大重载飞机起落架缓冲系统方案设计及动态性能分析
|
摘要
大重载飞机是现代航空科技与应用的一个重要发展方向,起落架方案与布局设计是大重载飞机性能提升的关键环节。本文根据飞机飞行任务、总体布置及重量特性等要求,首先对大重载飞机重心范围进行估算,然后参照飞机地面稳定性、操纵性和起落架纵横向定位方法,展开起落架方案与布局设计,涉及起落架安装位置、机轮/轮胎选择、缓冲系统设计与优化等;并讨论了多轮式起落架的轮胎载荷分配方法。
起落架与机身载荷分析是飞机强度与刚度设计的重要组成部分。在方案设计阶段可依据规范要求计算大重载飞机起落架地面操作载荷,主要包括着陆、滑行、刹车、转弯、前轮侧偏和回转等过程;并详细阐述大重载飞机着陆与滑跑的力学模型,建立动力学方程。Catia机身模型通过软件SimDesigner转换至Adams,在Adams/Aircraft环境下创建起落架模型并完成全机装配,进行大重载飞机着陆与滑跑动态响应分析。
仿真结果表明缓冲器最大行程、最大过载以及正行程吸收功量均与理论计算相一致,大重载飞机采用多轮多支柱形式能有效分散机体与地面载荷,滑跑过程中的最大载荷可以超过着陆载荷的峰值;起落架采用所设计的双作动式缓冲器能明显改善大重载飞机载粗糙道面上冲击性能,能减小轮胎和起落架的受载,可以适应大重载飞机在较短的未铺砌跑道上起降的要求。
Heavy load aircraft is integration of modern high-tech. Conception and layout design is the core and key to improving the performance of landing gear. According to the assignments, the general layout and weight characteristics of aircraft, etc, firstly this scientific dissertation estimates the center of gravity of the heavy load aircraft. Then by request of ground stability, maneuverability and positioning method of landing gear, schemes and layout design of heavy load aircraft are carried out, including installation location of landing gear, wheels/tires selection, design and optimization of absorber system. Tire load distribution scheme of multi-wheel landing gear is also analyzed.
It is an significant component part that strength and stiffness design of aircraft researches into loads of landing gear and airframe. During the scheme design stage, ground operation loads of landing gear can be analyzed and calculated on the basis of specification requirement, involving processes of landing, sliding, braking, turning, front wheel cornering and revolving. Then the mechanical analysis models and dynamic equation of landing and taxiing of heavy load aircraft are illustrated detailedly. The catia airframe model is transformed into Adams depending on software-SimDesigner. Finally dynamic response analysises regarding landing and taxiing are conducted in the environment of Adams/Aircraft, in which full machine assembly model is completed.
The simulation results show that absorber maximum stroke, peak overload and amount of absorbed energy during positive stroke are consistent with theoretical calculations. Landing gear with multi-wheels and multi-struts can effectively distribute loads of airframe and landing gear. Maximum load emerges from taxiing process can exceed that of landing. Landing gear with dual-chamber absorber which is previously designed can significantly improve the impact properties of heavy load aircraft on the rough pavement, and reduce loading of landing gear. The applied Landing gear conception can adapt demands of lifting off and landing on a relatively short unpaved runway.
起落架与机身载荷分析是飞机强度与刚度设计的重要组成部分。在方案设计阶段可依据规范要求计算大重载飞机起落架地面操作载荷,主要包括着陆、滑行、刹车、转弯、前轮侧偏和回转等过程;并详细阐述大重载飞机着陆与滑跑的力学模型,建立动力学方程。Catia机身模型通过软件SimDesigner转换至Adams,在Adams/Aircraft环境下创建起落架模型并完成全机装配,进行大重载飞机着陆与滑跑动态响应分析。
仿真结果表明缓冲器最大行程、最大过载以及正行程吸收功量均与理论计算相一致,大重载飞机采用多轮多支柱形式能有效分散机体与地面载荷,滑跑过程中的最大载荷可以超过着陆载荷的峰值;起落架采用所设计的双作动式缓冲器能明显改善大重载飞机载粗糙道面上冲击性能,能减小轮胎和起落架的受载,可以适应大重载飞机在较短的未铺砌跑道上起降的要求。
Heavy load aircraft is integration of modern high-tech. Conception and layout design is the core and key to improving the performance of landing gear. According to the assignments, the general layout and weight characteristics of aircraft, etc, firstly this scientific dissertation estimates the center of gravity of the heavy load aircraft. Then by request of ground stability, maneuverability and positioning method of landing gear, schemes and layout design of heavy load aircraft are carried out, including installation location of landing gear, wheels/tires selection, design and optimization of absorber system. Tire load distribution scheme of multi-wheel landing gear is also analyzed.
