地震前TEC异常变化能持续几天。电离层TEC异常与震中区域的地方时有关。
(2) TEC异常的变化形态可能为正异常也可能为负异常。TEC异常的相对变化幅度一般为20%～30%,某些大地震前TEC异常变化幅度可能超过100%。
(3)中国大陆TEC异常区多偏震中东南方向,多种电离层参量的变化具有相似性。
Satellite technology can provide a wealth of information on earthquake precursors for it has wide coverage, large amount of information, good dynamic and high resolution. Now, China arthquake lectromagnetic atellite project has been officially included in the national plans of satellite launch. Based on observation satellite and , we can build a united observational system identify and extract informationelectromagnetic, ionosphere and high-energy particle to earthquake precursors and realize large-scale and continuous spatio-temporal observation of earthquake electromagnetic information for and surrounding areas. And it can improve the scientific level for earthquake forecastthe ability for short-term prediction and can provide the basis of breakthrough for earthquake forecast.
Ionospheric research for seismic analysis in China has just started, and seismic anomaly extractions need more information to determine and validate. The seismo-ionospheric effect is not only observed by satellite technology, but also by effective ground observation technology. Using the existing satellite data and ground observation data to research the seismo-ionospheric effects and summarizing the law of seismo-ionospheric effect is one of the necessarily preparatory work.
According to the development of three dimension electro-magnetic observation system for earthquake, in this thesis, researches on the abnormal characteristic of TEC of seism based on the observation system of GPS have been done. The aim of this study is to promote the electro-magnetic satellite project. Based on the GPS data of Crustal Movement Observation Network of China and the TEC Map data provided by JPL, seismo-ionospheric effect is also investigated. In this work, ionospheric TEC abnormal test methods at home and abroad are reviewed and optimized. Several methods, such as TEC abnormal signal detection and analysis of TEC disturbance filter, are advanced to test seismp-ionospheric TEC anomaly. Using these methods, we make a statistical analysis of earthquake cases on the basis of M≥6 earthquakes occurred after 2000 in China, and summarize ionospheric abnormal characteristics before strong earthquakes to provide support for the application of ionospheric monitoring methods in earthquake prediction. In order to research the ionospheric abnormal characteristic with ground GPS, the data of COSMIC and f0F2 are analyzed to examine the ionospheric disturbance before earthquake.
Firstly, earthquake and its causes, the ionosphere and ionospheric disturbance are introduced; the research status of seismo-ionospheric effect at home and abroad are investigated; the case studies and statistics studies about seismo-ionospheric effect at are reviewed; the mechanisms of the seismo-ionosphere coupling are also introduced.
Secondly, the basic situation of GPS system, including GPS signal, GPS observables and the observation equations, and GPS signal propagation delay in the ionosphere are introduced. We focus the principles and methods of calculating TEC using the GPS data, and discuss the method and corresponding algorithms in detail using the Dual-frequency GPS.
Then, several test method in TEC disturbance are discussed and optimized, and some methods to test TEC anomaly are proposed as follows:
(1) Optimization of the envelope method. We make the smoothing TEC median value before 15 days as the reference values, the smooth interquartile range as abnormal detection bound, and it contributes to scientific research of the relationship between the ionospheric TEC disturbance before the earthquake and the earthquake preparation.
(2) Combination of Neyman-Pearson test in signal processing and hypothesis testing in statistics. To test the possibility of the TEC anomaly before the earthquake, we use two mathematical methods in different subject to make a preliminary quantitative analysis.
(3) Study in detail TEC change between a single GPS satellite and GPS station, and filter the TEC change from observations of each GPS satellite and station.
(4) Study the seismo-ionospheric effect from a variety of ionospheric parameters. It can provide the reference basis for ionospheric TEC anomalies of seismic testing through the comparative study of ground GPS, COSMIC and foF2 probed by the ionosondes.
By taking the Wenchuan earthquake as an example, the method for testing ionospheric TEC disturbance before and after the earthquakes have been used and following results are obtained.
(1) Significant positive TEC anomalies appeared at GPS reference stations near the epicenter on May 3 and May 9 before the Wenchuan earthquake. Excluding the influence of factors from the space, TEC anomalies on May 9, 3 days before the earthquake show close correlation with the Wenchuan earthquake.
