霍布斯公民权利思想研究
|
摘要
霍布斯被斯特劳斯誉为现代政治哲学之父。正是他以无以伦比的明确性提出自然权利,使个人的合理要求成为政治哲学的基础。在这里,霍布斯实现了从古典政治哲学到现代政治哲学的跨越。他的政治思想中蕴含着现代政治设计的思想渊源,为近代政治哲学的发展带来了革命性的变革,至今仍具有重要影响。
霍布斯政治哲学思想是建立在自然状态理论体系之上的。他通过自然状态理论的提出,把个人从传统自然法的永恒秩序中解放出来还原为原子式的独立个人。并以为此基础,霍布斯重构了自然状态中以个人为单位的人性论,否认了从古希腊以来存在两千多年之久、广受中世纪学者所推崇的最高的善:至善;继而,霍布斯否定了亚里士多德关于“人是天生的政治动物”的人之政治属性和社会属性的传统假设,这为其政治哲学的建立奠定了基本的理论基础。随后,通过结合自然中人天生具有的自由、平等的自然属性的论述,得出了人是自然状态下“具有全部原初权利”的自然权利个体的结论。以平等的自然权利为基础,在人的自然理性的指导之下,以“权利的转让与权力的授予为内容”的社会契约为媒介,霍布斯政治体系的社会基础——公民社会得以建立。在此,人们完成了自然人向公民身份的转变,同时也使个人自然权利向公民权利、私人理性向公共理性的转变得以完成。通过国法的制定,厘清了国家权力与公民权利、义务的关系;以国家强制力为后盾,政治体内公民伦理与法制秩序得以形成,这为公民权利的产生与发展奠定了完整的社会关系体系。以此为基础,公民权利得以产生发展。
作为霍布斯政治哲学的核心理论,自然权利转化为公民权利与公民自由观念,社会契约演变为“政治同意”的观念,至今仍在西方主政治观念和政治思维方式中占主导地位。霍布斯的自然权利思想观念为政治社会中个人的权利伸张提供了全新的表达方式,它所开辟的现代权利政治观的理论路径,影响了现代政治思维模式与发展方向。霍布斯权利价值观确立的政治价值使其政治思想超越了其时代与国度,成为了后世政治思想家们无法绕过的丰碑。
Hobbes was hailed as the father of modern Political philosophy by Strauss. Hobbes raised natural rights with unparalleled clarity, and individual's reasonable request became the basis of political philosophy. Here, Hobbes achieved the across from the classical political philosophy to modern political philosophy. His political thought contains the origin of modern political design, which brought out a revolutionary transform for the modern Political philosophy. All of the achievements laid his pioneer status of political philosophy.
Hobbes’s political philosophy is based on the theoretical system of the state of nature, on this basis, the individual was rescued from the eternal order of the traditional nature, and restored to be the independent atomic individuals. Hobbes reconstructed the human nature in terms of individual units in the nature state, denying the highest good: goodness, which respected widely by medieval scholars and existed over two thousand years since ancient Greece. Then, Hobbes rejected the traditional assumptions of Aristotle about the political and social properties, who claimed that man is born as political animals. This two important views were established to be the theory base of his political philosophy. According to the discussion of the natural property that people are born with the freedom and equality, Hobbes came out the conclusion that everyone is a individual with all the original natural rights. On the basis of equal rights of the natural, together with the medium of the social contract who’s content is transferring the rights as well as granting the powers. Hobbes’s political society system -civil society was established. In here,the transition from a natural person to citizenship was completed at the same time, and the individual natural rights to citizen rights, private rationality to public reason also can be completed. Through the formulating of state laws, Hobbes clarified the relationship of the rights between the national power and the civil right, the civil ethics and the legal order were formed after that. So a solid social foundation has been laid for the generation and development of civil rights.
Although some theories have been suspected repeatedly against the nature rights and social contract, but the conceptions that the natural rights convert into civil rights and civil liberties, the social contract evolve as political agreement, are still the main political ideas and dominant among political way of thinking in the West. It can be said that Hobbes's natural right ideas had already provided a new expression for promoting the individual rights in the political society. The modern theory of the political right path started by the natural right ideas is affecting the development and direction of modern political thinking. Hobbes's thought beyond the era and his state, became a monument that the later political thinkers can’t bypass.
