铁路自闭贯通线路故障定位研究
|
摘要
本文针对自闭/贯通线路和配网中电缆架空线这种混合线路输电模式应用行波法进行故障测距研究。在将行波测距应用在自闭/贯通线路中有三个主要问题需要解决,一是对于行波波头到达时刻的准确判定；二是对行波波速的合理选择；最后是如何解决混合线路中波速不一致的问题。
首先介绍了行波基本理论以及行波测距的基本原理,分别分析了架空线和电缆线路中行波的传播特性并选择双端法对混合线路进行行波测距；介绍了相模变换的基本理论以及架空线路和电缆线路的模量传播参数,做为之后分析计算的理论基础；介绍了小波变换原理以及HHT变换原理,并分析比较了用三次B样条小波和HHT变换识别故障行波波头以确定波头到达时刻。
而后在PSCAD中分别对单一电缆线路和单一架空线路搭建仿真模型,利用仿真软件中的线路参数矩阵分析计算行波在两种线路中的传播速度特点,并分别给出了两种线路中的波速拟合曲线。
最后应用行波双端法对混合线路进行故障测距,通过使用等效波速法解决混合线路中波速不一致的问题,对几种典型混合线路进行仿真分析,验证了该算法对于混合线路测距的优越性,并对该算法进行了改进,提高了测距的准确性
通过理论分析和大量仿真计算表明,对于故障行波波头的到达时刻使用三次B样条小波进行小波变换后可以更为准确的确定故障行波波头到达时刻；利用线路参数矩阵进行分析计算,选择其故障频段下的波速对混合线路故障行波测距的仿真表明,该波速可以满足测距所需精度,能够实现对混合线路故障的准确定位；利用等效波速测距方法对混合线路进行故障测距,很好的解决的混合线路波速不一致的问题,但在仿真中也发现了该种方法的不足,即对于发生在电缆中的线路若使用架空线路中的波速等效,误差会较大,甚至导致测距的失败,使用改进后的算法后,测距结果更加准确。
In this paper, since the railway automatic blocking and continuous transmission lines of cable lines and overhead lines in distribution network transmission mode of application of this hybrid line traveling wave method of fault location. Traveling wave in the application of the mixed lines there are three major problems to be solved, one for traveling wave determine the exact time of first arrival; the second is the logical choice for traveling wave velocity; finally, how to solve the mixed line problem of inconsistency in velocity.
First introduced the line of wavelet theory and the basic principle of traveling wave, respectively, of the overhead lines and cable lines BOC Wave Propagation and select the double-end method for traveling wave mixing line; describes the basic phase mode transformation theory and the overhead lines and cable lines modulus communication parameters, as calculated after the analysis of the theoretical basis; introduced the wavelet transform principle and the principle of HHT, and compare the cubic B-spline wavelet and HHT transform fault traveling wave identification first to determine the arrival time of the first wave.
Then in the PSCAD a single cable line, respectively, and a single overhead line structures simulation model, using simulation software in the calculation of the line parameter matrices of the two lines in the wave propagation velocity respectively, and given the velocity of two lines fitting curve.
Finally the wave double-end method for fault location on the mixing line, by using the equivalent circuit velocity method to solve the mixed problem of inconsistent velocity of several typical hybrid circuit simulation and analysis, show that the algorithm for hybrid circuits ranging superiority, and the algorithm is improved to improve the accuracy of the distance.
Through theoretical analysis and a large number of simulation show that the fault line for the first wave arrival times using wavelet cubic B-spline wavelet transform can be more accurately determine the fault line of the first wave arrival time; use of matrix analysis of line parameters calculated Select the fault band velocity on the mixing line under the traveling wave fault simulation shows that the velocity accuracy required to meet the distance, to achieve the accuracy of the hybrid line fault location; velocity ranging method using equivalent circuit for the hybrid fault location, a good mix of lines to solve the problem of inconsistent velocity, but also found in the simulation methods of the deficiencies that occurred in the cable for the line if the use of overhead lines in the velocity equivalent, the error would be more large, and even lead to the failure of distance, using the improved algorithm, the distance was more accurate.