(2) Analysis on the spatial distribution of TEC shows that the area of the TEC anomalies before the earthquakes did not appear right above the epicenter, but above the area south east to the epicenter. The global distribution of DTEC shows that the area of the TEC anomalies above Chinese mainland appeared only near the epicenter and there was a conjugate form for positive anomalies appeared 3 days before the earthquake.
Based on 33 earthquakesoccurr in China we study the effect of ionosphere and summarize the characters of TEC abnormal before big earthquake. The statistical results are as follows:
(1) The TEC abnormal usually appears several days before earthquake and discontinuous and lasts few hours each day except for some strong earthquake. The TEC abnormal associated with local time at epicenter.
(2) The TEC variations can have a positive or negative sign. The relative magnitudes of the TEC anomalies were in the range of 20%～30%, but may be larger than 100% at certain time before individual large earthquakes.
(3) The areas of the TEC anomalies before the earthquakes did not always appear above the epicenters, they may shift towards the equator. Ionospheric disturbances may appear in the conjugate area of the earthquake epicenter along the magnetic lines. A variety of ionospheric parameters have similar changes with TEC.
电离层应用于地震分析的研究在我国刚刚起步,地震异常的提取和确定还需要更多资料的积累验证。利用现有卫星数据及地面观测资料,提前开展地震电离层效应的分析研究,总结地震电离层效应的规律,是必须的准备工作之一。
按照地震电磁立体观测体系发展思路,配合电磁卫星计划和地基电离层监测网的推进。本论文利用地基GPS观测体系,研究地震电离层TEC异常变化特征。对原有TEC异常检验方法进行优化改进,并发展了TEC异常信号探测、TEC扰动滤波分析等多种用于地震电离层TEC异常识别和信息提取技术的数据处理方法。基于中国大陆2000年以来的33个6级以上震例资料,对地震电离层扰动效应进行了统计研究,总结了强震前电离层异常特征。利用低轨GPS掩星数据和临频数据foF2开展了地震电离层扰动研究,从多参量角度揭示地震电离层扰动的时空演化过程。
论文首先对地震及其成因、电离层及电离层扰动进行了介绍,调研了国内外地震电离层异常研究现状,回顾了国内外在地震电离层效应方面震例研究的案例,并初步介绍了地震电离层耦合机理。
介绍了GPS系统的基本情况,包括GPS信号、GPS观测量及观测方程、GPS信号传播过程中的电离层延迟等。重点介绍了利用双频GPS获取电离层TEC的原理与方法。
讨论了几种常用的TEC异常检验方法,在此基础上对地震电离层TEC扰动的检验方法进行了优化,并发展了几种用于地震电离层TEC异常识别的数据处理方法,具体如下:
(1)对包络线法进行了优化改进。以前15天滑动TEC中值作为背景参考值,滑动四分位距作为异常判定界限,避免了离群值及震时震后效应的影响,有助于科学探讨震前电离层TEC扰动与地震孕育的关系。
(2)利用Neyman-Pearson信号探测方法,对震前电离层TEC异常可能性进行初步定量分析。
(3)发展了TEC扰动滤波方法。对单颗GPS卫星及单站间TEC时空变化过程进行详细研究。
(4)开展了GPS掩星数据和临频数据的地震电离层扰动对比研究,从多参数角度揭示地震电离层扰动的时空演化过程。
利用多种电离层异常检验方法,分析汶川地震前后电离层TEC异常变化,得到如下结果:
(1)汶川震前TEC出现明显正异常。排除来自空间因素影响,震前三天出现的TEC正异常与汶川地震具有较大相关性。
(2) TEC异常仅出现在汶川震中偏东南部,且异常区呈现共轭形态。
基于2000年以来,中国大陆6级以上震例的电离层效应研究,初步总结了强震前电离层TEC异常特征。震例统计分析结果如下:
(1)中强地震电离层TEC异常多出现在震前数天,为非持续性变化,异常持续时间多为几个小时,但一些大地震前TEC异常变化能持续几天。电离层TEC异常与震中区域的地方时有关。
(2) TEC异常的变化形态可能为正异常也可能为负异常。TEC异常的相对变化幅度一般为20%～30%,某些大地震前TEC异常变化幅度可能超过100%。
(3)中国大陆TEC异常区多偏震中东南方向,多种电离层参量的变化具有相似性。
Satellite technology can provide a wealth of information on earthquake precursors for it has wide coverage, large amount of information, good dynamic and high resolution. Now, China arthquake lectromagnetic atellite project has been officially included in the national plans of satellite launch. Based on observation satellite and , we can build a united observational system identify and extract informationelectromagnetic, ionosphere and high-energy particle to earthquake precursors and realize large-scale and continuous spatio-temporal observation of earthquake electromagnetic information for and surrounding areas. And it can improve the scientific level for earthquake forecastthe ability for short-term prediction and can provide the basis of breakthrough for earthquake forecast.