It is an significant component part that strength and stiffness design of aircraft researches into loads of landing gear and airframe. During the scheme design stage, ground operation loads of landing gear can be analyzed and calculated on the basis of specification requirement, involving processes of landing, sliding, braking, turning, front wheel cornering and revolving. Then the mechanical analysis models and dynamic equation of landing and taxiing of heavy load aircraft are illustrated detailedly. The catia airframe model is transformed into Adams depending on software-SimDesigner. Finally dynamic response analysises regarding landing and taxiing are conducted in the environment of Adams/Aircraft, in which full machine assembly model is completed.
The simulation results show that absorber maximum stroke, peak overload and amount of absorbed energy during positive stroke are consistent with theoretical calculations. Landing gear with multi-wheels and multi-struts can effectively distribute loads of airframe and landing gear. Maximum load emerges from taxiing process can exceed that of landing. Landing gear with dual-chamber absorber which is previously designed can significantly improve the impact properties of heavy load aircraft on the rough pavement, and reduce loading of landing gear. The applied Landing gear conception can adapt demands of lifting off and landing on a relatively short unpaved runway.
引文
[1] S.T. Chai, H.W. Mason: Landing Gear Interaction in Aircraft Conceptual Design,MAD 96-09-01, Virginia Polytechnics and State University, Blacksburg, VA, 1996.
[2] william P.Crisler,steven A. Brandt. Teaching the nine technologies of conceptual aircraft design [R].AIAA98-5531.
[3]王旭亮,聂宏,薛彩军,杨谋存.飞机起落架疲劳寿命与可靠性技术研究综述[C].中国航空学会2007年学术年会,飞机结构技术专题0701-03-001.
[4] S.F.N. Jenkins: Landing gear design and development. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Vol 203, 1989.
[5]《飞机设计手册》总编委会编.飞机着陆系统设计.北京:航空工业出版社,2002.
[6]顾宏斌.飞机地面运动的综合仿真研究,[博士学位论文].南京:南京航空航天大学,2001.
[7]樊海龙.多轮多支柱飞机地面载荷研究,[硕士学位论文].南京:南京航空航天大学,2006.
[8] J. Roskam: Airplane Design, Part IV: Layout Design of Landing Gear and other Systems, 1986.
[9] Sonny T. Chai and William H. Mason. Landing gear Integration in aircraft conceptual design. MAD 96-09-01, 1996.
[10]郑蓝,聂宏.大重载飞机起落架方案设计,[硕士学位论文].南京:南京航空航天大学,2009.
[11]李波,焦宗夏.飞机起落架系统动力学建模与仿真.北京航空航天大学学报,2007,33(1):46-49.
[12]《飞机设计手册》总编委会编.重量平衡与控制.北京:航空工业出版社,2002.
[13]冯元生,郑锦榕等编著.《飞机结构设计》.北京:国防工业出版社,1985.
[14]高泽炯.飞机地面操纵减摆系统及地面运动力学.航空学报,1997.
[15]李四政.多轮多支柱起落架飞机滑跑响应分析.[硕士学位论文].西北工业大学, 2006.
[16] N.S. Currey: Aircraft Landing Gear Design: Principles and Practices, AIAA Education Series, Washington, 1988.
[17]崔荣耀,刘胜利.飞机地面转弯稳定性分析.结构强度研究,2006,6(1):24~26.
[18] James Rankin, Bifurcation and Stability Analysis of Aircraft Turning Manoeuvres [Z], American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics,2007(11).
[19]国防科学技术工业委员会. GJB684A-98.军用航空轮胎系列.北京,1998.
[20]盛保信.航空轮胎充气尺寸与飞行安全.现代橡胶技术,2005,31(3):4~8.
[21]冯蕴雯,匡爱民等.并列式起落架机轮载荷分配研究.西北工业大学学报,2007,25(4):467~471.
[22]潘文廷,匡爱民等.飞机大迎角着陆时四轮小车式起落架机轮载荷分配研究.机械科学与技术,2008,27(5):649~651.
[23]牟让科,齐丕骞等.一种自适应双腔缓冲器动力特性研究.应用力学学报,2001,18:96~100.
[24]隋福成,陆华.飞机起落架缓冲器数学模型研究.飞机设计,2002,2:44~51.
[25] W. Duffek: Active Shock Absorber Control During Landing Impact. Final Report BriteEuram Research Project 2014 (LAGER 1, Task 5), IB 515/95-19, DLR, Oberpfaffenhofen, 1995.
[26]聂宏.飞机起落架的缓冲性能分析与设计及其寿命计算方法,[博士学位论文].南京:南京航空航天大学,1990.
[27] P J. Etzkorn: ELGAR: European Landing Gear Advanced Research, Final Report, Subtask 1.1.2. IB 532-00-2, DLR Oberpfaffenhofen, 2000.
