油松稳定碳同位素遗传稳定性及环境影响的研究
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摘要
本篇论文在国内首次应用稳定碳同位素技术对树木种内的稳定碳同位素分布特点和遗传特性进行了研究。在此基础上,结合生长调查、气体交换特性、气候条件和种源分布特点,从宏观生态分布到微观稳定碳同位素分布特点,从室内同位素分析到野外实地观测,从1a、18a到32a,在不同层次、不同条件、不同水平上,多角度全方位的对我国油松(Pinus tabulaeformis Carr.)的稳定碳同位素分布特点进行了深入的探索和研究。在油松种内稳定碳同位素特点、遗传特性、环境因子对δ~(13)C值的影响和δ~(13)C值与WUEi的关系等方面得出了一系列较为重要的结论,并对相关问题进行了探讨。
对油松稳定碳同位素分析结果表明,随着水分状况的改善,油松的δ~(13)C值呈增加趋势。并且针叶和小枝δ~(13)C值季节间差异显著,分析认为这种差异主要是由于降水和温度原因引起的,其中降水占主导因素。2006年8月一龄叶的δ~(13)C值明显高于2006年8月二龄叶的δ~(13)C值,高出0.81‰,说明一龄叶的水分利用效率要高于二龄叶。油松种子园无性系间δ~(13)C值器官间也存在明显差异,变化趋势为δ~(13)C种子>δ~(13)C小枝>δ~(13)C针叶。不同树龄间油松针叶和小枝的δ~(13)C值差异表现一致,为32a﹥18a﹥1a,表明32a和18a油松水分利用效率大于1a油松,同时说明32a油松仍具有较高的水分利用效率。油松种源分布区油松δ~(13)C值与针叶长度呈显著正相关,说明针叶长度有可能作为δ~(13)C值的替代指标。
油松种子园无性系2005年8月一龄叶的δ~(13)C值与Ci/Ca呈显著负相关关系,与WUEi呈显著正相关关系,相关系数分别为r=-0.4770和r=0.5152,表明我们可以把通过气体交换测定所获得的瞬时水分利用效率和油松的δ~(13)C值联系起来分析。
种子园无性系、子代林和种源林δ~(13)C值年季间和家系间均有较高重复力或遗传力,利用亲子相关求得的亲子代之间遗传力也较高。油松种内δ~(13)C值具有较高的遗传力,说明利用δ~(13)C值对油松进行选择可以取得较好的效果。
油松分布区种源的δ~(13)C值与空间特征和环境特征的相关分析表明,δ~(13)C值与海拔高度显著相关,δ~(13)C值随海拔高度的升高而表现出增大趋势。随经度的升高,δ~(13)C值有变轻的趋势,其中小枝δ~(13)C值与经度的关系显著相关,针叶δ~(13)C值与经度则相关不显著。油松δ~(13)C值与纬度之间的相关性不显著。δ~(13)C值与环境因子的关系中,与降水量、温暖指数和春季干燥度三者的相关系数最高,分别达到(r针叶=-0.7809, r小枝=-0.7130);(r针叶=-0.7901, r小枝=-0.8050);(r针叶=-0.9354, r小枝=-0.8853),说明水分状况和≥5℃的各月平均温度与5℃之差的和对油松的δ~(13)C值影响最大。
Stable carbon isotope technology was first applied in the characteristics of specific stable carbon isotope and heritability in trees. The stable carbon isotope characteristics of Pinus tabulaeformis were studied in depth combining with the results of growth investigation, gas exchanges, climate conditions and characteristics of provenances distribution. The study was carried out in laboratory and on-farm experiments on different scales, such as one year old, eighteen years old and thirty two years old Pinus tabulaeformis, and in different conditions and levels. A series of important results were obtained and discussed relative to the characteristics of specific stable carbon isotope and heritability in trees, tree drought tolerance ecology strategy, relation betweenδ~(13)C and instantaneous water use efficiency, and environmental effects onδ~(13)C etc.
