广西热水沉积矿床成矿规律及找矿方向研究
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摘要
在综合分析前人工作成果和野外地质调研基础上,运用先进的测试技术方法和热水沉积矿床地质地球化学研究方法,解剖了广西盘龙铅锌矿、下雷锰矿、高龙金矿和古潭重晶石矿等典型热水沉积矿床,重点研究热水沉积岩的常量元素、微量元素、稀土元素和矿床同位素组成特征,不同矿化类型与热水沉积岩宏观地质特征及微观地球化学特征的关系,矿化时空展布与大地构造环境演化的关系,以及成矿物质来源等,总结提出了广西热水沉积矿床的成矿规律和找矿标志,论文既可为广西热水沉积矿床勘查工作提供科学依据,同时也为丰富和发展热水沉积成矿理论作出了贡献。主要内容包括以下几个方面:
(1)分析研究了广西区域成矿地质背景,探讨了在广西大地构造演化进程中,陆壳出现过多阶段的裂陷活动,同沉积期深大断裂发育,它们控制了广西热水沉积矿床的形成和时空演化。
(2)以野外观察与室内研究相结合,详细研究了广西热水沉积岩中的硅质岩、重晶石岩、电气石岩及层状矽卡岩。硅质岩常产于矿体下盘及矿体中,重晶石岩主要产于矿体上盘,电气石岩及层状矽卡岩则常为矿化的直接围岩。岩石呈层状、似层状及透镜状产出,具纹层状、条带状及角砾状构造和细粒—显微晶质结构及球粒结构。
(3)通过对典型矿床的解剖,研究总结了广西热水沉积矿床的地质特征:矿床受一定层位控制;赋矿围岩岩性或为硅、灰、泥岩组合的台沟相沉积物,或为砂页岩为主的浊流沉积物,或为白云岩为主的碳酸盐岩沉积物,而各类热水沉积岩则与矿体密切伴生;矿体主要呈层状、似层状或透镜状产出,并具多层产出特征;矿石中矿物粒度较细,常具胶状、草莓状或鲕状、豆状结构及纹层状、条带状、角砾状构造;蚀变尤其是硅化表现出明显的底蚀构造特征。
(4)以最新的测试数据为基础,开展了热水沉积地球化学特征的研究,以岩石中MgO含量、Al/(Al+Fe+Mn)比值和Al—Fe—Mn三角图解、Al_2O_3—TiO_2及Al_2O_3—(K_2O+Na_2O)二元图解等常量元素研究方法,As、Sb、Sr含量、Co/Ni比值、Fe—Mn—(Cu+Ni+Co)×10三角图解、U—Th及P_2O_5—Y关系图解等微量元素研究方法,以及稀土元素配分特征和图解方法,综合研究区内硅质岩、重晶石岩、电气石岩及层状矽卡岩的地球化学特征,并与现代洋脊和海底热水沉积作用最新研究成果进行对比研究,结果表明这些岩石主要为热水沉积作用形成,但有少量陆源物质混入或生物作用参与,同时硅氧同位素研究成果也证实了这一点。矿床硫同位素组成研究表明:盘龙铅锌矿床、下雷锰矿床和高龙金矿床的硫源为深源硫和海水硫的混合,古潭重晶石矿床的硫源为海水硫。
(5)研究总结了广西热水沉积矿床的成矿规律:①矿床成矿时代可分为中元古代、晚元古代、早古生代、晚古生代及中生代五个时代,以晚古生代、尤其是泥盆纪的成矿作用最强;②矿床在空间上分为桂北(丹池)晚古生代裂陷锡多金属成矿带,桂西南泥盆纪裂陷锰重晶石黄铁矿成矿带,桂东南早古生代裂陷铅锌多金属成矿带,桂中—桂北泥盆纪走滑断陷铅锌重晶石黄铁矿成矿带,桂西北早中三叠世裂陷金矿成矿带及桂北—桂东元古宙裂陷铁锡成矿带等六个成矿带;③矿床受裂陷槽、同沉积断裂及高的古地热场环境控制,有利的沉积环境为台沟相带、局限—半局限台地相带、生物礁相带和海槽相带;④矿化受层位控制,泥盆系为全区最主要的赋矿层位;⑤不同级别的同沉积断裂控制着矿带、矿田、矿床及矿体的分布,生长断裂拐弯处或交汇处、古隆起边缘及旁侧的次级洼地为矿化富集的有利构造部位;热水沉积岩是指示矿床成因、矿化富集部位的重要标志。
(6)根据大量实际工作及前人工作成果,论文总结提出了广西热水沉积矿床的找矿评价标志。指出广西除应继续加强锡多金属矿及锰矿的找矿外,还应注意和加强桂中—桂北地区铅锌重晶石矿、桂西金矿、桂东南热水沉积+岩浆热液叠加改造多因复成铅锌矿与钨矿的找矿工作。
According to previous research and on field geological investigation, with advanced measuring technique and methodology for geological-geochemical in hot-water sedimentary deposits,this thesis focus on some typical hot-water sedimentary deposits such as Panlong lead zinc deposit,Xiale manganese deposit,Gaolong gold deposit and Gutang barite deposit,and the relationship between different mineralizing types and micro-geological characteristics as well as microscopic geochemical characteristics are studied by analyzing the content of major elements,the content of trace elements,REE elements,and oxygen isotopic composition.The relationship between the mineralization temporal-spatial distributing and between the evolution of geotectonics environment and the source of ore-forming materials has been investigated.Also this research summarized the metallogenetic regularities and prospecting indicators of hot-water sedimentary deposits. It supplies the scientific base for the geological prospecting of hot-water sedimentary deposits in Guangxi.It enriches and develops the theory of hot-water sedimentary deposits.The main essentials are as follows:
Ⅰ.The regional metallogenetic geological background of Guangxi, multi-stage rift movement and regional sedimentary fault in the continental crust in Guangxi evolution process of geotectonics environment have been discussed.These factors controlled the mineralization distribution and evolution in time and space of hot-water sedimentary deposits in Guangxi;
Ⅱ.Guangxi's Siliceous rock,barite,tourmaline and stratiform skam in hot-water sedimentary deposits have been investigated by combining observation in the field with experiment in the Lab.The siliceous rock usually locates under or in ore-body.The barite often locates upper ore-body.The tourmaline rock and stratiform skarn usually are direct surrounding rock of mineralization.These rocks occur as stratiform, stratiform—oid or lentiform.The rock structure mainly has lamellar, ribbon-banded,brecciaform.The rock texture has fine-cryptocrystalline and spherules;
Ⅲ.The geological characteristics of hot-water sedimentary deposits in Guangxi has been studied by analysing some typical hot-water sedimentary deposits,the conclusions are as follows:Ore bodies controlled by some stratigraphic horizon;The lithology of host rocks usually either are platform and trench facies sediment of the combination of silica calcium mud rock,or the turbidite of main Sandstone and shale, or the carbonate rock main in dolomite.They are associated closely with mineralization of hot-water sedimentary deposits.These ore bodies occur as stratiform,stratiform—oid or lentiform and have the multi-stratiform characteristics.Mineral granularity is fine in ore.The ore texture mainly has colloid,framboidal,oolitic and pisiform and the ore structure mainly has lamellar,ribbon-banded,brecciform as well.The alteration (siliconizing especially)usually has the Characteristics of "bottom alteration structure".
Ⅳ.Based on the newest experimental data(including content of major elements(MgO),ratio of Al/(Al+Fe+Mn)and the diagram of Al-Fe-Mn,Fe/Ti-Al(Al+Fe+Mn),Al_2O_3-TiO_2 and Al_2O_3-(K_2O+Na_2O), and the contents of trace elements(As,Sb,Sr),ratio of Co/Ni and the diagram of Fe-Mn-(Cu+Ni+Co)×10,U-Tu,P_2O_5-Y as well as REE geochemistry),the article studied the hot-water sedimentary geochemical characteristics.Contrasting with the geochemical characteristics of the siliceous rock,barite rock,tourmaline rock and stratiform skam and the last research results of hot-water sedimentation in the oceanic ridge and seabed,the results indicate that these rocks mainly are result of hot-water sedimentary but parts of them have some land-matter or biogenic subject.The study of silicon and oxygen isotopic supports this conclusion.The geochemistry of sulfur-isotopic composition shows:The sulfur of Panglong deposit,Xialei deposit,Gaolong deposit came from mixing deep-seated sulfur(including magma sulfur)and sulphate in sea. The sulphur in Gutang barite deposit was from sea.