霍布斯政治哲学思想是建立在自然状态理论体系之上的。他通过自然状态理论的提出,把个人从传统自然法的永恒秩序中解放出来还原为原子式的独立个人。并以为此基础,霍布斯重构了自然状态中以个人为单位的人性论,否认了从古希腊以来存在两千多年之久、广受中世纪学者所推崇的最高的善:至善;继而,霍布斯否定了亚里士多德关于“人是天生的政治动物”的人之政治属性和社会属性的传统假设,这为其政治哲学的建立奠定了基本的理论基础。随后,通过结合自然中人天生具有的自由、平等的自然属性的论述,得出了人是自然状态下“具有全部原初权利”的自然权利个体的结论。以平等的自然权利为基础,在人的自然理性的指导之下,以“权利的转让与权力的授予为内容”的社会契约为媒介,霍布斯政治体系的社会基础——公民社会得以建立。在此,人们完成了自然人向公民身份的转变,同时也使个人自然权利向公民权利、私人理性向公共理性的转变得以完成。通过国法的制定,厘清了国家权力与公民权利、义务的关系;以国家强制力为后盾,政治体内公民伦理与法制秩序得以形成,这为公民权利的产生与发展奠定了完整的社会关系体系。以此为基础,公民权利得以产生发展。
作为霍布斯政治哲学的核心理论,自然权利转化为公民权利与公民自由观念,社会契约演变为“政治同意”的观念,至今仍在西方主政治观念和政治思维方式中占主导地位。霍布斯的自然权利思想观念为政治社会中个人的权利伸张提供了全新的表达方式,它所开辟的现代权利政治观的理论路径,影响了现代政治思维模式与发展方向。霍布斯权利价值观确立的政治价值使其政治思想超越了其时代与国度,成为了后世政治思想家们无法绕过的丰碑。
Hobbes was hailed as the father of modern Political philosophy by Strauss. Hobbes raised natural rights with unparalleled clarity, and individual's reasonable request became the basis of political philosophy. Here, Hobbes achieved the across from the classical political philosophy to modern political philosophy. His political thought contains the origin of modern political design, which brought out a revolutionary transform for the modern Political philosophy. All of the achievements laid his pioneer status of political philosophy.
Hobbes’s political philosophy is based on the theoretical system of the state of nature, on this basis, the individual was rescued from the eternal order of the traditional nature, and restored to be the independent atomic individuals. Hobbes reconstructed the human nature in terms of individual units in the nature state, denying the highest good: goodness, which respected widely by medieval scholars and existed over two thousand years since ancient Greece. Then, Hobbes rejected the traditional assumptions of Aristotle about the political and social properties, who claimed that man is born as political animals. This two important views were established to be the theory base of his political philosophy. According to the discussion of the natural property that people are born with the freedom and equality, Hobbes came out the conclusion that everyone is a individual with all the original natural rights. On the basis of equal rights of the natural, together with the medium of the social contract who’s content is transferring the rights as well as granting the powers. Hobbes’s political society system -civil society was established. In here,the transition from a natural person to citizenship was completed at the same time, and the individual natural rights to citizen rights, private rationality to public reason also can be completed. Through the formulating of state laws, Hobbes clarified the relationship of the rights between the national power and the civil right, the civil ethics and the legal order were formed after that. So a solid social foundation has been laid for the generation and development of civil rights.
Although some theories have been suspected repeatedly against the nature rights and social contract, but the conceptions that the natural rights convert into civil rights and civil liberties, the social contract evolve as political agreement, are still the main political ideas and dominant among political way of thinking in the West. It can be said that Hobbes's natural right ideas had already provided a new expression for promoting the individual rights in the political society. The modern theory of the political right path started by the natural right ideas is affecting the development and direction of modern political thinking. Hobbes's thought beyond the era and his state, became a monument that the later political thinkers can’t bypass.
引文
①参阅翟志勇.中华民族与国家认同——论宪法爱国主义[J]:政法论坛,2010,(2):13.
[1] [英]奥克肖特.利维坦导论:现代政治与自然[M].上海:上海人民出版社,2003,(3):172.
[2] [美]塔克.论公民英文新译本导言:论公民[M].应星、冯克利译.贵阳:贵州人民出版社,2002:246-247.
[3] [德]迈尔.施密特的学说:古今之争的核心问题——施密特的学说和施特劳斯的论题[M],刘小枫主编,北京:华夏出版社,2004:137.
[4] Michael Oakeshott :Hobbes on Civil Association[M] ,Oxford, Blackwell ,1975:63
[5] [英]赫尔德.民主的模式[M].北京:中央编译出版社,1998:100.
