西北地区土遗址植物多样性调查及其保护对策研究
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摘要
土遗址是以土为主要建筑材的具有历史、文化和科学价值的古遗址。研究发现,土遗址的破坏可分为自然破坏和人为破坏。自然破坏主要有片状剥蚀、陶蚀、裂隙缝、冲沟和生物破坏。
目前对于土遗址的保护,主要是限制在工程学、建筑学等范畴,对于利用植物保护土遗址,几乎没有涉足。通过对植物的护坡机制和少量的土遗址与植物等文献的整理分析,发现土遗址与其植物间的关系具有双重性,一方面土遗址周围的植物群落可以减少土遗址的风蚀和水蚀,同时矮小植物可以减少对土遗址的雨蚀；另一方面一些大型植物,会对土遗址造成破坏,主要表现在其根系会增加土遗址的裂隙,使其更容易受到风蚀、水蚀和雨蚀。由于这种双重性的关系,故研究土遗址与植物间的关系,将为土遗址的保护提供新的思路和技术。
选取西北地区典型的土遗址,如长城、王陵和古城遗址,通过调查土遗址周边的植物现状,描述植物对土遗址的作用、结合土遗址基本思路和植被状况,建立一套对土遗址起积极作用的植物群落,进行土遗址的保护。同时通过对土遗址植物群落的地理信息描述,建立西北地区土遗址植物群落的基础数据库,为土遗址与植物间的关系研究,提供基础数据。
目前研究结论主要通过8个方面来展现：(1)植物区系特征：①通过对黄土高原地区战国秦长城沿线种子植物调查,共统计到种子植物58科242属444种,以菊科最多,共38属82种。科的区系分布类型共4个正型和4个变型。属的区系分布类型共13个正型和11个变型,中国特有属2个,分布在菊科(Compositae)和伞形科(Umbelliferae)。调查区域的植物种类相对丰富；地理成分比较复杂,以温带成分占优势,以北温带分布型和旧世界温带分布型为主；发现珍稀濒危植物2种。②通过对河西走廊地区明长城沿线种子植物调查,共统计到种子植物26科79属107种,以藜科最多,共13属21种。科的区系分布类型共4个正型和3个变型。属的区系分布类型共12个正型和9个变型,中国特有属1个,即菊科的河西菊属(Hexinia)。调查区域的植物种类相对单一；地理成分比较单一,以地中海地区、西亚至中亚分布型和北温带成分为主；发现珍惜濒危植物4种,一级保护植物1种,其余均属二级保护。③通过对新疆维吾尔自治区交河故城和北庭故城的考察,统计到种子植物12科23属25种,以藜科最多。调查区域的植物种类相对单一；地理成分比较单一,以地中海地区、西亚至中亚分布型为主。④通过对西夏王陵的考察,陵塔的植物几乎为盐生草(Halogeton glomeratus),周边植物主要为猪毛蒿(Artemisia scoparia),调查区域的植物种类较为单一；地理成分十分单一,以北温带分布型为主。(2)植物群落特征：①通过对黄土高原地区战国秦长城沿线植物群落的调查发现,该地区主要有3个植被型组,5个植被型,6个亚型9个群系。其中有7个群系属于草原植被型组,常见的有针茅(Stipa capillata)群系、百里香(Thymus mongolicus)群系等,说明长城沿线为典型草原植被类型,其间夹杂了一些其它温带植被类型。②通过对河西走廊地区明长城沿线植物群落的调查发现,该地区有5个植被型组,5个植被型,10个亚型16个群系。其中有9个群系属于荒漠植被型组,常见的有红砂(Reaumuria songarica)群系、梭梭(Haloxylon ammodendron)群系等,说明该长城沿线为典型温带荒漠植被类型,其间夹杂了一些其它温带植被类型。新疆维吾尔自治区交河故城和北庭故城的植物群落与河西地区基本相同。③西夏王陵的植物群落为盐生草(Halogeton glomeratus)群系和猪毛蒿(Artemisia scoparia)群系。(3)通过对土遗址植物的研究发现,其植物区系变化很大,但是与当地的主要构建类群基本一致。这为利用植物因素保护土遗址提供了植物物种筛选的基本原则,即物种的植物区系属于该地区的主流植物区系。(4)通过对植物群落的调查、实际观测和植物群落生态效应的文献研究,对于利用植物群落保护土遗址提供了群落筛选的层次。群落筛选的层次分为三层：①在距离土遗址本体0.5km的区域,选择高大的乔木,组成防护林,减少土遗址的风蚀。②在土遗址本身和防护林之间,选择灌丛,减少土遗址的水蚀。③在土遗址本体上,选择根系较小,覆盖度较高的植物群落,减少土遗址的雨蚀。(5)群落筛选的原则有两个：①土遗址本体以外的植物,选择当地常见的乔木群落和灌丛。②土遗址本体植物群落的选择,主要是当地的小灌木和多年生草本群落。(6)通过对植物区系和植物群落构建理论的研究,针对土遗址植物物种的选择提出三个原则：①所选物种一定要为该地植物群落主要构建者。②所选物种的区系特征必须属于该地区的主流区系。③所选物种最好为多年生草本或小型灌木。(7)通过西北地区土遗址植物数据库的建立,从大尺度上了解土遗址大保存现状和保存趋势,监测土遗址植物的变化,为两者间的关系进一步研究提供更为充足的依据。(8)建立西北地区土遗址植物的标本库,为进一步的土遗址植物调查提供参考。
Earthen heritage site(EHS) takes soil as the main building materials, it has historical, cultural and scientific value of the ancient ruins. The deteriorations of the EHS were divided into the two major types:the nature breakage and the man breakage. The nature breakage includes slice-peeling, recess, cranny, gulch, biological damage.
At present, for the protection of EHS, mainly in the field of engineering, architecture, etc, there is no reports for the use of plant protection EHS. By collating and analyzing literatures that they are plant slope protection mechanism and a small amount of the relationship between the plant and EHS, etc.we found that the relationship between EHS and plant is duplicity, On the one hand, plant communities can reduce wind erosion and water erosion of EHS around the EHS, while the dwarf can reduce the rain erosion of EHS; on the other hand,macrophyte can cause damage to EHS,the destruction mainly manifested in its root system can increase the EHS'cracks, make them more vulnerable to wind erosion, rain erosion and water erosion. So the research on the relationship between EHS and plant,it will provide new train of thought and new technology for EHS protection.