首先介绍了行波基本理论以及行波测距的基本原理,分别分析了架空线和电缆线路中行波的传播特性并选择双端法对混合线路进行行波测距；介绍了相模变换的基本理论以及架空线路和电缆线路的模量传播参数,做为之后分析计算的理论基础；介绍了小波变换原理以及HHT变换原理,并分析比较了用三次B样条小波和HHT变换识别故障行波波头以确定波头到达时刻。
而后在PSCAD中分别对单一电缆线路和单一架空线路搭建仿真模型,利用仿真软件中的线路参数矩阵分析计算行波在两种线路中的传播速度特点,并分别给出了两种线路中的波速拟合曲线。
最后应用行波双端法对混合线路进行故障测距,通过使用等效波速法解决混合线路中波速不一致的问题,对几种典型混合线路进行仿真分析,验证了该算法对于混合线路测距的优越性,并对该算法进行了改进,提高了测距的准确性
通过理论分析和大量仿真计算表明,对于故障行波波头的到达时刻使用三次B样条小波进行小波变换后可以更为准确的确定故障行波波头到达时刻；利用线路参数矩阵进行分析计算,选择其故障频段下的波速对混合线路故障行波测距的仿真表明,该波速可以满足测距所需精度,能够实现对混合线路故障的准确定位；利用等效波速测距方法对混合线路进行故障测距,很好的解决的混合线路波速不一致的问题,但在仿真中也发现了该种方法的不足,即对于发生在电缆中的线路若使用架空线路中的波速等效,误差会较大,甚至导致测距的失败,使用改进后的算法后,测距结果更加准确。
In this paper, since the railway automatic blocking and continuous transmission lines of cable lines and overhead lines in distribution network transmission mode of application of this hybrid line traveling wave method of fault location. Traveling wave in the application of the mixed lines there are three major problems to be solved, one for traveling wave determine the exact time of first arrival; the second is the logical choice for traveling wave velocity; finally, how to solve the mixed line problem of inconsistency in velocity.
First introduced the line of wavelet theory and the basic principle of traveling wave, respectively, of the overhead lines and cable lines BOC Wave Propagation and select the double-end method for traveling wave mixing line; describes the basic phase mode transformation theory and the overhead lines and cable lines modulus communication parameters, as calculated after the analysis of the theoretical basis; introduced the wavelet transform principle and the principle of HHT, and compare the cubic B-spline wavelet and HHT transform fault traveling wave identification first to determine the arrival time of the first wave.
Then in the PSCAD a single cable line, respectively, and a single overhead line structures simulation model, using simulation software in the calculation of the line parameter matrices of the two lines in the wave propagation velocity respectively, and given the velocity of two lines fitting curve.
Finally the wave double-end method for fault location on the mixing line, by using the equivalent circuit velocity method to solve the mixed problem of inconsistent velocity of several typical hybrid circuit simulation and analysis, show that the algorithm for hybrid circuits ranging superiority, and the algorithm is improved to improve the accuracy of the distance.
Through theoretical analysis and a large number of simulation show that the fault line for the first wave arrival times using wavelet cubic B-spline wavelet transform can be more accurately determine the fault line of the first wave arrival time; use of matrix analysis of line parameters calculated Select the fault band velocity on the mixing line under the traveling wave fault simulation shows that the velocity accuracy required to meet the distance, to achieve the accuracy of the hybrid line fault location; velocity ranging method using equivalent circuit for the hybrid fault location, a good mix of lines to solve the problem of inconsistent velocity, but also found in the simulation methods of the deficiencies that occurred in the cable for the line if the use of overhead lines in the velocity equivalent, the error would be more large, and even lead to the failure of distance, using the improved algorithm, the distance was more accurate.
引文
[1]华兴玉.电力设备运行与维护[M].北京：中国铁道出版社1995.
[2]赵志熙.车站信号控制系统[M].北京：中国铁道出版社1997.
[3]《铁路电力设计规范》TB10008-99[S].北京：中国铁道出版社1999.
[4]季英业,和敬涵.基于小波变换的小电流接地系统的行波测距[J].高电压技术,2004,1(30)：13-15.
[5]胡其秀.电力电缆线路手册[M].北京：中国水利水电出版社,2005.
[6]吴维韩,张芳榴等《电力系统过电压数值计算》[M].北京：清华大学1986.
[7]P.Chen, B.Y. Xu, Y.Z. Ge. Extraction of Travelling Wave on Overhead Power Line from Current Transients. International Conference on Electrical Engineering (ICEE), Jeju, Korea,2002: 2183-2189.