[6] [美]列奥·施特劳斯.霍布斯的政治哲学[M].申彤译.南京:凤凰译林出版社,2001:18.
[7] [英]昆廷·斯金纳.霍布斯作为纯粹虚拟人的国家:中西文化政治论丛[M].马德普主编.天津:天津人民出版社,2001,(1):229.
[8] [美]乔治·霍兰·萨拜因.政治学说史[M].刘山等译.北京:商务印书馆,1986:526-527.
[9]高一涵.欧洲政治思想史[M].北京:商务印书馆.1948:220-21.
[10]徐大同.西方政治思想史[M].天津:天津教育出版社,2000:152.
[11]刘绍贤.欧美政治思想史[M].刘绍贤主编.杭州:浙江人民出版社.1987:212.
[12]刘北成.评霍布斯的社——会国家模式[J].北京师范大学学报,1990 ,(2):61-64.
[13]王利.简论近代政治的正当性:以霍布斯的利维坦为例[J].学海,2007,(2):83.
[14]王利.伟大的界定者:霍布斯绝对主权论的一个新的解释:现代政治与自然[M].上海:上海人民出版社,2003,(3):164.
[15]袁柏顺的.霍布斯政治思想研究若干问题的思考[J].湘潭师范学院学报社会科学版, 2001,(1):46.
[16]艾克文.霍布斯与近代自由主义的兴起[J].武汉大学学报.2002,(2):721.
[17]吴增定.有朽者的不朽:现代政治哲学的历史意识:现代政治与自然[M].上海:上海人民出版社,2003,(3):263.
[18]王彩波、靳继东.霍布斯的自由观新论:中西政治文化论丛[M].马德普主编.天津:天津人们出版社,2001,(4):436.
[19]曹明.西欧近代法权观念的衍变论[D].西南政法大学,2002:34.
[20]林国荣.自然法传统中的霍布斯:现代政治与自然[M].上海:上海人民出版社,2003,(3):4.
[21]刘科.道德权利在当代伦理生活中的地位——以霍布斯的权利观念为视角[J].河北学刊.2010,(2):232-233.
[22]张锡金.霍布斯人权思想论要[J].学海,2002,(5):70-74.
[23]李宏图.法律沉默下的自由——霍布斯对自由的理解[J].丽水学院学报.2005,(1):5-9.
[24] [英]霍布斯.论公民[M].应星、冯克利译.贵阳:贵州人民出版社,2003:4.
[25] [英]霍布斯.利维坦[M].北京:商务印书馆,1985:37.
[26] [英]霍布斯.利维坦[M].北京:商务印书馆,1985:94.
[27] [英]霍布斯.利维坦[M].北京:商务印书馆,1985:36.
[28] [英]霍布斯.利维坦[M].北京:商务印书馆,1985:45.
[29] [英]霍布斯.利维坦[M].北京:商务印书馆,1985:72.
[30] [英]霍布斯.利维坦[M].北京:商务印书馆,1985:97.
[31] [英]霍布斯.利维坦[M].北京:商务印书馆,1985:72.
[32] [英]霍布斯.利维坦[M].北京:商务印书馆,1985:72.
[33] [英]霍布斯.利维坦[M].北京:商务印书馆,1985:92 .
[34] [英]霍布斯.利维坦[M].北京:商务印书馆,1985:93 .
[35] [英]霍布斯.利维坦[M].北京:商务印书馆,1985:88.
[36] [英]霍布斯.利维坦[M].北京:商务印书馆,1985:39.
[37] [英]霍布斯.利维坦[M].北京:商务印书馆,1985:96-97.
[38] [英]霍布斯.论公民[M].应星、冯克利译.贵阳:贵州人民出版社,2003:3.
[39] [美]列奥·施特劳斯.霍布斯的政治哲学[M].申彤译.南京:译林出版社,2001,10.
[40] Preseon King :Thomas Hobbes : Crtical Assessment,London[M].Routledge ,1993:743.
[41] [美]列奥·施特劳斯.霍布斯的政治哲学[M].申彤译.南京:译林出版社,2001:10.
[42] [美]列奥·施特劳斯.霍布斯的政治哲学[M].申彤译.南京:译林出版社,2001:19.
[43] [英]霍布斯.论公民[M].转引自列奥·斯特劳斯.霍布斯的政治哲学[M].申彤译.南京:译林出版社,2001:153.