Selected the typical EHS in northwest China, for example, the Great Wall,ancient city,Emperor's Tomb. By investigating EHS around the plant situation, describing the influence of plant on soil sites, combining EHS basic train of thought and vegetation conditions, to establish a plant community in a positive effect to the protection of EHS. At the same time, by describing the EHS'plant community of geographic information, to establish plant community of foundation database in northwest EHS,it provides basic data for research on the relationship between EHS and plant.
Research conclusion is mainly through eight aspects to show:(1)Flora:①There are all444species in this Seed plants survey in the Loess Plateau's the Great Wall, Compositae is the richest family, consists of38genera and82species. There are4areal-types and4subtypes in the family level flora, and13areal-types and11subtypes in the genus level.2genera are endemic to China, they are belonging to Compositae and Umbelliferae. This area has complex geographical elements and rich plant species, the Old World Temperate&the North Temperate are dominated flora.2rare and endangered species are found with low protection level.②There are all107species in this Seed plants survey in the Ming Dynasty's the Great Wall.which are belonging to79genera and26families.Chenopodiaceae is the richest family, consists of13genera and21species. There are4areal-types and3subtypes in the family level flora, and12areal-types and9subtypes in the genus level.1genus is endemic to China, it is Hexinia of Compositae. This area has simple geographical elements and poor plant species, the Mediterranea,C.Asia to C.Asia&the North Temperate are dominated flora.4species are rare and endangered species,1specie is National level of protection plant,other species are National Secondary protection plant.③There are all25species in this Seed plants survey in Jiaohe city and BeiTing city in xinjiang uygur autonomous region. which are belonging to23genera and12families.Chenopodiaceae is the richest family. This area has simple geographical elements and poor plant species, the Mediterranea,C.Asia to C.Asia is dominated flora.④Based on the investigation to the xixia tomb, LingDa plants is almost Halogeton glomeratus, the surrounding plants mainly consists Artemisia scoparia, survey area of plant species is relatively single; very single geographic components, the Old World Temperate&the North Temperate are dominated flora.