吉林西部生态景观格局变化与空间优化研究
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摘要
本文以景观生态学理论为指导,以遥感-地理信息系统技术为支撑,采用基于空间分析和元胞自动机等的多种模型和方法进行了吉林西部生态景观格局变化和空间优化研究。以土地利用变化作为研究的切入点,运用土地利用变化模型对土地利用类型的数量变化和空间转移规律进行了剖析;运用景观指数法,对该区景观格局变化进行定量分析,揭示了景观格局变化的特征和过程;运用空间分析方法,以1000m×1000m的栅格尺度,对该区的生态景观格局及其影响因子进行空间自相关分析和空间回归分析,筛选与生态景观格局空间分布相关的影响因子;运用MCE-CA-Markov耦合模型对吉林西部景观格局变化趋势进行预测研究,从而揭示了该区15年尺度的土地利用变化的特点和规律;应用元胞自动机模型原理,基于Matlab平台,通过作者编程,创建了景观格局空间优化模型,并对吉林西部土地利用格局进行了空间优化研究,为进行区域土地利用规划奠定基础。与传统的方法不同,本文以景观生态学的理论为指导,采用空间分析方法和模型对该区的土地利用变化及过程、土地利用格局变化趋势与土地利用空间优化开展了系列研究,从而为景观生态学与土地利用研究领域的结合探索了一条新路。因而本文具有重要的理论意义和应用价值。
Along with the deve
lopment of social economy, the addition of people and the advancement of science and technology, Mankind has been impacting on the environment at an unprecedented scale and intensity, land use patterns were constantly changing, the framework and function of landscape pattern had been destroyed, the ecological environment worsen continuously, and there are the greatly negative influence on the development of social and economy. The western JiLin province lied in the southwest of Songnen plain, is an important production base of agriculture, livestock and energy sources industry. During recent years, on the influence of the global change and human's action, the potential frangibility of ecosystem is changing gradually to the realistic environmental calamity and land uses pattern have occurred violent change, the problems of ecological environment such as land salinization, grass degeneration, desertification, barren, lakes atrophy and wetland degeneration have risen. Bring down the land productivity, making industrial structural unreasonable, and making the people's life and the development of economic society bad.
Based on the interaction of human and landscape, Landscape ecology is to study the structure, function and the change rules of landscape ecosystem. The study on the change rules of land uses and the space optimization of landscape pattern from the angle of landscape pattern, may achieve the aim of resuming and improving the functions of ecosystem and promoting social economy harmonized development, and explore a new road for landscape ecology service in the sustainable development. This paper has important theoretical meaning and practical value in studying sustainable development problem from the angle of landscape ecology.
Supporting with landscape ecology theory, based on the technique of Remote Sensing(RS), Geographic Information System(GIS), adopting the landscape pattern index and space analysis method and cellular automaton model, we have studied on the change, tendency forecast and space optimization of landscape pattern , it combined landscape ecology theory and LUCC in a deeper level, and lay foundation for the study on LUCC later.
Land use is the uppermost Landscape sign on the earth surface layer. According to the main eco-environmenal problems in the Western of JiLin Province, taking land-use change as the first, by studying the characteristics and rules of the spatial-tempral change of land use in 15 years from 1989 to 2004 (four per), the influence was discussed. The study indicated that the land use of the zone changed prodigiously, which can be described as the phenomenon of four increasing and three decreasing, that is, increasing of tillage (paddy field、dry field), woodland, denizen land and saline-alkali land, decreasing of grassland (high、middle and low-covered grassland), watland and water area. the radices on the small side, but the paddy field changed fastest, reaching 6.75%/a. The area of saline-alkali land changed most, coming next of 2.98%/a, most of which came from low-covered grassland , wetland , middle-covered grassland, water area and high-covered grassland. The decreasing rate of high-covered grassland was 3.87%/a, most of which changed into middld、low-covered grassland, dry field, woodland and saline-alkali land. The decreasing rate of middle-covered grassland was 2.41%/a, most of which changed into dry field, saline-alkali land, woodland and low-covered grassland. Thereinto, in course of 1989 to 1996, the decreasing degree was very high, the rate changing into saline-alkali land and low-covered grassland reached 62.5%o The decreasing rate of water area was 2.41%/a, most of which changed into saline-alkali land, and the saline-alkali degree of water area showed increasing trend. The decreasing rate of watland was 4.18%/a, most of which changed into saline-alkali land and grassland. The mushrooming of saline-alkali land, the atrophying of large water area, the degenerating of grassland and the translating of Landscape type between water area (wetland) and grassland, grassland、saline-alkali land and high-covered grassland、middle-covered grassland、low-covered grassland、saline-alkali land, show that the land use landscape pattern structure was gone irrationality, the biology diversity was debasing, the ecosystem was dysfunction, and the ecological environment was exacerbation in the Western of JiLin Province.