[44] [英]霍布斯.利维坦[M].北京:商务印书馆,1985:121.
[45] [英]霍布斯.利维坦[M].北京:商务印书馆,1985:98.
[46] [英]霍布斯.论公民[M].应星、冯克利译.贵阳:贵州人民出版社,2002:38.
[47] [英]霍布斯.利维坦[M].北京:商务印书馆,1985:97.
[48] [英]霍布斯.利维坦[M].北京:商务印书馆,1985:97。
[49] [英]霍布斯.利维坦[M].北京:商务印书馆,1985:98.
[50] [美]列奥·施特劳斯.霍布斯的政治哲学[M].申彤译,南京;译林出版社,2001:187.
[51] [美]列奥·施特劳斯.霍布斯的政治哲学[M].申彤译,南京;译林出版社,2001:186.
[52] [美]列奥·施特劳斯.霍布斯的政治哲学[M].申彤译,南京;译林出版社,2001:186。
[53] [英]霍布斯.利维坦[M].北京:商务印书馆,1985:117.
[54] J.H.Burns,ed.The Cambridge History of Political Thought1450-1700,Cambrige University Press,1991:588.
[55] Samuel Pufendorf’s On the Natrual State of Men :the 1678 Latin Edition and English Translation ,translated ,Annotated ,And Introduced By Michel Seidler ,N.Y. The Edwin Mellen Press,1990:109.转引自袁柏顺.寻求权威与自由的平衡——霍布斯、洛克自由主义的兴起[D].天津师范大学第,2002:25-26.
[56] [英]霍布斯.论公民[M].转引自[美]列奥·施特劳斯.霍布斯的政治哲学[M].申彤译,南京;译林出版社,2001:135.
[57] [英]霍布斯.论公民[M].应星、冯克利译.贵阳:贵州人民出版社,2002:10.
[58] [英]霍布斯.利维坦[M].北京:商务印书馆,1985:100-101.
[59] [英]霍布斯.利维坦[M].北京:商务印书馆,1985:131.
[60] [英]]霍布斯.利维坦[M].北京:商务印书馆,1985:131.
[61] [英]霍布斯.利维坦[M].北京:商务印书馆,1985:131-132.
[62] [英]霍布斯.利维坦[M].北京:商务印书馆,1985:132.
[63] [英]霍布斯.利维坦[M].北京:商务印书馆,1985:132.
[64] Tmas Hobbos.De Civil[M].the English Vision,ed, Howard Warrender ,Oxford University Press,1983.P129-130.转引自转引自袁柏顺.寻求权威与自由的平衡——霍布斯、洛克自由主义的兴起[D].天津师范大学第,2002:38.
[65] [英]霍布斯.利维坦[M].北京:商务印书馆,1985;98.
[66] [英]霍布斯.利维坦[M].北京:商务印书馆,1985:62-63.
[67] [英]霍布斯.利维坦[M].北京:商务印书馆,1985,引言,1.
[68] [英]霍布斯.论公民[M].应星、冯克利译.贵阳:贵州人民出版社,2002:70.
[69] [英]霍布斯.利维坦[M].北京:商务印书馆,1985:137.
[70] [英]霍布斯.论公民[M].应星、冯克利译.贵阳:贵州人民出版社,2002:58-59.
[71] Thomas Hobbes.De Cive[M],the English Vision,ed:42-44.
[72] [英]霍布斯.利维坦[M].北京:商务印书馆,1985:137.
[73] [英]霍布斯.论公民[M].应星、冯克利译.贵阳:贵州人民出版社,2002:133.
[74] [美]乔治·霍兰·萨拜因.政治学说史[M].刘山等译.北京;商务印书馆,1986:526-527.
[75] [英]霍布斯.利维坦[M].北京:商务印书馆,1985:1.
[76] [英]霍布斯.论公民[M].应星、冯克利译.贵阳:贵州人民出版社,2002:155.
[77] [英]霍布斯.利维坦[M].北京:商务印书馆,1985:96.
[78] [英]霍布斯.利维坦[M].北京:商务印书馆,1985:97.
[79] [英]霍布斯.利维坦[M].北京:商务印书馆,1985:111.
[80] [英]霍布斯.利维坦[M].北京:商务印书馆,1985:145.
[81] Hobbes.Element of Law[M] .1969,188.转引自(台)钱永祥.伟大的界定者:霍布斯绝对主权论的一个新的解释:现代政治与自然[M].上海:上海人民出版社,2003,(3):150-151.