Ionospheric research for seismic analysis in China has just started, and seismic anomaly extractions need more information to determine and validate. The seismo-ionospheric effect is not only observed by satellite technology, but also by effective ground observation technology. Using the existing satellite data and ground observation data to research the seismo-ionospheric effects and summarizing the law of seismo-ionospheric effect is one of the necessarily preparatory work.
According to the development of three dimension electro-magnetic observation system for earthquake, in this thesis, researches on the abnormal characteristic of TEC of seism based on the observation system of GPS have been done. The aim of this study is to promote the electro-magnetic satellite project. Based on the GPS data of Crustal Movement Observation Network of China and the TEC Map data provided by JPL, seismo-ionospheric effect is also investigated. In this work, ionospheric TEC abnormal test methods at home and abroad are reviewed and optimized. Several methods, such as TEC abnormal signal detection and analysis of TEC disturbance filter, are advanced to test seismp-ionospheric TEC anomaly. Using these methods, we make a statistical analysis of earthquake cases on the basis of M≥6 earthquakes occurred after 2000 in China, and summarize ionospheric abnormal characteristics before strong earthquakes to provide support for the application of ionospheric monitoring methods in earthquake prediction. In order to research the ionospheric abnormal characteristic with ground GPS, the data of COSMIC and f0F2 are analyzed to examine the ionospheric disturbance before earthquake.
Firstly, earthquake and its causes, the ionosphere and ionospheric disturbance are introduced; the research status of seismo-ionospheric effect at home and abroad are investigated; the case studies and statistics studies about seismo-ionospheric effect at are reviewed; the mechanisms of the seismo-ionosphere coupling are also introduced.
Secondly, the basic situation of GPS system, including GPS signal, GPS observables and the observation equations, and GPS signal propagation delay in the ionosphere are introduced. We focus the principles and methods of calculating TEC using the GPS data, and discuss the method and corresponding algorithms in detail using the Dual-frequency GPS.
Then, several test method in TEC disturbance are discussed and optimized, and some methods to test TEC anomaly are proposed as follows:
(1) Optimization of the envelope method. We make the smoothing TEC median value before 15 days as the reference values, the smooth interquartile range as abnormal detection bound, and it contributes to scientific research of the relationship between the ionospheric TEC disturbance before the earthquake and the earthquake preparation.
(2) Combination of Neyman-Pearson test in signal processing and hypothesis testing in statistics. To test the possibility of the TEC anomaly before the earthquake, we use two mathematical methods in different subject to make a preliminary quantitative analysis.
(3) Study in detail TEC change between a single GPS satellite and GPS station, and filter the TEC change from observations of each GPS satellite and station.
(4) Study the seismo-ionospheric effect from a variety of ionospheric parameters. It can provide the reference basis for ionospheric TEC anomalies of seismic testing through the comparative study of ground GPS, COSMIC and foF2 probed by the ionosondes.
By taking the Wenchuan earthquake as an example, the method for testing ionospheric TEC disturbance before and after the earthquakes have been used and following results are obtained.
(1) Significant positive TEC anomalies appeared at GPS reference stations near the epicenter on May 3 and May 9 before the Wenchuan earthquake. Excluding the influence of factors from the space, TEC anomalies on May 9, 3 days before the earthquake show close correlation with the Wenchuan earthquake.
(2) Analysis on the spatial distribution of TEC shows that the area of the TEC anomalies before the earthquakes did not appear right above the epicenter, but above the area south east to the epicenter. The global distribution of DTEC shows that the area of the TEC anomalies above Chinese mainland appeared only near the epicenter and there was a conjugate form for positive anomalies appeared 3 days before the earthquake.