Landscape index refers to a concentration of landscape information. It is the quantitative indicator which can reflect the composition and spatial distribution characteristics of landscape information. To quantitative analysis on land use spatial pattern by landscape index can establish basis for further research on land use structure and dynamic change mechanism. This paper did systematic study on landscape patter by using a number of indexes. The results showed that the fragmentation of paddy fields, dry land and saline-alkali land reduced, the area expanded incrementally and the spots joined together. The fragmentation of waters, wetlands and grassland increased and the area shrank .This change hindered the flow of energy, material and the nutrients between landscape units, which impacted the stability of landscape pattern and caused the of ecosystem functions degradation. All this above caused the ecological environment deterioration.
The previous research on land-use landscape patterns and their impact factors always mainly used traditional statistical methods. However, the precondition of these methods was to assume the date which is independent and uniform distribution. But it didn't consider the spatial autocorrelation, which made some useful information lost and can't reflect their spatial distribution accurately. This paper did the spatial analysis on land use landscape patterns distribution and its impact factors by using spatial autocorrelation and spatial lag model to find the main impact factors for first time in western Jilin.The results showed that the spatial distribution of paddy fields had positive correlation with the distances from linear water, distances from Railway, the depth of groundwater, and soil organic matter content. And it had negative correlation with rainfalls. The spatial distribution of woodland had positive correlation with DEM, the distances from linear water, and the distances from cities and towns. And it had negative correlation with soil organic matter content. The spatial distribution of high coverage grassland had negative correlation with the distances from linear water, and soil organic matter content. The spatial distribution of middle coverage grassland had positive correlation with the distances from linear water and had negative correlation with rainfalls and the distances from cities and towns. The spatial distribution of light coverage grassland had positive correlation with evaporation and had negative correlation with rainfalls, soil organic matter content and terrain. The spatial distribution of saline-alkali land had negative correlation with DEM, linear water, rainfalls, population density, soil organic matter content and the depth of groundwater. And it had positive negative correlation with evaporation. The spatial distribution of waters had positive negative correlation with rainfalls, evaporation and accumulated temperature. And it had negative correlation with soil organic matter content. The spatial distribution of wetland had positive negative correlation with DEM and the distances from linear water.
In this paper ,coupled MCE-CA-Markov model was used to predict the trend of variation about the land use landscape pattern.After examined by the shape index , the accuracy and responsibility of the coupled MCE-CA-Markov model was proved .Compared with the situation in 2004,the 2019's prediction revealed that the area of the grassland ,waterspace ,wetland would decrease by 41.6% , 52.45% and 61.37% .On the other hand , salinized land would increase by 21.76% .According to the datum above , desertification in western part of Jilin would become even more serious .Arise from the simulation about the space pattern distribution of the land use in 2019 , salinized land in Tongyu ,Da'an ,Changling and Qian'an would expand rapidly .Innumerable area of grassland would be replaced and the ecologic environment would also be seriously destroyed.
Studying the landscape pattern optimization and using the optimized plans could provide reinforcement of the heterogeneity and stability to the landscape , remedy the damaged ecologic environment ,and provide the support to the regional sustainable development .In this paper ,by advantage of CA in the landscape pattern optimization and Matlab , the optimized LPSO model of the ecologic landscape pattern was achieved for the first time in the western part of Jilin ,and it could be available to optimize the land use and landscape pattern in this region and obtain an perfect result :the proportion of the dry land , woodland and grassland would change from 7.2:0.9:1.9 to 6.3:1.1:2.6 ,attribute to the advisable and scientific ecologic landscape structure .The area of the woodland and grassland would increase 52.5 thousand hm~2 and 181.7 thousand hm~2 .These datum presented the demand returning land for farming to forestry & grassland and revealed that the increased woodland would mainly converge in the south-west part of Changling and Tongyu ,on the other hand the increased grasslang would mainly converge in the Zhenlai ,Changling and Da'an .Landscape pattern optimization would improve the proportion structure , heterogeneity and stability of various landscape .And it also have active effect on the upgrade for degenerated land and ecologic environment quality .