[82] [英]霍布斯.利维坦[M].北京:商务印书馆,1985:131.
[83] [英]霍布斯.利维坦[M].北京:商务印书馆,1985:119.
[84] [英]霍布斯.利维坦[M].北京:商务印书馆,1985:122.
[85] [英]霍布斯.利维坦[M].北京:商务印书馆,1985:208.
[86] [英]霍布斯.利维坦[M].北京:商务印书馆,1985:137-138.
[87] [英]霍布斯.利维坦[M].北京:商务印书馆,1985:138.
[88] [英]霍布斯.利维坦[M].北京:商务印书馆,1985:211.
[89] [英]霍布斯.利维坦[M].北京:商务印书馆,1985:198.
[90] [英]霍布斯.利维坦[M].北京:商务印书馆,1985:198.
[91] [英]霍布斯.利维坦[M].北京:商务印书馆,1985:211.
[92] [英]霍布斯.利维坦[M].北京:商务印书馆,1985:209.
[93] [英]霍布斯.利维坦[M].北京:商务印书馆,1985:106.
[94] [英]霍布斯.利维坦[M].北京:商务印书馆,1985:169.
[95] [英]霍布斯.利维坦[M].北京:商务印书馆,1985:170.
[96] [英]霍布斯.论公民[M].应星、冯克利译.贵阳:贵州人民出版社,2002:134.
[97] [英]霍布斯.利维坦[M].北京:商务印书馆,1985:2.
[98] [英]霍布斯.利维坦[M].北京:商务印书馆,1985:260.
[99] [英]霍布斯.利维坦[M].北京:商务印书馆,1985:109.
[100] [英]霍布斯.利维坦[M].北京:商务印书馆,1985:92.
[101] [英]霍布斯.法律、自然和政治的原理[M].转引自[美]列奥·施特劳斯.霍布斯的政治哲学[M].申彤译.上海:译林出版社.2001:186-187.
[102] [英]霍布斯.利维坦[M].北京:商务印书馆,1985:192.
[103] [英]霍布斯.利维坦[M].北京:商务印书馆,1985:193.
[104] [英]霍布斯.利维坦[M].北京:商务印书馆,1985:193.
[105] [英]霍布斯.利维坦[M].北京:商务印书馆,1985:195.
[106] [英]霍布斯.利维坦[M].北京:商务印书馆,1985:195.
[107] [英]霍布斯.利维坦[M].北京:商务印书馆,1985:195.
[108] [英]霍布斯.利维坦[M].北京:商务印书馆,1985:224.
[109] [英]霍布斯.利维坦[M].北京:商务印书馆,1985:225.
[110] [英]霍布斯.利维坦[M].北京:商务印书馆,1985:171.
[111] [英]霍布斯.利维坦[M].北京:商务印书馆,1985:165.
[112] [英]霍布斯.利维坦[M].北京:商务印书馆,1985:225.
[113] [英]韦恩·莫里森.法理学——从古希腊到后现代[M].李桂林等译.武汉;武汉大学出版社,2003:102.
[114] [英]昆廷·斯金纳.托马·霍布斯与作为纯粹虚拟人的国家:中西政治文化论丛[M].马德普主编.天津:天津人们出版社,2001,(1):252-299.
[115] John Locke :Two Treatises of Government, edited with an introduction and notes by Peter Laslert,p,117.转引自袁柏顺.寻求权威与自由的平衡——霍布斯、洛克自由主义的兴起[D].天津师范大学,2002:53.
[116] [美]乔治·霍兰·萨拜因.政治学说史[M].刘山等译.北京:商务印书馆,1986:498.
[117]胡锦涛.在中国共产党第十七次全国代表大会上的报告[N],人民日报,2007-10-25,(1).
[118] Jurgen Habermas,The European Nation-state:On the Past and future of Sovereignty and Citizenship,p.119.转引自翟志勇.中华民族与国家认同——论宪法爱国主义[J]:政法论坛.2010-3(2):19.
[1] [英]奥克肖特.利维坦导论:现代政治与自然[M].上海:上海人民出版社,2003,(3):172.
[2] [美]塔克.论公民英文新译本导言:论公民[M].应星、冯克利译.贵阳:贵州人民出版社,2002:246-247.
[3] [德]迈尔.施密特的学说:古今之争的核心问题——施密特的学说和施特劳斯的论题[M],刘小枫主编,北京:华夏出版社,2004:137.
