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个旧锡矿花岗岩接触—凹陷带空间展布特征、控矿机理及空间信息成矿预测研究
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摘要
云南个旧地区是我国滇东南锡成矿带上最重要的超大型锡、铜多金属矿集区之一。长期以来,个旧锡矿一直以其巨大的锡多金属资源储量、众多的矿床类型以及悠久的开发历史而闻名中外。
     论文以活化构造成矿理论、成矿预测理论、三维可视化建模理论为指导,以个旧花岗岩凹陷带内不同类型矿床(体)成矿地质地球化学特征、矿床成矿作用以及典型花岗岩凹陷带等方面的研究为切入点,结合区域成矿背景分析,总结了花岗岩凹陷带成矿的时、空分布规律、空间展布特征,并采用多因复成成矿理论、三维可视化技术、分形理论、BP神经网络评价模型和矿体空间信息成矿预测模型等方法开展了花岗岩凹陷带控矿机理、地质建模及空间信息成矿预测研究。论文的研究成果与创新认识主要体现在以下几个方面:
     1、通过东西区花岗岩岩石化学组分演化规律比较分析发现:相对西区花岗岩,东区花岗岩相对贫K_2O、Na_2O、Al_2O_3、Fe_2O_3,富TiO_2、FeO、MgO、CaO、P_2O_5。其主要原因可能是因为东区花岗岩普遍与围岩发生同化混染作用所致。
     2、应用多重分形方法对个旧花岗岩凹陷带的12个微量元素进行分形统计,根据曲线的形态可以分为两种多重分形模式。模式Ⅰ是具有两个无标度区的简单多重分形模式,第二直线段和曲线能够很好的拟合,具有该模式的元素为Hg、Mn、Sb、Mo、As、Zn,是一些与成矿元素无关和伴生的元素。模式Ⅱ是一种具有高丛集的多重分形模式,第二直线段与曲线拟合程度较差,有明显的偏离,它反映了元素的高含量点在模式Ⅰ上的叠加。具有该模式的元素有Sn、Cu、Pb、Ag、W、Bi,这些元素都在该区有很大的局部异常,其中主要的成矿元素Sn、Cu、Pb、Ag都形成了不同级别的矿床。
     3、综合分析了花岗岩凹陷带矿体的空间分布规律。研究表明凹陷带矿体主要赋存于岩枝、岩舌上下接触带、凹中间、凹根、凹底接触带部位。凹陷带形态、产状、规模的变化直接影响矿体的形态、产状、规模,凹陷带的形态越复杂,越有利于成矿。凹陷带矿体长轴走向基本同凹陷带走向一致。凹陷带矿体成矿元素在空间上分布具有明显的分带性,花岗岩凹陷的内接触带主要分布锡矿化,而铜矿化则分布在外接触带,在整个凹陷带垂向上,成矿标高由高向低,矿体则有锡(铅)矿→锡、铜矿→铜、锡矿→铜矿的成矿趋势。
     4、通过三维建模软件Surpac对花岗岩凹陷带、矿体、变火山岩进行了实体建模。研究了老厂竹叶山矿段、卡房竹林矿段和卡房西凹矿段的实体模型之间的空间展布关系。研究发现矿体分布规律与花岗岩分布具有一致性,总体沿花岗岩凹陷带呈带状分布,花岗岩表面形成的复杂程度与矿体的形成有密切关系;变火山岩对后期花岗岩侵入起阻挡作用,往往形成花岗岩凹陷构造,进而控制凹陷带矿体的分布。
     5、运用多因复成成矿理论研究分析了个旧花岗岩接触-凹陷带的形成及控矿机理。认为花岗岩体接触-凹陷带是燕山晚期花岗岩侵位的产物,系燕山期花岗岩岩浆作用与地层、构造及印支期火山岩等多种因素的复合作用的结果。其中花岗岩是本区的主要成矿母岩,在矿床的时空分布、物质与热能供给等方面有着决定性作用;个旧组卡房段是凹陷带内主要的控矿和容矿地层,在成岩、成矿过程中都起到控制作用;区内构造格局控制了印支期海底火山活动和热水沉积成矿作用,并成为燕山期花岗岩浆侵位通道和就位空间;印支期火山岩的形态直接控制着花岗岩的形态,间接地控制着花岗岩叠加改造矿体的形成和分布,也为矿床的形成提供了一定的物质来源。
     6、利用空间分析方法和信息统计单元方法对花岗岩凹陷带进行了数字矿床空间信息成矿预测模型的研究。研究得到了每个网格信息单元的成矿有利度,按成矿有利度0.7和0.5为异常分界点把找矿靶区分为A级和B级,其中A级靶区为成矿条件相对有利,找矿标志明显,并具有寻找大型铜锡多金属矿床潜力的靶区;B级靶区为找矿标志较明显,具有寻找中、小型铜锡多金属矿床潜力的靶区。
     7、为了检验矿床空间信息成矿预测模型的有效性,引入BP人工神经网络对成矿有利区进行评价。评价模型反演结果发现网络学习效果好,输出的值与期望的值满足评价要求,表明利用BP神经网络进行成矿有利区评价是可行的,从而也说明空间信息成矿预测模型得到的成矿有利度是正确的,成矿预测区的划分是合理的。
Gejiu tin-copper polymetallic ore-concentrating district,located in the metallogenic belt of Southeast Yunnan,is famous for its huge Sn reserves,numerous mineralization types and very long exploitation history in China as well as in the world.