Based on 33 earthquakesoccurr in China we study the effect of ionosphere and summarize the characters of TEC abnormal before big earthquake. The statistical results are as follows:
(1) The TEC abnormal usually appears several days before earthquake and discontinuous and lasts few hours each day except for some strong earthquake. The TEC abnormal associated with local time at epicenter.
(2) The TEC variations can have a positive or negative sign. The relative magnitudes of the TEC anomalies were in the range of 20%～30%, but may be larger than 100% at certain time before individual large earthquakes.
(3) The areas of the TEC anomalies before the earthquakes did not always appear above the epicenters, they may shift towards the equator. Ionospheric disturbances may appear in the conjugate area of the earthquake epicenter along the magnetic lines. A variety of ionospheric parameters have similar changes with TEC.
引文
丁鉴海,索玉成,余素荣,2004,昆仑山口西8.1级地震前电离层与磁场短期异常对比研究,地震, 23(1): 104-111.
丁鉴海,申旭辉,潘威炎,等,2006,电波科学学报,地震电磁前兆研究进展,21(5):791～801.
杜品仁,蒋和荣,郭兼善,1998,电离层异常能否作为地震前兆研究,地震,18(2):119～126.
宫晓艳,胡雄,吴小成,张训械, 2007,大气掩星反演误差特性初步分析,地球物理学报, 50(4),1017～1029.
郭鹏,严豪健,黄珹,洪振杰, 2006,上海天文台CHAMP掩星资料处理结果的统计分析,天文学报, 47(2) :192-201.
郭鹏, 2006,无线电掩星技术与CHAMP掩星资料反演[D]:[学位论文],中国科学院研究生院(上海天文台)
胡雄,曾桢,张训械,张冬娅,肖存英, 2005,大气GPS掩星观测反演方法,地球物理学报, 48(4):768-774.
胡雄,张训械,吴小成,肖存英,曾桢,宫晓艳, 2006,山基GPS掩星观测实验及其反演原理,地球物理学报, 49(1):22-27.
何世海,1990,前兆异常检验理论与地震预报决策门限,地震,(1):30～36.
刘大杰,施一民,过静珺,2003,全球定位系统(GPS)的原理与数据处理,上海:同济大学出版社
李征航,黄劲松,2005, GPS测量与数据处理[M],武汉:武汉大学出版社
申旭辉,吴云,单新建,2007,地震遥感应用趋势与中国地震卫星发展框架,国际地震动态,8:38～45.
申旭辉,吴云,单新建,等,2008,中国卫星地震应用系统框架与地震电磁卫星计划进展,国际地震动态,11:153～153.
吴云,乔学军,周义炎,2005,利用地基GPS探测震前电离层TEC异常,大地测量与地球动力学, 25(2):36～40.
王广运,郭秉义,李洪涛,1996,差分GPS定位技术与应用,北京:电子工业出版社.
吴小成, 2008,电离层无线电掩星技术研究[D]:[学位论文].中国科学院空间科学与应用研究中心.
闻德保,2007,基于GPS的电离层层析算法及其应用研究[D].武汉:中科院测量与地球物理研究所
杨剑,吴云,周义炎,2008,利用GPS无线电掩星数据研究震前电离层异常.大地测量与地球动力学,28(2):16-22.
杨林章,申旭辉,2005,空间观测技术在地震监测中的应用,地震,25(3):129-133.
杨俊,武奇生,2006, GPS基本原理及其Matlab仿真,西安电子科技大学出版社
袁运斌,欧吉坤,1999, GPS观测数据中的仪器偏差对确定电离层延迟的影响及处理方法.测绘学报,28(2):110-114
卓裕荣,2002,电离层地震前兆之研究[D]:[学位论文].台湾:国立中央大学太空科学所.
张国民,傅征祥,桂燮泰等, 2001,地震预报引论,北京:科学出版社, 125～127.
张学民,申旭辉,蔡晋安,等,2008,汶川8级地震前的空间电离层异常现象,国际地震动态,11:154～154.
张学民,钱家栋,欧阳新艳,等,2009,新疆于田7.2级地震前的电离层电磁扰动,空间科学学报,29(2):213～221.
曾帧, 2003,地球大气无线电掩星观测技术研究[D]:[学位论文].中国科学院武汉物理与数学研究所.