[8]Chen ai hua.Traveling Wave Solutions to the Three—Dimensional Nonlinear Viscoelastic System[J]. JOURNAL OF PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS,2009,22(1):42-56.
[9]A.M. Ranjbar, A.R. Shirani, A.F. Fathi. A New Approach for Fault Location Problem on Power Lines. IEEE Trans on Power Delivery.1992,7(1):146-151.
[10]于景丰,赵锋.电力电缆实用技术[M].北京：中国水利水电出版社,2003.
[11]Shu Hong chun, Chen Xueyun, Xu Cheng bin.A practical fault location algorithm for multi-terminal transmission lines with radial structure[J]. Automation of Electric Power Systems, 1998,22(2):21-25.
[12]A.O. Ibe, B.J. Cory. A Travelling Wave-based Fault Locator for Two-and Three Terminal Networks. IEEE Trans on Power Systems,1986,1 (2),283-288.
[13]Zhang Feng, Liang Jun, Zhang Li, etal. Novel method about traveling wave fault location based on treble terminal measurement data for transmission lines[J]. Automation of Electric Power Systems,2008,32(8):69-72.
[14]杨栋.基于行波法的10kV电力电缆故障测距算法的改进研究[J].电力科学与工程,2009,25(2)：16-18.
[15]Song Y H. Accurate fault location scheme based on neural networks applied to EHV transmission systems[J]. Proceedings of the International Conference on Power System Technology, Beijing China, October 18-21,1994,pp:1028-1031
[16]贾智彬,陈雪,杨志广.基于输电线路行波波速在线测量方法的研究[J].电气开 关,2009,1，41-45.
[17]马丹丹,王晓茹.基于小波模极大值的单端行波故障测距[J].2009,37(2)：55-58.
[18]Dong Xin zhong, Ge Yao zhong, Xu Bing yin. Research of Fault Location Based on Curent Travelling Waves[J]. Proceedings of the Csee,1999,19(4).
[19]Qin Jian, Peng Li ping, Wang He chun. Single Terminal Methods of Traveling Wave Fault Location in Transmission Line Using Wavelet Transform[J]. Automation of Electric Power Systems,2005, 29(19):62-65.
[20]李一峰,陈平.一种输电线路故障测距新方法[J].电力系统及其自动化学报.2008,20(4)：125-128.
[21]Xu Bingyin. Fault Location Technology of Transmission Lines Based on Travelling Waves[D]. Xi'an:The Electrical Engineering College of Xi'an Jiao tong University,1991.
[22]Lee H, Mousa A M. GPS traveling wave fault locator systems:investigation into the anomalous measurements related to lightning strikes[J]. IEEE Trans on Power Delivery,1996,11(3):1214-1223.
[23]Shi Shen xing, Dong Xin zhou. Study of fault line selection using single-phase current traveling waves[J]. Power System Protection and Contro,2008,36(14):13-16.
[24]G.B.Ancell, N.C. Pahalawaththa. Maximum Likelihood Estimation of Fault Location on Transmission Lines Using Travelling Waves. IEEE Trans. On Power Delivery.1994,9(2):680-689.
[25]Swift G W. The spectra of fault-induced transiens. IEEE Trans. On Power Apparatus and Systems, 1979, Pas-98(3):940-947.
[26]Chen Yu lin.Gong Qing wu,Chen Yun ping,Cao Yu shen. Traveling Wave Fault Location for Crossbonded HV Cables[J].High Voltage Engineering,2008,34(4):799-844.
[27]黄甫学政,王光明110kV XLPE电缆故障定位[J].高电压技术,2001,27(增)：44-47.
[28]Kazuo A, Hiroyuki K, Yoshinori K. Fujikura technical review:fault location system for power cable using global positioning system-flag[R/OL]. Tokyo, Japan:Fujikura Ltd,2000[2005-03-231],231.
[29]Walker L N, et al. Simulated power transmission substation. Record of Technical Papers, SWIEEECO, Dallas, Texas, April 1970.
[30]Inoue,N,;Tsunekage,T.;Sakai,S,Fault section detection system for 275kV XLPE-insula-tedcables with optical sensing technique,Power Delivery,IEEE Transactions on,Volum-e:10,Issue:3,July 1995 Pages:1148-1155.