The results showed thatδ~(13)C was increasing with water status’improving. Significant seasonal changes were found in the needles’δ~(13)C and in twigs’δ~(13)C, which were due to precipitation and temperature, where precipitation was the dominant factors.δ13 C of one year needle’s was higher thanδ13 C of two year needle’s in August 2006 about 0.81‰,which showed that one year old needles had higher water use efficiency than two years old. There were significant differences in different organs and different years old Pinus tabulaeformis. The variety trends ofδ~(13)C in organs wereδ~(13)Cseeds>δ~(13)Ctwigs>δ~(13)Cneedles. The variety trends ofδ~(13)C in different years old Pinus tabulaeformis were 32a﹥18a﹥1a.The differentδ~(13)C in different old years Pinus tabulaeformis showed that 32a and 18a had higher water use efficiency than 1a and 32a had higher water use efficiency.δ~(13)C of Pinus tabulaeformis. provenance had significant positive correlation with needle length, which perhaps might be used as the substitution index for stable carbon isotope ratio.
δ~(13)C of Pinus tabulaeformis. seed orchards clones had significant negative correlation with Ci/Ca and positive correlation with WUEi(r=-0.4770, r=0.5152), which showed that it could be correlated between instant water use efficiency andδ~(13)C of Pinus tabulaeformis.
There were higher repeatabihty or hereditary in different season and different families and different provenance. The parent offspring had high hereditary by using correlation analysis.δ~(13)C of Pinus tabulaeformis.had high hereditary showed that it could be achieved better selecting effects.
The correlation analysis showed that there was relationship betweenδ~(13)C of Pinus tabulaeformis. province and spatial characteristics、environmental characteristics. The value ofδ~(13)C increases with the increase of altitude, with significant difference. The value ofδ~(13)C decreases with the increase of longitude, in whichδ~(13)Ctwigs with significant difference andδ~(13)Cneedles with not significant difference.δ~(13)C had no significant correlation with latitude. The correlation coefficients betweenδ~(13)C and Precipitation as well as warm index and seasonal aridity degree were higher than those of others environmental factors. The results were rneedles= -0.7809 and rtwigs= -0.7130, rneedles= -0.7901 and rtwigs= -0.8050, rneedles = -0.9354 and rtwigs = -0.8853, respectively. The results showed that water status and≥5℃annual accumulated temperature was the most influential factor ofδ~(13)C values.
对油松稳定碳同位素分析结果表明,随着水分状况的改善,油松的δ~(13)C值呈增加趋势。并且针叶和小枝δ~(13)C值季节间差异显著,分析认为这种差异主要是由于降水和温度原因引起的,其中降水占主导因素。2006年8月一龄叶的δ~(13)C值明显高于2006年8月二龄叶的δ~(13)C值,高出0.81‰,说明一龄叶的水分利用效率要高于二龄叶。油松种子园无性系间δ~(13)C值器官间也存在明显差异,变化趋势为δ~(13)C种子>δ~(13)C小枝>δ~(13)C针叶。不同树龄间油松针叶和小枝的δ~(13)C值差异表现一致,为32a﹥18a﹥1a,表明32a和18a油松水分利用效率大于1a油松,同时说明32a油松仍具有较高的水分利用效率。油松种源分布区油松δ~(13)C值与针叶长度呈显著正相关,说明针叶长度有可能作为δ~(13)C值的替代指标。
油松种子园无性系2005年8月一龄叶的δ~(13)C值与Ci/Ca呈显著负相关关系,与WUEi呈显著正相关关系,相关系数分别为r=-0.4770和r=0.5152,表明我们可以把通过气体交换测定所获得的瞬时水分利用效率和油松的δ~(13)C值联系起来分析。
种子园无性系、子代林和种源林δ~(13)C值年季间和家系间均有较高重复力或遗传力,利用亲子相关求得的亲子代之间遗传力也较高。油松种内δ~(13)C值具有较高的遗传力,说明利用δ~(13)C值对油松进行选择可以取得较好的效果。
油松分布区种源的δ~(13)C值与空间特征和环境特征的相关分析表明,δ~(13)C值与海拔高度显著相关,δ~(13)C值随海拔高度的升高而表现出增大趋势。随经度的升高,δ~(13)C值有变轻的趋势,其中小枝δ~(13)C值与经度的关系显著相关,针叶δ~(13)C值与经度则相关不显著。油松δ~(13)C值与纬度之间的相关性不显著。δ~(13)C值与环境因子的关系中,与降水量、温暖指数和春季干燥度三者的相关系数最高,分别达到(r针叶=-0.7809, r小枝=-0.7130);(r针叶=-0.7901, r小枝=-0.8050);(r针叶=-0.9354, r小枝=-0.8853),说明水分状况和≥5℃的各月平均温度与5℃之差的和对油松的δ~(13)C值影响最大。