[4] Michael Oakeshott :Hobbes on Civil Association[M] ,Oxford, Blackwell ,1975:63
[5] [英]赫尔德.民主的模式[M].北京:中央编译出版社,1998:100.
[6] [美]列奥·施特劳斯.霍布斯的政治哲学[M].申彤译.南京:凤凰译林出版社,2001:18.
[7] [英]昆廷·斯金纳.霍布斯作为纯粹虚拟人的国家:中西文化政治论丛[M].马德普主编.天津:天津人民出版社,2001,(1):229.
[8] [美]乔治·霍兰·萨拜因.政治学说史[M].刘山等译.北京:商务印书馆,1986:526-527.
[9]高一涵.欧洲政治思想史[M].北京:商务印书馆.1948:220-21.
[10]徐大同.西方政治思想史[M].天津:天津教育出版社,2000:152.
[11]刘绍贤.欧美政治思想史[M].刘绍贤主编.杭州:浙江人民出版社.1987:212.
[12]刘北成.评霍布斯的社——会国家模式[J].北京师范大学学报,1990 ,(2):61-64.
[13]王利.简论近代政治的正当性:以霍布斯的利维坦为例[J].学海,2007,(2):83.
[14]王利.伟大的界定者:霍布斯绝对主权论的一个新的解释:现代政治与自然[M].上海:上海人民出版社,2003,(3):164.
[15]袁柏顺的.霍布斯政治思想研究若干问题的思考[J].湘潭师范学院学报社会科学版, 2001,(1):46.
[16]艾克文.霍布斯与近代自由主义的兴起[J].武汉大学学报.2002,(2):721.
[17]吴增定.有朽者的不朽:现代政治哲学的历史意识:现代政治与自然[M].上海:上海人民出版社,2003,(3):263.
[18]王彩波、靳继东.霍布斯的自由观新论:中西政治文化论丛[M].马德普主编.天津:天津人们出版社,2001,(4):436.
[19]曹明.西欧近代法权观念的衍变论[D].西南政法大学,2002:34.
[20]林国荣.自然法传统中的霍布斯:现代政治与自然[M].上海:上海人民出版社,2003,(3):4.
[21]刘科.道德权利在当代伦理生活中的地位——以霍布斯的权利观念为视角[J].河北学刊.2010,(2):232-233.
[22]张锡金.霍布斯人权思想论要[J].学海,2002,(5):70-74.
[23]李宏图.法律沉默下的自由——霍布斯对自由的理解[J].丽水学院学报.2005,(1):5-9.
[24] [英]霍布斯.论公民[M].应星、冯克利译.贵阳:贵州人民出版社,2003:4.
[25] [英]霍布斯.利维坦[M].北京:商务印书馆,1985:37.
[26] [英]霍布斯.利维坦[M].北京:商务印书馆,1985:94.
[27] [英]霍布斯.利维坦[M].北京:商务印书馆,1985:36.
[28] [英]霍布斯.利维坦[M].北京:商务印书馆,1985:45.
[29] [英]霍布斯.利维坦[M].北京:商务印书馆,1985:72.
[30] [英]霍布斯.利维坦[M].北京:商务印书馆,1985:97.
[31] [英]霍布斯.利维坦[M].北京:商务印书馆,1985:72.
[32] [英]霍布斯.利维坦[M].北京:商务印书馆,1985:72.
[33] [英]霍布斯.利维坦[M].北京:商务印书馆,1985:92 .
[34] [英]霍布斯.利维坦[M].北京:商务印书馆,1985:93 .
[35] [英]霍布斯.利维坦[M].北京:商务印书馆,1985:88.
[36] [英]霍布斯.利维坦[M].北京:商务印书馆,1985:39.
[37] [英]霍布斯.利维坦[M].北京:商务印书馆,1985:96-97.
[38] [英]霍布斯.论公民[M].应星、冯克利译.贵阳:贵州人民出版社,2003:3.
[39] [美]列奥·施特劳斯.霍布斯的政治哲学[M].申彤译.南京:译林出版社,2001,10.
[40] Preseon King :Thomas Hobbes : Crtical Assessment,London[M].Routledge ,1993:743.
[41] [美]列奥·施特劳斯.霍布斯的政治哲学[M].申彤译.南京:译林出版社,2001:10.
[42] [美]列奥·施特劳斯.霍布斯的政治哲学[M].申彤译.南京:译林出版社,2001:19.