[31]X.Z. Dong, J.G.Bi, et al. Technique of Fault Line Selection for No Direct Ground Neutral System. Proceeding of 37th University Power Engineering Conference, Stafford, UK,2002,193-196.
[32]Shim,I,;Soraghan,J.J.;Siew,W.H.;Partial discharge mapping in high voltage(HV) cable network Electrical Insulation Conference and Electrical Manufacturing & Coil Winding Conference,1999.Proceedings,26-28 Oct.1999.
[33]B.Lian, M.M.A.Salama. An Overview of Digital Fault Location Algorithms for Power Transmission Lines Using Transient Waveforms. Electric Power Systems Research.1994,29:17-25.
[34]Hariri,A.;Zhifang Du;Dong Sui;Mashikian,M.S.;Jordan,D,Field location of partial discharge in power cables using an adaptive noise mitigating system,Electrical Insulation,1996.,Volume:1,16-19 June 1996 Pages:121-125 vol.1.
[35]Gross, D.W.;Herbig,J.G.;Partial discharge fault location and diagnosis on HV Power cables Electrical Insulation and Dielectric Phenomena,2000 Annual Report Conference on,Volume:2, 15-18 Oct.2000 Pages:630-633 vol,2.
[36]Eduardo Cesar Senger, Giovanni Manassero, Jr.Clovis Goldemberg. Automated Fault Location System For Primary Distribution Networks. IEEE Transactions On Power Delivery,2005,20(2): 1332-1336.
[37]J.B.Lee,C.W.Ha, C.H.Jung. Development of digital distance relaying algorithm in combined transmission lines with underground power cables. IEEE Power Engineering,2001, (1):611-616.
[38]D.J.Lawrence, D.L.Waser. Transmission Line Fault Location Using Digital Fault Recoredrs. IEEE Transactions On Power Delivery,1998,3(2):496-501.
[39]蔡华嵘,范春菊,郁惟铺,等.一种实用的高压输电线路双端电气量故障测距新算法[J].中国电力,2003,36(7)：31-34.
[40]和敬涵,季英业.小电流接地系统单相接地故障测距方法的研究.华北电力技术,2004,(1)：1-3.
[41]Lee J B, Ha C W, Chung C H. Development of digital distance relaying algorithm in combined transmission lines with underground power cables[C]. IEEE Power Engineering Society Summer Meeting,2001:611-616.
[42]马超然.输电线路行波故障定位技术发展及展望[J].继电器,2007,35(24)：11-15.
[43]Ge Yao zhong. New Types of Protective Relaying and Fault Location:Theory and Techniques, Second Edition[M]. Xi'an:Xi'an Jiao tong University Press,2007.
[44]Johns A T Agrawal P New Approach to Power Line Protection Based upon the Detection of Fault Induced High Frequency Signals[J]. IEE Proceedings,C,1990,1,37(4):307-313.
[45]Ge Yao zhong, Xu Bing yin, Chen Ping. Study of Fault Location Based on Travelling Waves[J]. Journal of Xi'an jiao tong University,1995,29(3):70-75.
[46]Dong Xin zhou. Wavelet Theory Applied to Study on Fault Location of Transmission Lines Doctoral Dissertation[D]. Xi'an:Xi'an Jiao tong University,1996.
[47]Yu Yu ze,Qin Jian,Li Gong xin,Chen Shu yong etl. A Survey on Fault Location Methods for Hybrid Transmission Lines Consisting of Power Cables and Overhead Lines[J]. Power System Technology,2006,30(17):64-69.
[48]Zhang Bing da,Zhang Dong hai,Wang Tie hong. Cable Fault Location Based on the Apparent Traveling Wave Velocity[J]. High Voltage Engineering,2005,31(2):79-80,86.
[49]Li Jun,Fan Chun ju. Research of electrical cable traveling wave fault location based on wavelet analysis[J]. RELAY,2005,33(14):15-18.
[2]赵志熙.车站信号控制系统[M].北京：中国铁道出版社1997.
[3]《铁路电力设计规范》TB10008-99[S].北京：中国铁道出版社1999.
[4]季英业,和敬涵.基于小波变换的小电流接地系统的行波测距[J].高电压技术,2004,1(30)：13-15.
[5]胡其秀.电力电缆线路手册[M].北京：中国水利水电出版社,2005.
[6]吴维韩,张芳榴等《电力系统过电压数值计算》[M].北京：清华大学1986.