(2)Plant Community:①There are all9Formations in this survey in the Warring States&Qin's the Great Wall in Loess Plateau,which are belonging to6Vegetation subtype,5Vegetation type and3Vegetation type group, there are7Formations of Steppe Vegetation type group,Stipa capillata Formation and Thymus mongolicus Formation are common in the Steppe Vegetation type group; These conlusions shows that the area is typical Steppe Vegetation type,with some other in temperate vegetation types.②There are all16Formations in this survey in the Ming Dynasty's the Great Wall in Hexi Region,which are belonging to10Vegetation subtype,5Vegetation type and5Vegetation type group, there are9Formations of Desert Vegetation type group, Reaumuria songarica Formation and Haloxylon ammodendron Formation are common in the Desert Vegetation type group,These conlusions shows that the area is typical temperate desert Vegetation type,with some other in temperate vegetation types. BeiTing city and Jiaohe city's plant communities with basically the same in hexi area.③There are Halogeton glomeratus Formation and Artemisia scoparia Formation in Xixia tomb.(3)Based on the research of the EHS'plants, found that the flora has changed a lot, but the main building with local groups are basically identical.But the main build groups and local groups is basically identical,.these conclusion contribute to supply the basic principles of plant species selection for the use of plants to protect EHS, namely the flora belongs to the mainstream flora of the region.④By the investigation, the actual observation and research on the literature of plant community ecological effect, it provides levels of plant community screening for protecting EHS. The levels of plant community screening is divided into three layers:①From EHS'area of0.5km,in order to form a shelter forest,we choice of tall trees, it can reduce wind erosion.②Between the EHS itself and shelter forest, we select the brush,it can reduce water erosion.③On the EHS' ontology, we select plant community that it has small root system and higher coverage, it it can reduce rain erosion.⑤There are two principles for plant community screening:①we select the local common arbor communities and brush in EHS outside.②we select the local local small shrubs and perennial herb in EHS'ontology.⑥By studying flora and plant community building theory, we put forward three principles of plant species selection for EHS.①If it is main plant community builders in the region, the species must be selected.②If its floristic characteristics must belong to the mainstream flora of the region, the species must be selected.③If it is a perennial herbs or small shrubs, the species must be selected.(7)By establishing the northwest EHS'plant database, understanding EHS'preservation and conservation from the large scale,monitoring change of EHS plants, It provides more sufficient basis for further study on the relationship between.(8)By establishing the northwest EHS'plant specimens library,It provides more reference for further survey on EHS'plant.
目前对于土遗址的保护,主要是限制在工程学、建筑学等范畴,对于利用植物保护土遗址,几乎没有涉足。通过对植物的护坡机制和少量的土遗址与植物等文献的整理分析,发现土遗址与其植物间的关系具有双重性,一方面土遗址周围的植物群落可以减少土遗址的风蚀和水蚀,同时矮小植物可以减少对土遗址的雨蚀；另一方面一些大型植物,会对土遗址造成破坏,主要表现在其根系会增加土遗址的裂隙,使其更容易受到风蚀、水蚀和雨蚀。由于这种双重性的关系,故研究土遗址与植物间的关系,将为土遗址的保护提供新的思路和技术。