[43] [英]霍布斯.论公民[M].转引自列奥·斯特劳斯.霍布斯的政治哲学[M].申彤译.南京:译林出版社,2001:153.
[44] [英]霍布斯.利维坦[M].北京:商务印书馆,1985:121.
[45] [英]霍布斯.利维坦[M].北京:商务印书馆,1985:98.
[46] [英]霍布斯.论公民[M].应星、冯克利译.贵阳:贵州人民出版社,2002:38.
[47] [英]霍布斯.利维坦[M].北京:商务印书馆,1985:97.
[48] [英]霍布斯.利维坦[M].北京:商务印书馆,1985:97。
[49] [英]霍布斯.利维坦[M].北京:商务印书馆,1985:98.
[50] [美]列奥·施特劳斯.霍布斯的政治哲学[M].申彤译,南京;译林出版社,2001:187.
[51] [美]列奥·施特劳斯.霍布斯的政治哲学[M].申彤译,南京;译林出版社,2001:186.
[52] [美]列奥·施特劳斯.霍布斯的政治哲学[M].申彤译,南京;译林出版社,2001:186。
[53] [英]霍布斯.利维坦[M].北京:商务印书馆,1985:117.
[54] J.H.Burns,ed.The Cambridge History of Political Thought1450-1700,Cambrige University Press,1991:588.
[55] Samuel Pufendorf’s On the Natrual State of Men :the 1678 Latin Edition and English Translation ,translated ,Annotated ,And Introduced By Michel Seidler ,N.Y. The Edwin Mellen Press,1990:109.转引自袁柏顺.寻求权威与自由的平衡——霍布斯、洛克自由主义的兴起[D].天津师范大学第,2002:25-26.
[56] [英]霍布斯.论公民[M].转引自[美]列奥·施特劳斯.霍布斯的政治哲学[M].申彤译,南京;译林出版社,2001:135.
[57] [英]霍布斯.论公民[M].应星、冯克利译.贵阳:贵州人民出版社,2002:10.
[58] [英]霍布斯.利维坦[M].北京:商务印书馆,1985:100-101.
[59] [英]霍布斯.利维坦[M].北京:商务印书馆,1985:131.
[60] [英]]霍布斯.利维坦[M].北京:商务印书馆,1985:131.
[61] [英]霍布斯.利维坦[M].北京:商务印书馆,1985:131-132.
[62] [英]霍布斯.利维坦[M].北京:商务印书馆,1985:132.
[63] [英]霍布斯.利维坦[M].北京:商务印书馆,1985:132.
[64] Tmas Hobbos.De Civil[M].the English Vision,ed, Howard Warrender ,Oxford University Press,1983.P129-130.转引自转引自袁柏顺.寻求权威与自由的平衡——霍布斯、洛克自由主义的兴起[D].天津师范大学第,2002:38.
[65] [英]霍布斯.利维坦[M].北京:商务印书馆,1985;98.
[66] [英]霍布斯.利维坦[M].北京:商务印书馆,1985:62-63.
[67] [英]霍布斯.利维坦[M].北京:商务印书馆,1985,引言,1.
[68] [英]霍布斯.论公民[M].应星、冯克利译.贵阳:贵州人民出版社,2002:70.
[69] [英]霍布斯.利维坦[M].北京:商务印书馆,1985:137.
[70] [英]霍布斯.论公民[M].应星、冯克利译.贵阳:贵州人民出版社,2002:58-59.
[71] Thomas Hobbes.De Cive[M],the English Vision,ed:42-44.
[72] [英]霍布斯.利维坦[M].北京:商务印书馆,1985:137.
[73] [英]霍布斯.论公民[M].应星、冯克利译.贵阳:贵州人民出版社,2002:133.
[74] [美]乔治·霍兰·萨拜因.政治学说史[M].刘山等译.北京;商务印书馆,1986:526-527.
[75] [英]霍布斯.利维坦[M].北京:商务印书馆,1985:1.
[76] [英]霍布斯.论公民[M].应星、冯克利译.贵阳:贵州人民出版社,2002:155.
[77] [英]霍布斯.利维坦[M].北京:商务印书馆,1985:96.
[78] [英]霍布斯.利维坦[M].北京:商务印书馆,1985:97.
[79] [英]霍布斯.利维坦[M].北京:商务印书馆,1985:111.
[80] [英]霍布斯.利维坦[M].北京:商务印书馆,1985:145.