[7]P.Chen, B.Y. Xu, Y.Z. Ge. Extraction of Travelling Wave on Overhead Power Line from Current Transients. International Conference on Electrical Engineering (ICEE), Jeju, Korea,2002: 2183-2189.
[8]Chen ai hua.Traveling Wave Solutions to the Three—Dimensional Nonlinear Viscoelastic System[J]. JOURNAL OF PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS,2009,22(1):42-56.
[9]A.M. Ranjbar, A.R. Shirani, A.F. Fathi. A New Approach for Fault Location Problem on Power Lines. IEEE Trans on Power Delivery.1992,7(1):146-151.
[10]于景丰,赵锋.电力电缆实用技术[M].北京：中国水利水电出版社,2003.
[11]Shu Hong chun, Chen Xueyun, Xu Cheng bin.A practical fault location algorithm for multi-terminal transmission lines with radial structure[J]. Automation of Electric Power Systems, 1998,22(2):21-25.
[12]A.O. Ibe, B.J. Cory. A Travelling Wave-based Fault Locator for Two-and Three Terminal Networks. IEEE Trans on Power Systems,1986,1 (2),283-288.
[13]Zhang Feng, Liang Jun, Zhang Li, etal. Novel method about traveling wave fault location based on treble terminal measurement data for transmission lines[J]. Automation of Electric Power Systems,2008,32(8):69-72.
[14]杨栋.基于行波法的10kV电力电缆故障测距算法的改进研究[J].电力科学与工程,2009,25(2)：16-18.
[15]Song Y H. Accurate fault location scheme based on neural networks applied to EHV transmission systems[J]. Proceedings of the International Conference on Power System Technology, Beijing China, October 18-21,1994,pp:1028-1031
[16]贾智彬,陈雪,杨志广.基于输电线路行波波速在线测量方法的研究[J].电气开 关,2009,1，41-45.
[17]马丹丹,王晓茹.基于小波模极大值的单端行波故障测距[J].2009,37(2)：55-58.
[18]Dong Xin zhong, Ge Yao zhong, Xu Bing yin. Research of Fault Location Based on Curent Travelling Waves[J]. Proceedings of the Csee,1999,19(4).
[19]Qin Jian, Peng Li ping, Wang He chun. Single Terminal Methods of Traveling Wave Fault Location in Transmission Line Using Wavelet Transform[J]. Automation of Electric Power Systems,2005, 29(19):62-65.
[20]李一峰,陈平.一种输电线路故障测距新方法[J].电力系统及其自动化学报.2008,20(4)：125-128.
[21]Xu Bingyin. Fault Location Technology of Transmission Lines Based on Travelling Waves[D]. Xi'an:The Electrical Engineering College of Xi'an Jiao tong University,1991.
[22]Lee H, Mousa A M. GPS traveling wave fault locator systems:investigation into the anomalous measurements related to lightning strikes[J]. IEEE Trans on Power Delivery,1996,11(3):1214-1223.
[23]Shi Shen xing, Dong Xin zhou. Study of fault line selection using single-phase current traveling waves[J]. Power System Protection and Contro,2008,36(14):13-16.
[24]G.B.Ancell, N.C. Pahalawaththa. Maximum Likelihood Estimation of Fault Location on Transmission Lines Using Travelling Waves. IEEE Trans. On Power Delivery.1994,9(2):680-689.
[25]Swift G W. The spectra of fault-induced transiens. IEEE Trans. On Power Apparatus and Systems, 1979, Pas-98(3):940-947.
[26]Chen Yu lin.Gong Qing wu,Chen Yun ping,Cao Yu shen. Traveling Wave Fault Location for Crossbonded HV Cables[J].High Voltage Engineering,2008,34(4):799-844.
[27]黄甫学政,王光明110kV XLPE电缆故障定位[J].高电压技术,2001,27(增)：44-47.
[28]Kazuo A, Hiroyuki K, Yoshinori K. Fujikura technical review:fault location system for power cable using global positioning system-flag[R/OL]. Tokyo, Japan:Fujikura Ltd,2000[2005-03-231],231.
[29]Walker L N, et al. Simulated power transmission substation. Record of Technical Papers, SWIEEECO, Dallas, Texas, April 1970.