The innovation of the thesis was that, the affected factors of landscape spatial pattern be studied by the methods of spatial autocorrelation and spatial autoregressive ,using the multiplicity MCE-CA-Markov model forecasted the landscape pattern in 2019 and the Landscape Pattern Spatial Optimization (LPSO)model was developed based on the Matlab7.2, and had been used to optimize the landscape spatial pattern in Western Jilin province; the successive study on the changes , trend prediction and optimization of landscape pattern have provided a new research ideas and theoretical support on sustainable utilization of soil resource, and is an exploring scientific practice.
Along with the deve
lopment of social economy, the addition of people and the advancement of science and technology, Mankind has been impacting on the environment at an unprecedented scale and intensity, land use patterns were constantly changing, the framework and function of landscape pattern had been destroyed, the ecological environment worsen continuously, and there are the greatly negative influence on the development of social and economy. The western JiLin province lied in the southwest of Songnen plain, is an important production base of agriculture, livestock and energy sources industry. During recent years, on the influence of the global change and human's action, the potential frangibility of ecosystem is changing gradually to the realistic environmental calamity and land uses pattern have occurred violent change, the problems of ecological environment such as land salinization, grass degeneration, desertification, barren, lakes atrophy and wetland degeneration have risen. Bring down the land productivity, making industrial structural unreasonable, and making the people's life and the development of economic society bad.
Based on the interaction of human and landscape, Landscape ecology is to study the structure, function and the change rules of landscape ecosystem. The study on the change rules of land uses and the space optimization of landscape pattern from the angle of landscape pattern, may achieve the aim of resuming and improving the functions of ecosystem and promoting social economy harmonized development, and explore a new road for landscape ecology service in the sustainable development. This paper has important theoretical meaning and practical value in studying sustainable development problem from the angle of landscape ecology.
Supporting with landscape ecology theory, based on the technique of Remote Sensing(RS), Geographic Information System(GIS), adopting the landscape pattern index and space analysis method and cellular automaton model, we have studied on the change, tendency forecast and space optimization of landscape pattern , it combined landscape ecology theory and LUCC in a deeper level, and lay foundation for the study on LUCC later.
Land use is the uppermost Landscape sign on the earth surface layer. According to the main eco-environmenal problems in the Western of JiLin Province, taking land-use change as the first, by studying the characteristics and rules of the spatial-tempral change of land use in 15 years from 1989 to 2004 (four per), the influence was discussed. The study indicated that the land use of the zone changed prodigiously, which can be described as the phenomenon of four increasing and three decreasing, that is, increasing of tillage (paddy field、dry field), woodland, denizen land and saline-alkali land, decreasing of grassland (high、middle and low-covered grassland), watland and water area. the radices on the small side, but the paddy field changed fastest, reaching 6.75%/a. The area of saline-alkali land changed most, coming next of 2.98%/a, most of which came from low-covered grassland , wetland , middle-covered grassland, water area and high-covered grassland. The decreasing rate of high-covered grassland was 3.87%/a, most of which changed into middld、low-covered grassland, dry field, woodland and saline-alkali land. The decreasing rate of middle-covered grassland was 2.41%/a, most of which changed into dry field, saline-alkali land, woodland and low-covered grassland. Thereinto, in course of 1989 to 1996, the decreasing degree was very high, the rate changing into saline-alkali land and low-covered grassland reached 62.5%o The decreasing rate of water area was 2.41%/a, most of which changed into saline-alkali land, and the saline-alkali degree of water area showed increasing trend. The decreasing rate of watland was 4.18%/a, most of which changed into saline-alkali land and grassland. The mushrooming of saline-alkali land, the atrophying of large water area, the degenerating of grassland and the translating of Landscape type between water area (wetland) and grassland, grassland、saline-alkali land and high-covered grassland、middle-covered grassland、low-covered grassland、saline-alkali land, show that the land use landscape pattern structure was gone irrationality, the biology diversity was debasing, the ecosystem was dysfunction, and the ecological environment was exacerbation in the Western of JiLin Province.