[28]晋萍,聂宏.起落架着陆动态仿真分析模型及参数优化设计.南京航空航天大学学报,2003,35(5):498~50.
[29] AGARD Conference Proceedings - Landing Gear Design Loads (CP-484), AGARD, 1990.
[30]袁东.飞机起落架数学模型建立与仿真研究,[硕士学位论文].西安:西北工业大学,1999.
[31] P. D. Khapane. Simulation of asymmetric landing and typical ground maneuvers for large transport aircraft. Aerospace Science and Technology, 2003, 7: 611~619.
[32]朱剑毅,李麟.飞机起落架的动力学建模与仿真.系统仿真学报,2006,18(6):1434~1436.
[33]廖丽涓,贾玉红.基于虚拟样机的飞机起落架着陆时的响应分析.北京航空航天大学学报,2008,34(1):75~78.
[34]徐冬苓,李玉忍.飞机起落架数学模型的研究.系统仿真学报,2005,17(4):831~833.
[35]魏小辉,聂宏.基于降落区概念的飞机起落架着陆动力学分析.航空学报,2005,26(1):8~12.
[36]牟让科,胡孟权.飞机非对称着陆和滑跑载荷分析.机械科学与技术,2000,S:72~74.
[37]张明,聂宏.飞机地面转弯和刹车响应动力学分析.航空学报,2008,29(3):616~621.
[38]刘莉,杨国柱等.飞机地面滑行随机振动分析.航空学报,1993,14(4): 126~132.
[39]张曾踢、张江监等.飞机起落架滑行载荷识别.航空学报,1994.
[40] F.E.Cook,B.Milwitzky,Effect of interaction on landing-gear behavior and dynamic loads in a flexible airplane structure,NASA,R-1955~1278.
[41]张曾锠,张江监等.起落架减振器非线性特性辨识.航空学报,1994,15(1): 17~22.
[42]沈航.飞机起落架着陆与滑跑性能分析.应用力学学报.西安交通大学,2001,18(SI):198~202.
[43] T. Catt, D. Cowling and A. Shepherd: Active Landing Gear Control for Improved Ride Qualityduring Ground Roll. Smart Structures for Aircraft and Spacecraft (AGARD CP531), Stirling Dynamics Ltd, Bristol, 1993.
[44]马晓利,郭军等.基于MSC Adams/Aircraft的飞机起落架着陆动态性能分析.计算机辅助工程,2006,15:33~35.
[45]方平.小车式飞机起落架着陆与滑跑动态性能仿真分析,[硕士学位论文].南京:南京航空航天大学,2004.
[46]张明,聂宏.飞机地面运动力学分析及其关键技术研究.,[博士学位论文].南京:南京航空航天大学,2009.
[47] W.R. Krüger, W. Kortüm: Multibody Simulation in the Integrated Design of Semi-Active Landing Gears, Proceedings of the AIAA Modeling and Simulation Technologies Conference, Boston, 1998.
[2] william P.Crisler,steven A. Brandt. Teaching the nine technologies of conceptual aircraft design [R].AIAA98-5531.
[3]王旭亮,聂宏,薛彩军,杨谋存.飞机起落架疲劳寿命与可靠性技术研究综述[C].中国航空学会2007年学术年会,飞机结构技术专题0701-03-001.
[4] S.F.N. Jenkins: Landing gear design and development. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Vol 203, 1989.
[5]《飞机设计手册》总编委会编.飞机着陆系统设计.北京:航空工业出版社,2002.
[6]顾宏斌.飞机地面运动的综合仿真研究,[博士学位论文].南京:南京航空航天大学,2001.
[7]樊海龙.多轮多支柱飞机地面载荷研究,[硕士学位论文].南京:南京航空航天大学,2006.
[8] J. Roskam: Airplane Design, Part IV: Layout Design of Landing Gear and other Systems, 1986.
[9] Sonny T. Chai and William H. Mason. Landing gear Integration in aircraft conceptual design. MAD 96-09-01, 1996.
[10]郑蓝,聂宏.大重载飞机起落架方案设计,[硕士学位论文].南京:南京航空航天大学,2009.
[11]李波,焦宗夏.飞机起落架系统动力学建模与仿真.北京航空航天大学学报,2007,33(1):46-49.
[12]《飞机设计手册》总编委会编.重量平衡与控制.北京:航空工业出版社,2002.
[13]冯元生,郑锦榕等编著.《飞机结构设计》.北京:国防工业出版社,1985.
[14]高泽炯.飞机地面操纵减摆系统及地面运动力学.航空学报,1997.
[15]李四政.多轮多支柱起落架飞机滑跑响应分析.[硕士学位论文].西北工业大学, 2006.
[16] N.S. Currey: Aircraft Landing Gear Design: Principles and Practices, AIAA Education Series, Washington, 1988.