     Guided by the theories of activated tectonometallogeny,metallogenic prognosis and 3D visualization modeling,starting with the geologicalgeochemical features of the different type ore deposit(body),metallogenesis and typical granite depression zones etc,combined with the regional mineralization background,which summarized the spatiotemporal distribution regularities,and spatial distribution characteristics.It has researched of the Ore-controlling mechanism,the geological modeling and spatial information metallogenic prognosis of granite contact-depression zones by adopting the polygenetic compound theory,3D visualization technology, the fractal theory,the BP neural network evaluation mode and spatial information metallogenic prognosis model etc.The main research findings and new viewpoints achieved in this paper are as follows:
     1.After comparing the granite petrochemistry component evolution rule of the eastern area and the western area,discovered the granite of the eastern area show the poor in K_2O,Na_2O,Al_2O_3,Fe_2O_3 and the rich in TiO_2,FeO,MgO,CaO,P_2O_5 relatived to the granite of the western area. The main reason is that the granite of the eastem area has the assimilation with the surrounding rock generally.
     2.By using multifractal method,12 mirrorelements have been studied,according to the curve shape,which has been divided into two kind of multifractal patterns.PatternⅠis a simple multifractal pattern with two non-scale areas,the second tangential fit with the curve all-right, Hg,Mn,Sb,Mo,As,Zn have this pattern,which are some non mineralization elements and some associated elements with the mineralization.PatternⅡis a high-clustering multifractal pattern,the fitting degree of the second tangential and the curve is bad,obvious deviation,some elements present bigger deviation degree,which has reflected the element of high-content points pile up patternⅠ.Sn,Cu,Pb, Ag,W,Bi have this pattern mainly,these elements all have the prodigious local anomaly in this area,in which main mineralization element Sn,Cu, Pb,Ag have formed some different rank deposits.
     3.By analyzing the orebody spatial distribution rule of depression zone synthetically,the orebody exists mainly about the apophyse,the upper and lower contact strip of the akmolith,depression-midst, depression-root,the contact strip position of depression-bottom.The change of the shape,occurrence,scale of depression zone influence directly the shape,occurrence,scale of orebody.The shape of depression zone is more complex,which is more advantageous to the mineralization. The major axis trend of depression zone orebody is consistent with the trend of depression zone basically.The metallogenic element distribution of depression zone orebody has the obvious zonation in the space.The inner contact strip of granite depression zone distributed tin mineralization mostly,the copper mineralization distributes on the outer contact strip.On the entire vertical of depression zone,the metallogenic elevation is from high to low,the orebody has the metallogenic tendency of tin(lead)ore→tin,copper ore→copper and tin ore→copper ore.
     4.Through 3D modeling software Surpac,builds the 3D visualization entity model of the granite contact-depression zone,the orebody and metavolcanics.The paper studies the spatial distribution relation among the entity models of Laochang-Zhuyeshan ore block,Kafang-Zhulin ore block,the western depression of Kafang ore block.The research discovered the coherence between the distribution rule of orebody and the granite distribution,as a whole,assuming the belt-shaped distribution along the granite depression zone,there are the affinity between the complex degree of the granite surface and the formation of orebody;the metavolcanics impedes the intrusion of the later period granite,which often forms the granite depression structure,then controls the orebody distribution of the depression zone.
     5.Guided by the polygenetic compound theory,the formation and ore-controlling mechanism of the Gejiu granite contact-depression zone have been researched.It can be said that the granite contact-depression zone is the production of the late of Yanshanian granite emplacement, which is the synthetical result of many kinds of factor such as Yanshanian granite magmatism,the stratum,the structure and Indosinian volcanics.Granite is the main metallogenic country rock,has the decisive function in the deposit spatiotemporal distribution,supplied with substance or thermal energy and so on;Kafang member of Gejiu Formation are the main ore-controlling and host stratum,make dominant function in the process of rock-forming and ore-forming;The regional tectonic format control Indosinian submarine volcanic activty and hot-water deposit mineralization and become the channel and the space of Yanshanian granite emplacement;The shape of Indosinian volcanics control the granite shape directly,control the formation and distribution of the granite superposition reconstruction orebody indirectly and offer a certain material origin for the deposit formation.
     6.The space analysis method and the information statistics unit method have been used to research the model establishment of the spatial information metallogenic prognosis in Gejiu granite contact-depression zones,which can compute the mineralization beneficial degree of each grid information unit,according to the mineralization beneficial degree, taking 0.7 and 0.5 as the dividing point of abnormity,the prospecting target has been divided the level of A and B.Level A target is relatively advantageous to the mineralization condition,is the obvious prospecting criteria and has the potential of seeking the large-scale copper-tin polymetallic deposit;Level B target is the poor prospecting criteria and has the potential of seeking the medium and small copper-tin polymetallic deposit.
     7.In order to confirm the validity in the model of the spatial information metallogenic prognosis,the paper imports the BP artificial neural network to evaluate the mineralization beneficial area,The model inversion result discovers the studied effect of the neural network is good, the output value and the expectation value satisfies the evaluation requirement,which indicated it is feasible using the BP neural network to evaluate the mineralization beneficial area,thus also explained the computed mineralization beneficial degree is correct in the model of the spatial information metallogenic prognosis,the division of the prospecting target is reasonable.
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