Stable carbon isotope technology was first applied in the characteristics of specific stable carbon isotope and heritability in trees. The stable carbon isotope characteristics of Pinus tabulaeformis were studied in depth combining with the results of growth investigation, gas exchanges, climate conditions and characteristics of provenances distribution. The study was carried out in laboratory and on-farm experiments on different scales, such as one year old, eighteen years old and thirty two years old Pinus tabulaeformis, and in different conditions and levels. A series of important results were obtained and discussed relative to the characteristics of specific stable carbon isotope and heritability in trees, tree drought tolerance ecology strategy, relation betweenδ~(13)C and instantaneous water use efficiency, and environmental effects onδ~(13)C etc.
The results showed thatδ~(13)C was increasing with water status’improving. Significant seasonal changes were found in the needles’δ~(13)C and in twigs’δ~(13)C, which were due to precipitation and temperature, where precipitation was the dominant factors.δ13 C of one year needle’s was higher thanδ13 C of two year needle’s in August 2006 about 0.81‰,which showed that one year old needles had higher water use efficiency than two years old. There were significant differences in different organs and different years old Pinus tabulaeformis. The variety trends ofδ~(13)C in organs wereδ~(13)Cseeds>δ~(13)Ctwigs>δ~(13)Cneedles. The variety trends ofδ~(13)C in different years old Pinus tabulaeformis were 32a﹥18a﹥1a.The differentδ~(13)C in different old years Pinus tabulaeformis showed that 32a and 18a had higher water use efficiency than 1a and 32a had higher water use efficiency.δ~(13)C of Pinus tabulaeformis. provenance had significant positive correlation with needle length, which perhaps might be used as the substitution index for stable carbon isotope ratio.
δ~(13)C of Pinus tabulaeformis. seed orchards clones had significant negative correlation with Ci/Ca and positive correlation with WUEi(r=-0.4770, r=0.5152), which showed that it could be correlated between instant water use efficiency andδ~(13)C of Pinus tabulaeformis.
There were higher repeatabihty or hereditary in different season and different families and different provenance. The parent offspring had high hereditary by using correlation analysis.δ~(13)C of Pinus tabulaeformis.had high hereditary showed that it could be achieved better selecting effects.
The correlation analysis showed that there was relationship betweenδ~(13)C of Pinus tabulaeformis. province and spatial characteristics、environmental characteristics. The value ofδ~(13)C increases with the increase of altitude, with significant difference. The value ofδ~(13)C decreases with the increase of longitude, in whichδ~(13)Ctwigs with significant difference andδ~(13)Cneedles with not significant difference.δ~(13)C had no significant correlation with latitude. The correlation coefficients betweenδ~(13)C and Precipitation as well as warm index and seasonal aridity degree were higher than those of others environmental factors. The results were rneedles= -0.7809 and rtwigs= -0.7130, rneedles= -0.7901 and rtwigs= -0.8050, rneedles = -0.9354 and rtwigs = -0.8853, respectively. The results showed that water status and≥5℃annual accumulated temperature was the most influential factor ofδ~(13)C values.
引文
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