周忠谟,易杰军,周琪,2002, GPS卫星测量原理与应用[M].北京:测绘出版社.
张学民,钱家栋,欧阳新艳,2008,夏季磁静日中国大陆上空电离层电子浓度变化特征.中国地震, 24(3).
张学民,钱家栋,欧阳新艳,2009,新疆于田7.2级地震前的电离层电磁扰动.空间科学学报, 29(2).
Barnes R A and Leonard R S,1965,Observations of ionospheric disturbances following the Alaska earthquake. J. Geophys. Res. 70: 1250-1253.
Calais, E., and J. B. Minster,1995, GPS detection of ionospheric perturbations following the January 17, 1994, Northridge earthquake, Geophy. Res. Lett., 22:1045-1048.
Chuo, Y. J., Chen, Y. J, J. Y. Liu, et al,2001, Ionospheric foF2 variations prior to strong earthquakes in TaiWan area, Adv.Space Res.,27:1305~1310.
Chuo, Y. J., J. Y. Liu, S. A. Pulinets, and Y. I. Chen, 2002, The ionospheric perturbations prior to the Chi-Chi and Chia-Yi earthquakes, Journal of Geodynamics, 33:509–517.
Dautermann, T., E. Calais, and G. S. Mattioli,2009, Global Positioning System detection and energy estimation of the ionospheric wave casued by the 13 July 2003 explosion of the Soufriere Hills Volcano, Montserrat, J. Geophys. Res., VOL.114.B02202, doi:10.1029/2008JB005722.
Dautermann, T., E. Calais, H. Jennifer, and G. Janmes,2007, Investigation of ionospheric electron content variations before earthquakes in southern California,2003-2004. J. Geophys. Res, 12:1230-1231.
Dobrovolsky, I. P., S. I. Zubkov, and V. I. Miachkin,1979, Estimation of the size of earthquake preparation zones, Pure Appl. Geophys., 117:1025– 1044.
Datchenko E A, Ulomov V I, Chernyshova C P. 1972.Electron density anomalies as the possible precursor of Tashkent earthquake[J]. Dokl. Uzbek. Acad. Sci. No.12:30~32.
Freund, F,2000, Time-resolved study of charge generation and propagation in igneous rocks, J. Geophys. Res., 105(B5), 11,001–11,019.
Hayakawa M,1999, Atmospheric and ionospheric electromagnetic phenomena associated with earthquakes[M].Tokyo:TERRAPUB.
Keylis-Borok, V. I., and L. N. Malinovskaya,1964, One regularity in the occurrence of strong earthquakes, J. Geophys. Res., 69:3019– 3024.
Liu, J. Y., Y. I. Chen, Y. J. Chuo, and C. S. Chen ,2006, A statistical investigation of pre-earthquake ionospheric anomaly, J. Geophys. Res., 111, A05304, doi:10.1029/2005JA011333.
Liu, J. Y., I. Chen, Y. J. Chuo, and H. F. Tsai ,2001, Variations of ionospheric total electron content during the Chi-Chi earthquake, Geophy. Res. Lett., 28(7): 1383?1 386.
Liu, J. Y., Y. I. Chen, S. A. Pulinets, Y. B. Tsai, and Y. J. Chuo , 2000,Seismo-ionospheric signatures prior to M≥6.0 Taiwan earthquakes, Geophy. Res. Lett., 27:3113-3116.
Liu, J. Y., Y. J. Chuo, S. J. Shan, Y. B. Tsai, Y. I. Chen, S. A. Pulinets, and S. B. Yu ,2004, Pre-earthquake ionospheric anomalies registered by continuous GPS TEC measurements, Annales Geophysicae, 22:1585–1593.
Liu, J. Y., Y. I. Chen, C. H. Chen, C. Y. Liu, C. Y. Chen, M. Nishihashi, J. Z. Li, Y. Q. Xia, K. I. Oyama and K. Hattori,2009 Seismoionospheric GPS total electron content anomalies observed before the 12 May 2008 MW7.9 Wenchuan earthquake, J. Geophys. Res., 114, A04320, doi:10.1029/2008JA013698.
Ondoh, T,1999, Seismo-ionospheric effects [A]. Atmospheric and Ionospheric Electromagnetic Phenomena Associated with Earthquakes [C]. Terra Scientific Publishing company, Tokyo, pp789~803.