Landscape index refers to a concentration of landscape information. It is the quantitative indicator which can reflect the composition and spatial distribution characteristics of landscape information. To quantitative analysis on land use spatial pattern by landscape index can establish basis for further research on land use structure and dynamic change mechanism. This paper did systematic study on landscape patter by using a number of indexes. The results showed that the fragmentation of paddy fields, dry land and saline-alkali land reduced, the area expanded incrementally and the spots joined together. The fragmentation of waters, wetlands and grassland increased and the area shrank .This change hindered the flow of energy, material and the nutrients between landscape units, which impacted the stability of landscape pattern and caused the of ecosystem functions degradation. All this above caused the ecological environment deterioration.
The previous research on land-use landscape patterns and their impact factors always mainly used traditional statistical methods. However, the precondition of these methods was to assume the date which is independent and uniform distribution. But it didn't consider the spatial autocorrelation, which made some useful information lost and can't reflect their spatial distribution accurately. This paper did the spatial analysis on land use landscape patterns distribution and its impact factors by using spatial autocorrelation and spatial lag model to find the main impact factors for first time in western Jilin.The results showed that the spatial distribution of paddy fields had positive correlation with the distances from linear water, distances from Railway, the depth of groundwater, and soil organic matter content. And it had negative correlation with rainfalls. The spatial distribution of woodland had positive correlation with DEM, the distances from linear water, and the distances from cities and towns. And it had negative correlation with soil organic matter content. The spatial distribution of high coverage grassland had negative correlation with the distances from linear water, and soil organic matter content. The spatial distribution of middle coverage grassland had positive correlation with the distances from linear water and had negative correlation with rainfalls and the distances from cities and towns. The spatial distribution of light coverage grassland had positive correlation with evaporation and had negative correlation with rainfalls, soil organic matter content and terrain. The spatial distribution of saline-alkali land had negative correlation with DEM, linear water, rainfalls, population density, soil organic matter content and the depth of groundwater. And it had positive negative correlation with evaporation. The spatial distribution of waters had positive negative correlation with rainfalls, evaporation and accumulated temperature. And it had negative correlation with soil organic matter content. The spatial distribution of wetland had positive negative correlation with DEM and the distances from linear water.
In this paper ,coupled MCE-CA-Markov model was used to predict the trend of variation about the land use landscape pattern.After examined by the shape index , the accuracy and responsibility of the coupled MCE-CA-Markov model was proved .Compared with the situation in 2004,the 2019's prediction revealed that the area of the grassland ,waterspace ,wetland would decrease by 41.6% , 52.45% and 61.37% .On the other hand , salinized land would increase by 21.76% .According to the datum above , desertification in western part of Jilin would become even more serious .Arise from the simulation about the space pattern distribution of the land use in 2019 , salinized land in Tongyu ,Da'an ,Changling and Qian'an would expand rapidly .Innumerable area of grassland would be replaced and the ecologic environment would also be seriously destroyed.
Studying the landscape pattern optimization and using the optimized plans could provide reinforcement of the heterogeneity and stability to the landscape , remedy the damaged ecologic environment ,and provide the support to the regional sustainable development .In this paper ,by advantage of CA in the landscape pattern optimization and Matlab , the optimized LPSO model of the ecologic landscape pattern was achieved for the first time in the western part of Jilin ,and it could be available to optimize the land use and landscape pattern in this region and obtain an perfect result :the proportion of the dry land , woodland and grassland would change from 7.2:0.9:1.9 to 6.3:1.1:2.6 ,attribute to the advisable and scientific ecologic landscape structure .The area of the woodland and grassland would increase 52.5 thousand hm~2 and 181.7 thousand hm~2 .These datum presented the demand returning land for farming to forestry & grassland and revealed that the increased woodland would mainly converge in the south-west part of Changling and Tongyu ,on the other hand the increased grasslang would mainly converge in the Zhenlai ,Changling and Da'an .Landscape pattern optimization would improve the proportion structure , heterogeneity and stability of various landscape .And it also have active effect on the upgrade for degenerated land and ecologic environment quality .
The innovation of the thesis was that, the affected factors of landscape spatial pattern be studied by the methods of spatial autocorrelation and spatial autoregressive ,using the multiplicity MCE-CA-Markov model forecasted the landscape pattern in 2019 and the Landscape Pattern Spatial Optimization (LPSO)model was developed based on the Matlab7.2, and had been used to optimize the landscape spatial pattern in Western Jilin province; the successive study on the changes , trend prediction and optimization of landscape pattern have provided a new research ideas and theoretical support on sustainable utilization of soil resource, and is an exploring scientific practice.
引文
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