[81] Hobbes.Element of Law[M] .1969,188.转引自(台)钱永祥.伟大的界定者:霍布斯绝对主权论的一个新的解释:现代政治与自然[M].上海:上海人民出版社,2003,(3):150-151.
[82] [英]霍布斯.利维坦[M].北京:商务印书馆,1985:131.
[83] [英]霍布斯.利维坦[M].北京:商务印书馆,1985:119.
[84] [英]霍布斯.利维坦[M].北京:商务印书馆,1985:122.
[85] [英]霍布斯.利维坦[M].北京:商务印书馆,1985:208.
[86] [英]霍布斯.利维坦[M].北京:商务印书馆,1985:137-138.
[87] [英]霍布斯.利维坦[M].北京:商务印书馆,1985:138.
[88] [英]霍布斯.利维坦[M].北京:商务印书馆,1985:211.
[89] [英]霍布斯.利维坦[M].北京:商务印书馆,1985:198.
[90] [英]霍布斯.利维坦[M].北京:商务印书馆,1985:198.
[91] [英]霍布斯.利维坦[M].北京:商务印书馆,1985:211.
[92] [英]霍布斯.利维坦[M].北京:商务印书馆,1985:209.
[93] [英]霍布斯.利维坦[M].北京:商务印书馆,1985:106.
[94] [英]霍布斯.利维坦[M].北京:商务印书馆,1985:169.
[95] [英]霍布斯.利维坦[M].北京:商务印书馆,1985:170.
[96] [英]霍布斯.论公民[M].应星、冯克利译.贵阳:贵州人民出版社,2002:134.
[97] [英]霍布斯.利维坦[M].北京:商务印书馆,1985:2.
[98] [英]霍布斯.利维坦[M].北京:商务印书馆,1985:260.
[99] [英]霍布斯.利维坦[M].北京:商务印书馆,1985:109.
[100] [英]霍布斯.利维坦[M].北京:商务印书馆,1985:92.
[101] [英]霍布斯.法律、自然和政治的原理[M].转引自[美]列奥·施特劳斯.霍布斯的政治哲学[M].申彤译.上海:译林出版社.2001:186-187.
[102] [英]霍布斯.利维坦[M].北京:商务印书馆,1985:192.
[103] [英]霍布斯.利维坦[M].北京:商务印书馆,1985:193.
[104] [英]霍布斯.利维坦[M].北京:商务印书馆,1985:193.
[105] [英]霍布斯.利维坦[M].北京:商务印书馆,1985:195.
[106] [英]霍布斯.利维坦[M].北京:商务印书馆,1985:195.
[107] [英]霍布斯.利维坦[M].北京:商务印书馆,1985:195.
[108] [英]霍布斯.利维坦[M].北京:商务印书馆,1985:224.
[109] [英]霍布斯.利维坦[M].北京:商务印书馆,1985:225.
[110] [英]霍布斯.利维坦[M].北京:商务印书馆,1985:171.
[111] [英]霍布斯.利维坦[M].北京:商务印书馆,1985:165.
[112] [英]霍布斯.利维坦[M].北京:商务印书馆,1985:225.
[113] [英]韦恩·莫里森.法理学——从古希腊到后现代[M].李桂林等译.武汉;武汉大学出版社,2003:102.
[114] [英]昆廷·斯金纳.托马·霍布斯与作为纯粹虚拟人的国家:中西政治文化论丛[M].马德普主编.天津:天津人们出版社,2001,(1):252-299.
[115] John Locke :Two Treatises of Government, edited with an introduction and notes by Peter Laslert,p,117.转引自袁柏顺.寻求权威与自由的平衡——霍布斯、洛克自由主义的兴起[D].天津师范大学,2002:53.
[116] [美]乔治·霍兰·萨拜因.政治学说史[M].刘山等译.北京:商务印书馆,1986:498.
[117]胡锦涛.在中国共产党第十七次全国代表大会上的报告[N],人民日报,2007-10-25,(1).
[118] Jurgen Habermas,The European Nation-state:On the Past and future of Sovereignty and Citizenship,p.119.转引自翟志勇.中华民族与国家认同——论宪法爱国主义[J]:政法论坛.2010-3(2):19.
© 2004-2018 中国地质图书馆版权所有 京ICP备05064691号 京公网安备11010802017129号 地址：北京市海淀区学院路29号 邮编：100083 电话：办公室：(+86 10)66554848；文献借阅、咨询服务、科技查新：66554700 |