Pulinets, S. A, Legenka, A. D, Karpachev, A. T., et al,1991, The earthquakes prediction possibility on the base of topside sounding data, IZMIRAN preprint N 34a(981), 25.
Pulinets, S. A, Legenka, A. D, Zelenova, T. I , 1998a, Dependence of the seismo-ionospheric variations in the F-layer maximum on the local time, Geomagnetism and Aeronomy, 38(3):188~193.
Pulinets, S. A,1998b, Seismic activity as a source of the ionospheric variability, Advances in Space Research, 22(6):903~906.
Pulinets, S. A,1998, Strong earthquakes prediction possibility with the help of topside sounding from satellites, Advances in Space Research, 21(3): 455-458.
Pulinets, S. A., K. A. Boyarchuk, V. V. Hegai, V. P. Kim, and A. M. Lomonosov ,2000, Quasielectrostatic model of atmosphere-thermosphere-ionosphere coupling, Advances in Space Research, 26 (8):1209–1218.
Pulinets, S. A., and K. A. Boyarchuk,2004, Ionospheric Precursors of Earthquakes. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York.
Pulinets, S. A., A. Leyva Contreras, G. Bisiacchi-Giraldi, and L. Ciraolo,2005, Total electron content variations in the ionosphere before the Colima, Mexico, earthquake of 21 January 2003, Geofisica Internacional, 44(4):369-377.
Steven M. Kay,1998, Fundamentals of Statistical Signal Processing,Volume II:Estimation Theory. Prentice Hall Professional Technical Reference, Upper Saddle River, N. J, 20-92
Yeh, K. C., and C. H. Liu,1972, Theory of Ionospheric Waves, International Geophysics Series., vol. 17, Elsevier, New York.
Zhao, B., M. Wang, T. Yu, W. Wan, J. Lei, L. Liu, and B. Ning,2008, Is an unusual large enhancement of ionospheric electron density linked with the 2008 great Wenchuan earthquake?, J. Geophys. Res, 113.A11304, doi:10.1029/2008JA013613
Zhao B Q, Wan W X, Wang M, Liu L B and Ning B Q,2008, Recent advances on the ionospheric pre-cursors of earthquakes and ionospheric variations prior to Wenchuan earthquake. Review of science and technology, 26(11): 30-33.
Zaslavski Y, Parrot M, Blanc E,1998,Analysis of TEC measurements above active seismic regions. Physics of the Earth Planetary Interiors, 105:219-228.
丁鉴海,申旭辉,潘威炎,等,2006,电波科学学报,地震电磁前兆研究进展,21(5):791～801.
杜品仁,蒋和荣,郭兼善,1998,电离层异常能否作为地震前兆研究,地震,18(2):119～126.
宫晓艳,胡雄,吴小成,张训械, 2007,大气掩星反演误差特性初步分析,地球物理学报, 50(4),1017～1029.
郭鹏,严豪健,黄珹,洪振杰, 2006,上海天文台CHAMP掩星资料处理结果的统计分析,天文学报, 47(2) :192-201.
郭鹏, 2006,无线电掩星技术与CHAMP掩星资料反演[D]:[学位论文],中国科学院研究生院(上海天文台)
胡雄,曾桢,张训械,张冬娅,肖存英, 2005,大气GPS掩星观测反演方法,地球物理学报, 48(4):768-774.
胡雄,张训械,吴小成,肖存英,曾桢,宫晓艳, 2006,山基GPS掩星观测实验及其反演原理,地球物理学报, 49(1):22-27.
何世海,1990,前兆异常检验理论与地震预报决策门限,地震,(1):30～36.
刘大杰,施一民,过静珺,2003,全球定位系统(GPS)的原理与数据处理,上海:同济大学出版社
李征航,黄劲松,2005, GPS测量与数据处理[M],武汉:武汉大学出版社
申旭辉,吴云,单新建,2007,地震遥感应用趋势与中国地震卫星发展框架,国际地震动态,8:38～45.
申旭辉,吴云,单新建,等,2008,中国卫星地震应用系统框架与地震电磁卫星计划进展,国际地震动态,11:153～153.
吴云,乔学军,周义炎,2005,利用地基GPS探测震前电离层TEC异常,大地测量与地球动力学, 25(2):36～40.