选取西北地区典型的土遗址,如长城、王陵和古城遗址,通过调查土遗址周边的植物现状,描述植物对土遗址的作用、结合土遗址基本思路和植被状况,建立一套对土遗址起积极作用的植物群落,进行土遗址的保护。同时通过对土遗址植物群落的地理信息描述,建立西北地区土遗址植物群落的基础数据库,为土遗址与植物间的关系研究,提供基础数据。
目前研究结论主要通过8个方面来展现：(1)植物区系特征：①通过对黄土高原地区战国秦长城沿线种子植物调查,共统计到种子植物58科242属444种,以菊科最多,共38属82种。科的区系分布类型共4个正型和4个变型。属的区系分布类型共13个正型和11个变型,中国特有属2个,分布在菊科(Compositae)和伞形科(Umbelliferae)。调查区域的植物种类相对丰富；地理成分比较复杂,以温带成分占优势,以北温带分布型和旧世界温带分布型为主；发现珍稀濒危植物2种。②通过对河西走廊地区明长城沿线种子植物调查,共统计到种子植物26科79属107种,以藜科最多,共13属21种。科的区系分布类型共4个正型和3个变型。属的区系分布类型共12个正型和9个变型,中国特有属1个,即菊科的河西菊属(Hexinia)。调查区域的植物种类相对单一；地理成分比较单一,以地中海地区、西亚至中亚分布型和北温带成分为主；发现珍惜濒危植物4种,一级保护植物1种,其余均属二级保护。③通过对新疆维吾尔自治区交河故城和北庭故城的考察,统计到种子植物12科23属25种,以藜科最多。调查区域的植物种类相对单一；地理成分比较单一,以地中海地区、西亚至中亚分布型为主。④通过对西夏王陵的考察,陵塔的植物几乎为盐生草(Halogeton glomeratus),周边植物主要为猪毛蒿(Artemisia scoparia),调查区域的植物种类较为单一；地理成分十分单一,以北温带分布型为主。(2)植物群落特征：①通过对黄土高原地区战国秦长城沿线植物群落的调查发现,该地区主要有3个植被型组,5个植被型,6个亚型9个群系。其中有7个群系属于草原植被型组,常见的有针茅(Stipa capillata)群系、百里香(Thymus mongolicus)群系等,说明长城沿线为典型草原植被类型,其间夹杂了一些其它温带植被类型。②通过对河西走廊地区明长城沿线植物群落的调查发现,该地区有5个植被型组,5个植被型,10个亚型16个群系。其中有9个群系属于荒漠植被型组,常见的有红砂(Reaumuria songarica)群系、梭梭(Haloxylon ammodendron)群系等,说明该长城沿线为典型温带荒漠植被类型,其间夹杂了一些其它温带植被类型。新疆维吾尔自治区交河故城和北庭故城的植物群落与河西地区基本相同。③西夏王陵的植物群落为盐生草(Halogeton glomeratus)群系和猪毛蒿(Artemisia scoparia)群系。(3)通过对土遗址植物的研究发现,其植物区系变化很大,但是与当地的主要构建类群基本一致。这为利用植物因素保护土遗址提供了植物物种筛选的基本原则,即物种的植物区系属于该地区的主流植物区系。(4)通过对植物群落的调查、实际观测和植物群落生态效应的文献研究,对于利用植物群落保护土遗址提供了群落筛选的层次。群落筛选的层次分为三层：①在距离土遗址本体0.5km的区域,选择高大的乔木,组成防护林,减少土遗址的风蚀。②在土遗址本身和防护林之间,选择灌丛,减少土遗址的水蚀。③在土遗址本体上,选择根系较小,覆盖度较高的植物群落,减少土遗址的雨蚀。(5)群落筛选的原则有两个：①土遗址本体以外的植物,选择当地常见的乔木群落和灌丛。②土遗址本体植物群落的选择,主要是当地的小灌木和多年生草本群落。(6)通过对植物区系和植物群落构建理论的研究,针对土遗址植物物种的选择提出三个原则：①所选物种一定要为该地植物群落主要构建者。②所选物种的区系特征必须属于该地区的主流区系。③所选物种最好为多年生草本或小型灌木。(7)通过西北地区土遗址植物数据库的建立,从大尺度上了解土遗址大保存现状和保存趋势,监测土遗址植物的变化,为两者间的关系进一步研究提供更为充足的依据。(8)建立西北地区土遗址植物的标本库,为进一步的土遗址植物调查提供参考。
Earthen heritage site(EHS) takes soil as the main building materials, it has historical, cultural and scientific value of the ancient ruins. The deteriorations of the EHS were divided into the two major types:the nature breakage and the man breakage. The nature breakage includes slice-peeling, recess, cranny, gulch, biological damage.
At present, for the protection of EHS, mainly in the field of engineering, architecture, etc, there is no reports for the use of plant protection EHS. By collating and analyzing literatures that they are plant slope protection mechanism and a small amount of the relationship between the plant and EHS, etc.we found that the relationship between EHS and plant is duplicity, On the one hand, plant communities can reduce wind erosion and water erosion of EHS around the EHS, while the dwarf can reduce the rain erosion of EHS; on the other hand,macrophyte can cause damage to EHS,the destruction mainly manifested in its root system can increase the EHS'cracks, make them more vulnerable to wind erosion, rain erosion and water erosion. So the research on the relationship between EHS and plant,it will provide new train of thought and new technology for EHS protection.