Ⅴ.The metallogenetic regularities of hot-water sedimentary deposits in Guangxi has been summarized:①The metallogenetic epoch of this deposit includes five epoches:Meso-Proterozoic,Neo-Proterozoic, Early Palaeozoic,Later Palaeozoic and Mesozoic.Devonian is the most important metallogenetic epoch.②In space,these deposits have six metallogenetic belts:tin-polymetallic metallogenetic belt of the Later Palaeozoic aulacogen in the north of Guangxi;manganese-barite-pyrite metallogenetic belt of the Devonian aulacogen in southwestern Guangxi; zinc-lead metallogenetic belt of the Early Palaeozoic aulacogen in southeastem Guangxi;lead-zinc,barite,pyrite belt of the Later Palaeozoic aulacogen in the north of Guangxi;manganese-barite-pyrite metallogenetic belt of the Devonian aulacogen in southwestern Guangxi; zinc-lead metallogenetic belt of the Early Palaeozoic aulacogen in southeastern Guangxi;lead-zinc,barite,pyrite metallogenetic belt of the Devonian strike-slip fault basin in the center-northern Guangxi;gold metallogenetic belt of the Early-Middle Triassic aulacogen in the north-west of Guangxi and iron-tin metallogenetic belt of the Proterozoic aulacogen in the north and east of Guangxi.③These deposits are controlled by environment of rift,trough regional synsedimentary fault and high paleogeothermal field.The advantaged depositional environment is platform and trench phase.The next is the phase with the confined or semi-confined platform phase,stratigraphic phase and trough phase.④The metallogenesis of these deposits are controlled by stratrabound beds and Devonian is the most important horizon.⑤The different level growth faults respectively control the distribution of mineralizing belt,ore field,deposit and ore-body.The places which are near the synsedimentary growth faults,roundabout or crossed the growth faults,the margin of the lifts and sub-billabong near-by are favorable for mineralization.The hot water sedimentary rocks are the important indicate of ore genesis,mineralizing enrichment and prospecting evaluation.
Ⅵ.On basis of actual work and other research,the author summarizes prospecting guide and points out prospecting direction: Besides strengthening tin-polymetallic and manganese deposits prospect, we must develop the prospecting work on lead-zinc-barite deposits in the center-northern Guangxi,gold deposits in the northwestern Guangxi, superimposition-reformation typical lead-zinc and tungsten deposits in the north and east of Guangxi.
(1)分析研究了广西区域成矿地质背景,探讨了在广西大地构造演化进程中,陆壳出现过多阶段的裂陷活动,同沉积期深大断裂发育,它们控制了广西热水沉积矿床的形成和时空演化。
(2)以野外观察与室内研究相结合,详细研究了广西热水沉积岩中的硅质岩、重晶石岩、电气石岩及层状矽卡岩。硅质岩常产于矿体下盘及矿体中,重晶石岩主要产于矿体上盘,电气石岩及层状矽卡岩则常为矿化的直接围岩。岩石呈层状、似层状及透镜状产出,具纹层状、条带状及角砾状构造和细粒—显微晶质结构及球粒结构。
(3)通过对典型矿床的解剖,研究总结了广西热水沉积矿床的地质特征:矿床受一定层位控制;赋矿围岩岩性或为硅、灰、泥岩组合的台沟相沉积物,或为砂页岩为主的浊流沉积物,或为白云岩为主的碳酸盐岩沉积物,而各类热水沉积岩则与矿体密切伴生;矿体主要呈层状、似层状或透镜状产出,并具多层产出特征;矿石中矿物粒度较细,常具胶状、草莓状或鲕状、豆状结构及纹层状、条带状、角砾状构造;蚀变尤其是硅化表现出明显的底蚀构造特征。
(4)以最新的测试数据为基础,开展了热水沉积地球化学特征的研究,以岩石中MgO含量、Al/(Al+Fe+Mn)比值和Al—Fe—Mn三角图解、Al_2O_3—TiO_2及Al_2O_3—(K_2O+Na_2O)二元图解等常量元素研究方法,As、Sb、Sr含量、Co/Ni比值、Fe—Mn—(Cu+Ni+Co)×10三角图解、U—Th及P_2O_5—Y关系图解等微量元素研究方法,以及稀土元素配分特征和图解方法,综合研究区内硅质岩、重晶石岩、电气石岩及层状矽卡岩的地球化学特征,并与现代洋脊和海底热水沉积作用最新研究成果进行对比研究,结果表明这些岩石主要为热水沉积作用形成,但有少量陆源物质混入或生物作用参与,同时硅氧同位素研究成果也证实了这一点。矿床硫同位素组成研究表明:盘龙铅锌矿床、下雷锰矿床和高龙金矿床的硫源为深源硫和海水硫的混合,古潭重晶石矿床的硫源为海水硫。