王广运,郭秉义,李洪涛,1996,差分GPS定位技术与应用,北京:电子工业出版社.
吴小成, 2008,电离层无线电掩星技术研究[D]:[学位论文].中国科学院空间科学与应用研究中心.
闻德保,2007,基于GPS的电离层层析算法及其应用研究[D].武汉:中科院测量与地球物理研究所
杨剑,吴云,周义炎,2008,利用GPS无线电掩星数据研究震前电离层异常.大地测量与地球动力学,28(2):16-22.
杨林章,申旭辉,2005,空间观测技术在地震监测中的应用,地震,25(3):129-133.
杨俊,武奇生,2006, GPS基本原理及其Matlab仿真,西安电子科技大学出版社
袁运斌,欧吉坤,1999, GPS观测数据中的仪器偏差对确定电离层延迟的影响及处理方法.测绘学报,28(2):110-114
卓裕荣,2002,电离层地震前兆之研究[D]:[学位论文].台湾:国立中央大学太空科学所.
张国民,傅征祥,桂燮泰等, 2001,地震预报引论,北京:科学出版社, 125～127.
张学民,申旭辉,蔡晋安,等,2008,汶川8级地震前的空间电离层异常现象,国际地震动态,11:154～154.
张学民,钱家栋,欧阳新艳,等,2009,新疆于田7.2级地震前的电离层电磁扰动,空间科学学报,29(2):213～221.
曾帧, 2003,地球大气无线电掩星观测技术研究[D]:[学位论文].中国科学院武汉物理与数学研究所.
周忠谟,易杰军,周琪,2002, GPS卫星测量原理与应用[M].北京:测绘出版社.
张学民,钱家栋,欧阳新艳,2008,夏季磁静日中国大陆上空电离层电子浓度变化特征.中国地震, 24(3).
张学民,钱家栋,欧阳新艳,2009,新疆于田7.2级地震前的电离层电磁扰动.空间科学学报, 29(2).
Barnes R A and Leonard R S,1965,Observations of ionospheric disturbances following the Alaska earthquake. J. Geophys. Res. 70: 1250-1253.
Calais, E., and J. B. Minster,1995, GPS detection of ionospheric perturbations following the January 17, 1994, Northridge earthquake, Geophy. Res. Lett., 22:1045-1048.
Chuo, Y. J., Chen, Y. J, J. Y. Liu, et al,2001, Ionospheric foF2 variations prior to strong earthquakes in TaiWan area, Adv.Space Res.,27:1305~1310.
Chuo, Y. J., J. Y. Liu, S. A. Pulinets, and Y. I. Chen, 2002, The ionospheric perturbations prior to the Chi-Chi and Chia-Yi earthquakes, Journal of Geodynamics, 33:509–517.
Dautermann, T., E. Calais, and G. S. Mattioli,2009, Global Positioning System detection and energy estimation of the ionospheric wave casued by the 13 July 2003 explosion of the Soufriere Hills Volcano, Montserrat, J. Geophys. Res., VOL.114.B02202, doi:10.1029/2008JB005722.
Dautermann, T., E. Calais, H. Jennifer, and G. Janmes,2007, Investigation of ionospheric electron content variations before earthquakes in southern California,2003-2004. J. Geophys. Res, 12:1230-1231.
Dobrovolsky, I. P., S. I. Zubkov, and V. I. Miachkin,1979, Estimation of the size of earthquake preparation zones, Pure Appl. Geophys., 117:1025– 1044.
Datchenko E A, Ulomov V I, Chernyshova C P. 1972.Electron density anomalies as the possible precursor of Tashkent earthquake[J]. Dokl. Uzbek. Acad. Sci. No.12:30~32.
Freund, F,2000, Time-resolved study of charge generation and propagation in igneous rocks, J. Geophys. Res., 105(B5), 11,001–11,019.
Hayakawa M,1999, Atmospheric and ionospheric electromagnetic phenomena associated with earthquakes[M].Tokyo:TERRAPUB.
Keylis-Borok, V. I., and L. N. Malinovskaya,1964, One regularity in the occurrence of strong earthquakes, J. Geophys. Res., 69:3019– 3024.
Liu, J. Y., Y. I. Chen, Y. J. Chuo, and C. S. Chen ,2006, A statistical investigation of pre-earthquake ionospheric anomaly, J. Geophys. Res., 111, A05304, doi:10.1029/2005JA011333.