Selected the typical EHS in northwest China, for example, the Great Wall,ancient city,Emperor's Tomb. By investigating EHS around the plant situation, describing the influence of plant on soil sites, combining EHS basic train of thought and vegetation conditions, to establish a plant community in a positive effect to the protection of EHS. At the same time, by describing the EHS'plant community of geographic information, to establish plant community of foundation database in northwest EHS,it provides basic data for research on the relationship between EHS and plant.
Research conclusion is mainly through eight aspects to show:(1)Flora:①There are all444species in this Seed plants survey in the Loess Plateau's the Great Wall, Compositae is the richest family, consists of38genera and82species. There are4areal-types and4subtypes in the family level flora, and13areal-types and11subtypes in the genus level.2genera are endemic to China, they are belonging to Compositae and Umbelliferae. This area has complex geographical elements and rich plant species, the Old World Temperate&the North Temperate are dominated flora.2rare and endangered species are found with low protection level.②There are all107species in this Seed plants survey in the Ming Dynasty's the Great Wall.which are belonging to79genera and26families.Chenopodiaceae is the richest family, consists of13genera and21species. There are4areal-types and3subtypes in the family level flora, and12areal-types and9subtypes in the genus level.1genus is endemic to China, it is Hexinia of Compositae. This area has simple geographical elements and poor plant species, the Mediterranea,C.Asia to C.Asia&the North Temperate are dominated flora.4species are rare and endangered species,1specie is National level of protection plant,other species are National Secondary protection plant.③There are all25species in this Seed plants survey in Jiaohe city and BeiTing city in xinjiang uygur autonomous region. which are belonging to23genera and12families.Chenopodiaceae is the richest family. This area has simple geographical elements and poor plant species, the Mediterranea,C.Asia to C.Asia is dominated flora.④Based on the investigation to the xixia tomb, LingDa plants is almost Halogeton glomeratus, the surrounding plants mainly consists Artemisia scoparia, survey area of plant species is relatively single; very single geographic components, the Old World Temperate&the North Temperate are dominated flora.(2)Plant Community:①There are all9Formations in this survey in the Warring States&Qin's the Great Wall in Loess Plateau,which are belonging to6Vegetation subtype,5Vegetation type and3Vegetation type group, there are7Formations of Steppe Vegetation type group,Stipa capillata Formation and Thymus mongolicus Formation are common in the Steppe Vegetation type group; These conlusions shows that the area is typical Steppe Vegetation type,with some other in temperate vegetation types.②There are all16Formations in this survey in the Ming Dynasty's the Great Wall in Hexi Region,which are belonging to10Vegetation subtype,5Vegetation type and5Vegetation type group, there are9Formations of Desert Vegetation type group, Reaumuria songarica Formation and Haloxylon ammodendron Formation are common in the Desert Vegetation type group,These conlusions shows that the area is typical temperate desert Vegetation type,with some other in temperate vegetation types. BeiTing city and Jiaohe city's plant communities with basically the same in hexi area.③There are Halogeton glomeratus Formation and Artemisia scoparia Formation in Xixia tomb.(3)Based on the research of the EHS'plants, found that the flora has changed a lot, but the main building with local groups are basically identical.But the main build groups and local groups is basically identical,.these conclusion contribute to supply the basic principles of plant species selection for the use of plants to protect EHS, namely the flora belongs to the mainstream flora of the region.④By the investigation, the actual observation and research on the literature of plant community ecological effect, it provides levels of plant community screening for protecting EHS. The levels of plant community screening is divided into three layers:①From EHS'area of0.5km,in order to form a shelter forest,we choice of tall trees, it can reduce wind erosion.②Between the EHS itself and shelter forest, we select the brush,it can reduce water erosion.③On the EHS' ontology, we select plant community that it has small root system and higher coverage, it it can reduce rain erosion.⑤There are two principles for plant community screening:①we select the local common arbor communities and brush in EHS outside.②we select the local local small shrubs and perennial herb in EHS'ontology.⑥By studying flora and plant community building theory, we put forward three principles of plant species selection for EHS.①If it is main plant community builders in the region, the species must be selected.②If its floristic characteristics must belong to the mainstream flora of the region, the species must be selected.③If it is a perennial herbs or small shrubs, the species must be selected.(7)By establishing the northwest EHS'plant database, understanding EHS'preservation and conservation from the large scale,monitoring change of EHS plants, It provides more sufficient basis for further study on the relationship between.(8)By establishing the northwest EHS'plant specimens library,It provides more reference for further survey on EHS'plant.
引文
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