[17]崔荣耀,刘胜利.飞机地面转弯稳定性分析.结构强度研究,2006,6(1):24~26.
[18] James Rankin, Bifurcation and Stability Analysis of Aircraft Turning Manoeuvres [Z], American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics,2007(11).
[19]国防科学技术工业委员会. GJB684A-98.军用航空轮胎系列.北京,1998.
[20]盛保信.航空轮胎充气尺寸与飞行安全.现代橡胶技术,2005,31(3):4~8.
[21]冯蕴雯,匡爱民等.并列式起落架机轮载荷分配研究.西北工业大学学报,2007,25(4):467~471.
[22]潘文廷,匡爱民等.飞机大迎角着陆时四轮小车式起落架机轮载荷分配研究.机械科学与技术,2008,27(5):649~651.
[23]牟让科,齐丕骞等.一种自适应双腔缓冲器动力特性研究.应用力学学报,2001,18:96~100.
[24]隋福成,陆华.飞机起落架缓冲器数学模型研究.飞机设计,2002,2:44~51.
[25] W. Duffek: Active Shock Absorber Control During Landing Impact. Final Report BriteEuram Research Project 2014 (LAGER 1, Task 5), IB 515/95-19, DLR, Oberpfaffenhofen, 1995.
[26]聂宏.飞机起落架的缓冲性能分析与设计及其寿命计算方法,[博士学位论文].南京:南京航空航天大学,1990.
[27] P J. Etzkorn: ELGAR: European Landing Gear Advanced Research, Final Report, Subtask 1.1.2. IB 532-00-2, DLR Oberpfaffenhofen, 2000.
[28]晋萍,聂宏.起落架着陆动态仿真分析模型及参数优化设计.南京航空航天大学学报,2003,35(5):498~50.
[29] AGARD Conference Proceedings - Landing Gear Design Loads (CP-484), AGARD, 1990.
[30]袁东.飞机起落架数学模型建立与仿真研究,[硕士学位论文].西安:西北工业大学,1999.
[31] P. D. Khapane. Simulation of asymmetric landing and typical ground maneuvers for large transport aircraft. Aerospace Science and Technology, 2003, 7: 611~619.
[32]朱剑毅,李麟.飞机起落架的动力学建模与仿真.系统仿真学报,2006,18(6):1434~1436.
[33]廖丽涓,贾玉红.基于虚拟样机的飞机起落架着陆时的响应分析.北京航空航天大学学报,2008,34(1):75~78.
[34]徐冬苓,李玉忍.飞机起落架数学模型的研究.系统仿真学报,2005,17(4):831~833.
[35]魏小辉,聂宏.基于降落区概念的飞机起落架着陆动力学分析.航空学报,2005,26(1):8~12.
[36]牟让科,胡孟权.飞机非对称着陆和滑跑载荷分析.机械科学与技术,2000,S:72~74.
[37]张明,聂宏.飞机地面转弯和刹车响应动力学分析.航空学报,2008,29(3):616~621.
[38]刘莉,杨国柱等.飞机地面滑行随机振动分析.航空学报,1993,14(4): 126~132.
[39]张曾踢、张江监等.飞机起落架滑行载荷识别.航空学报,1994.
[40] F.E.Cook,B.Milwitzky,Effect of interaction on landing-gear behavior and dynamic loads in a flexible airplane structure,NASA,R-1955~1278.
[41]张曾锠,张江监等.起落架减振器非线性特性辨识.航空学报,1994,15(1): 17~22.
[42]沈航.飞机起落架着陆与滑跑性能分析.应用力学学报.西安交通大学,2001,18(SI):198~202.
[43] T. Catt, D. Cowling and A. Shepherd: Active Landing Gear Control for Improved Ride Qualityduring Ground Roll. Smart Structures for Aircraft and Spacecraft (AGARD CP531), Stirling Dynamics Ltd, Bristol, 1993.
[44]马晓利,郭军等.基于MSC Adams/Aircraft的飞机起落架着陆动态性能分析.计算机辅助工程,2006,15:33~35.
[45]方平.小车式飞机起落架着陆与滑跑动态性能仿真分析,[硕士学位论文].南京:南京航空航天大学,2004.
[46]张明,聂宏.飞机地面运动力学分析及其关键技术研究.,[博士学位论文].南京:南京航空航天大学,2009.
[47] W.R. Krüger, W. Kortüm: Multibody Simulation in the Integrated Design of Semi-Active Landing Gears, Proceedings of the AIAA Modeling and Simulation Technologies Conference, Boston, 1998.
© 2004-2018 中国地质图书馆版权所有 京ICP备05064691号 京公网安备11010802017129号 地址：北京市海淀区学院路29号 邮编：100083 电话：办公室：(+86 10)66554848；文献借阅、咨询服务、科技查新：66554700 |