(5)研究总结了广西热水沉积矿床的成矿规律:①矿床成矿时代可分为中元古代、晚元古代、早古生代、晚古生代及中生代五个时代,以晚古生代、尤其是泥盆纪的成矿作用最强;②矿床在空间上分为桂北(丹池)晚古生代裂陷锡多金属成矿带,桂西南泥盆纪裂陷锰重晶石黄铁矿成矿带,桂东南早古生代裂陷铅锌多金属成矿带,桂中—桂北泥盆纪走滑断陷铅锌重晶石黄铁矿成矿带,桂西北早中三叠世裂陷金矿成矿带及桂北—桂东元古宙裂陷铁锡成矿带等六个成矿带;③矿床受裂陷槽、同沉积断裂及高的古地热场环境控制,有利的沉积环境为台沟相带、局限—半局限台地相带、生物礁相带和海槽相带;④矿化受层位控制,泥盆系为全区最主要的赋矿层位;⑤不同级别的同沉积断裂控制着矿带、矿田、矿床及矿体的分布,生长断裂拐弯处或交汇处、古隆起边缘及旁侧的次级洼地为矿化富集的有利构造部位;热水沉积岩是指示矿床成因、矿化富集部位的重要标志。
(6)根据大量实际工作及前人工作成果,论文总结提出了广西热水沉积矿床的找矿评价标志。指出广西除应继续加强锡多金属矿及锰矿的找矿外,还应注意和加强桂中—桂北地区铅锌重晶石矿、桂西金矿、桂东南热水沉积+岩浆热液叠加改造多因复成铅锌矿与钨矿的找矿工作。
According to previous research and on field geological investigation, with advanced measuring technique and methodology for geological-geochemical in hot-water sedimentary deposits,this thesis focus on some typical hot-water sedimentary deposits such as Panlong lead zinc deposit,Xiale manganese deposit,Gaolong gold deposit and Gutang barite deposit,and the relationship between different mineralizing types and micro-geological characteristics as well as microscopic geochemical characteristics are studied by analyzing the content of major elements,the content of trace elements,REE elements,and oxygen isotopic composition.The relationship between the mineralization temporal-spatial distributing and between the evolution of geotectonics environment and the source of ore-forming materials has been investigated.Also this research summarized the metallogenetic regularities and prospecting indicators of hot-water sedimentary deposits. It supplies the scientific base for the geological prospecting of hot-water sedimentary deposits in Guangxi.It enriches and develops the theory of hot-water sedimentary deposits.The main essentials are as follows:
Ⅰ.The regional metallogenetic geological background of Guangxi, multi-stage rift movement and regional sedimentary fault in the continental crust in Guangxi evolution process of geotectonics environment have been discussed.These factors controlled the mineralization distribution and evolution in time and space of hot-water sedimentary deposits in Guangxi;
Ⅱ.Guangxi's Siliceous rock,barite,tourmaline and stratiform skam in hot-water sedimentary deposits have been investigated by combining observation in the field with experiment in the Lab.The siliceous rock usually locates under or in ore-body.The barite often locates upper ore-body.The tourmaline rock and stratiform skarn usually are direct surrounding rock of mineralization.These rocks occur as stratiform, stratiform—oid or lentiform.The rock structure mainly has lamellar, ribbon-banded,brecciaform.The rock texture has fine-cryptocrystalline and spherules;
Ⅲ.The geological characteristics of hot-water sedimentary deposits in Guangxi has been studied by analysing some typical hot-water sedimentary deposits,the conclusions are as follows:Ore bodies controlled by some stratigraphic horizon;The lithology of host rocks usually either are platform and trench facies sediment of the combination of silica calcium mud rock,or the turbidite of main Sandstone and shale, or the carbonate rock main in dolomite.They are associated closely with mineralization of hot-water sedimentary deposits.These ore bodies occur as stratiform,stratiform—oid or lentiform and have the multi-stratiform characteristics.Mineral granularity is fine in ore.The ore texture mainly has colloid,framboidal,oolitic and pisiform and the ore structure mainly has lamellar,ribbon-banded,brecciform as well.The alteration (siliconizing especially)usually has the Characteristics of "bottom alteration structure".