[30]Inoue,N,;Tsunekage,T.;Sakai,S,Fault section detection system for 275kV XLPE-insula-tedcables with optical sensing technique,Power Delivery,IEEE Transactions on,Volum-e:10,Issue:3,July 1995 Pages:1148-1155.
[31]X.Z. Dong, J.G.Bi, et al. Technique of Fault Line Selection for No Direct Ground Neutral System. Proceeding of 37th University Power Engineering Conference, Stafford, UK,2002,193-196.
[32]Shim,I,;Soraghan,J.J.;Siew,W.H.;Partial discharge mapping in high voltage(HV) cable network Electrical Insulation Conference and Electrical Manufacturing & Coil Winding Conference,1999.Proceedings,26-28 Oct.1999.
[33]B.Lian, M.M.A.Salama. An Overview of Digital Fault Location Algorithms for Power Transmission Lines Using Transient Waveforms. Electric Power Systems Research.1994,29:17-25.
[34]Hariri,A.;Zhifang Du;Dong Sui;Mashikian,M.S.;Jordan,D,Field location of partial discharge in power cables using an adaptive noise mitigating system,Electrical Insulation,1996.,Volume:1,16-19 June 1996 Pages:121-125 vol.1.
[35]Gross, D.W.;Herbig,J.G.;Partial discharge fault location and diagnosis on HV Power cables Electrical Insulation and Dielectric Phenomena,2000 Annual Report Conference on,Volume:2, 15-18 Oct.2000 Pages:630-633 vol,2.
[36]Eduardo Cesar Senger, Giovanni Manassero, Jr.Clovis Goldemberg. Automated Fault Location System For Primary Distribution Networks. IEEE Transactions On Power Delivery,2005,20(2): 1332-1336.
[37]J.B.Lee,C.W.Ha, C.H.Jung. Development of digital distance relaying algorithm in combined transmission lines with underground power cables. IEEE Power Engineering,2001, (1):611-616.
[38]D.J.Lawrence, D.L.Waser. Transmission Line Fault Location Using Digital Fault Recoredrs. IEEE Transactions On Power Delivery,1998,3(2):496-501.
[39]蔡华嵘,范春菊,郁惟铺,等.一种实用的高压输电线路双端电气量故障测距新算法[J].中国电力,2003,36(7)：31-34.
[40]和敬涵,季英业.小电流接地系统单相接地故障测距方法的研究.华北电力技术,2004,(1)：1-3.
[41]Lee J B, Ha C W, Chung C H. Development of digital distance relaying algorithm in combined transmission lines with underground power cables[C]. IEEE Power Engineering Society Summer Meeting,2001:611-616.
[42]马超然.输电线路行波故障定位技术发展及展望[J].继电器,2007,35(24)：11-15.
[43]Ge Yao zhong. New Types of Protective Relaying and Fault Location:Theory and Techniques, Second Edition[M]. Xi'an:Xi'an Jiao tong University Press,2007.
[44]Johns A T Agrawal P New Approach to Power Line Protection Based upon the Detection of Fault Induced High Frequency Signals[J]. IEE Proceedings,C,1990,1,37(4):307-313.
[45]Ge Yao zhong, Xu Bing yin, Chen Ping. Study of Fault Location Based on Travelling Waves[J]. Journal of Xi'an jiao tong University,1995,29(3):70-75.
[46]Dong Xin zhou. Wavelet Theory Applied to Study on Fault Location of Transmission Lines Doctoral Dissertation[D]. Xi'an:Xi'an Jiao tong University,1996.
[47]Yu Yu ze,Qin Jian,Li Gong xin,Chen Shu yong etl. A Survey on Fault Location Methods for Hybrid Transmission Lines Consisting of Power Cables and Overhead Lines[J]. Power System Technology,2006,30(17):64-69.
[48]Zhang Bing da,Zhang Dong hai,Wang Tie hong. Cable Fault Location Based on the Apparent Traveling Wave Velocity[J]. High Voltage Engineering,2005,31(2):79-80,86.
[49]Li Jun,Fan Chun ju. Research of electrical cable traveling wave fault location based on wavelet analysis[J]. RELAY,2005,33(14):15-18.
© 2004-2018 中国地质图书馆版权所有 京ICP备05064691号 京公网安备11010802017129号 地址：北京市海淀区学院路29号 邮编：100083 电话：办公室：(+86 10)66554848；文献借阅、咨询服务、科技查新：66554700 |