Liu, J. Y., I. Chen, Y. J. Chuo, and H. F. Tsai ,2001, Variations of ionospheric total electron content during the Chi-Chi earthquake, Geophy. Res. Lett., 28(7): 1383?1 386.
Liu, J. Y., Y. I. Chen, S. A. Pulinets, Y. B. Tsai, and Y. J. Chuo , 2000,Seismo-ionospheric signatures prior to M≥6.0 Taiwan earthquakes, Geophy. Res. Lett., 27:3113-3116.
Liu, J. Y., Y. J. Chuo, S. J. Shan, Y. B. Tsai, Y. I. Chen, S. A. Pulinets, and S. B. Yu ,2004, Pre-earthquake ionospheric anomalies registered by continuous GPS TEC measurements, Annales Geophysicae, 22:1585–1593.
Liu, J. Y., Y. I. Chen, C. H. Chen, C. Y. Liu, C. Y. Chen, M. Nishihashi, J. Z. Li, Y. Q. Xia, K. I. Oyama and K. Hattori,2009 Seismoionospheric GPS total electron content anomalies observed before the 12 May 2008 MW7.9 Wenchuan earthquake, J. Geophys. Res., 114, A04320, doi:10.1029/2008JA013698.
Ondoh, T,1999, Seismo-ionospheric effects [A]. Atmospheric and Ionospheric Electromagnetic Phenomena Associated with Earthquakes [C]. Terra Scientific Publishing company, Tokyo, pp789~803.
Pulinets, S. A, Legenka, A. D, Karpachev, A. T., et al,1991, The earthquakes prediction possibility on the base of topside sounding data, IZMIRAN preprint N 34a(981), 25.
Pulinets, S. A, Legenka, A. D, Zelenova, T. I , 1998a, Dependence of the seismo-ionospheric variations in the F-layer maximum on the local time, Geomagnetism and Aeronomy, 38(3):188~193.
Pulinets, S. A,1998b, Seismic activity as a source of the ionospheric variability, Advances in Space Research, 22(6):903~906.
Pulinets, S. A,1998, Strong earthquakes prediction possibility with the help of topside sounding from satellites, Advances in Space Research, 21(3): 455-458.
Pulinets, S. A., K. A. Boyarchuk, V. V. Hegai, V. P. Kim, and A. M. Lomonosov ,2000, Quasielectrostatic model of atmosphere-thermosphere-ionosphere coupling, Advances in Space Research, 26 (8):1209–1218.
Pulinets, S. A., and K. A. Boyarchuk,2004, Ionospheric Precursors of Earthquakes. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York.
Pulinets, S. A., A. Leyva Contreras, G. Bisiacchi-Giraldi, and L. Ciraolo,2005, Total electron content variations in the ionosphere before the Colima, Mexico, earthquake of 21 January 2003, Geofisica Internacional, 44(4):369-377.
Steven M. Kay,1998, Fundamentals of Statistical Signal Processing,Volume II:Estimation Theory. Prentice Hall Professional Technical Reference, Upper Saddle River, N. J, 20-92
Yeh, K. C., and C. H. Liu,1972, Theory of Ionospheric Waves, International Geophysics Series., vol. 17, Elsevier, New York.
Zhao, B., M. Wang, T. Yu, W. Wan, J. Lei, L. Liu, and B. Ning,2008, Is an unusual large enhancement of ionospheric electron density linked with the 2008 great Wenchuan earthquake?, J. Geophys. Res, 113.A11304, doi:10.1029/2008JA013613
Zhao B Q, Wan W X, Wang M, Liu L B and Ning B Q,2008, Recent advances on the ionospheric pre-cursors of earthquakes and ionospheric variations prior to Wenchuan earthquake. Review of science and technology, 26(11): 30-33.
Zaslavski Y, Parrot M, Blanc E,1998,Analysis of TEC measurements above active seismic regions. Physics of the Earth Planetary Interiors, 105:219-228.
© 2004-2018 中国地质图书馆版权所有 京ICP备05064691号 京公网安备11010802017129号 地址：北京市海淀区学院路29号 邮编：100083 电话：办公室：(+86 10)66554848；文献借阅、咨询服务、科技查新：66554700 |