Ⅳ.Based on the newest experimental data(including content of major elements(MgO),ratio of Al/(Al+Fe+Mn)and the diagram of Al-Fe-Mn,Fe/Ti-Al(Al+Fe+Mn),Al_2O_3-TiO_2 and Al_2O_3-(K_2O+Na_2O), and the contents of trace elements(As,Sb,Sr),ratio of Co/Ni and the diagram of Fe-Mn-(Cu+Ni+Co)×10,U-Tu,P_2O_5-Y as well as REE geochemistry),the article studied the hot-water sedimentary geochemical characteristics.Contrasting with the geochemical characteristics of the siliceous rock,barite rock,tourmaline rock and stratiform skam and the last research results of hot-water sedimentation in the oceanic ridge and seabed,the results indicate that these rocks mainly are result of hot-water sedimentary but parts of them have some land-matter or biogenic subject.The study of silicon and oxygen isotopic supports this conclusion.The geochemistry of sulfur-isotopic composition shows:The sulfur of Panglong deposit,Xialei deposit,Gaolong deposit came from mixing deep-seated sulfur(including magma sulfur)and sulphate in sea. The sulphur in Gutang barite deposit was from sea.
Ⅴ.The metallogenetic regularities of hot-water sedimentary deposits in Guangxi has been summarized:①The metallogenetic epoch of this deposit includes five epoches:Meso-Proterozoic,Neo-Proterozoic, Early Palaeozoic,Later Palaeozoic and Mesozoic.Devonian is the most important metallogenetic epoch.②In space,these deposits have six metallogenetic belts:tin-polymetallic metallogenetic belt of the Later Palaeozoic aulacogen in the north of Guangxi;manganese-barite-pyrite metallogenetic belt of the Devonian aulacogen in southwestern Guangxi; zinc-lead metallogenetic belt of the Early Palaeozoic aulacogen in southeastem Guangxi;lead-zinc,barite,pyrite belt of the Later Palaeozoic aulacogen in the north of Guangxi;manganese-barite-pyrite metallogenetic belt of the Devonian aulacogen in southwestern Guangxi; zinc-lead metallogenetic belt of the Early Palaeozoic aulacogen in southeastern Guangxi;lead-zinc,barite,pyrite metallogenetic belt of the Devonian strike-slip fault basin in the center-northern Guangxi;gold metallogenetic belt of the Early-Middle Triassic aulacogen in the north-west of Guangxi and iron-tin metallogenetic belt of the Proterozoic aulacogen in the north and east of Guangxi.③These deposits are controlled by environment of rift,trough regional synsedimentary fault and high paleogeothermal field.The advantaged depositional environment is platform and trench phase.The next is the phase with the confined or semi-confined platform phase,stratigraphic phase and trough phase.④The metallogenesis of these deposits are controlled by stratrabound beds and Devonian is the most important horizon.⑤The different level growth faults respectively control the distribution of mineralizing belt,ore field,deposit and ore-body.The places which are near the synsedimentary growth faults,roundabout or crossed the growth faults,the margin of the lifts and sub-billabong near-by are favorable for mineralization.The hot water sedimentary rocks are the important indicate of ore genesis,mineralizing enrichment and prospecting evaluation.
Ⅵ.On basis of actual work and other research,the author summarizes prospecting guide and points out prospecting direction: Besides strengthening tin-polymetallic and manganese deposits prospect, we must develop the prospecting work on lead-zinc-barite deposits in the center-northern Guangxi,gold deposits in the northwestern Guangxi, superimposition-reformation typical lead-zinc and tungsten deposits in the north and east of Guangxi.
引文
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