塔东北孔雀河地区构造热演化及其与油气关系研究
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摘要
塔东北孔雀河地区是典型的含油气叠合盆地发育区,经历了不同原型盆地古地温场的叠加和改造,不同烃源岩层的发育过程受控于不同时期盆地埋藏史和热演化史。盆地热史和烃源岩热演化史的研究对于塔里木盆地东北缘山前带含油气盆地的热演化特点及其对油气生成的影响具有重要意义。
本文在区域地质构造背景研究的基础上,针对孔雀河地区地质特点,采用叠合盆地构造热演化史恢复的思路,在埋藏史详细研究的基础上,运用多种古温标研究手段,对研究区构造热演化历史进行了恢复和重建,重点对寒武—下奥陶统烃源岩热演化史、生烃史和油气成藏期次进行了系统的研究,总结了研究区成藏模式和控制因素,为今后勘探方向提供科学依据。
以区域地质构造背景为约束条件,首次通过库鲁克塔格露头区裂变径迹数据提供的隆升年代学信息,研究了库鲁克塔格山隆升历史及对孔雀河斜坡区的影响。认为库鲁克塔格山共经历了始于加里东末期的早海西期和晚白垩世两次隆升过程,每期抬升过程对孔雀河斜坡区的影响作用不同。海西期隆升使孔雀河斜坡区结束了长期以沉降作用为主体的演化过程,进入抬升剥蚀演化阶段,抬升过程使寒武—下奥陶统烃源岩热演化停止。晚白垩世隆升使中生代圈闭最终定型,孔雀河断裂向斜坡逆掩推覆,侏罗系烃源岩热演化程度提高。
根据盆地应力场演化、构造沉降史及断裂演化期次将研究区划分为4种原型盆地类型。不同构造单元不同原型盆地阶段演化具有差异性,在剥蚀厚度求取的基础上,划分了4种埋藏史类型,分别是古隆起区早期抬升后期浅埋型,斜坡区一次深埋波动型,凹陷区持续埋深型和英吉苏凹陷一次抬升后期深埋型。
热演化史恢复采用了多种古温标研究手段综合分析,对不同构造单元代表钻井进行了EASY%Ro热史模拟,恢复了各构造单元热演化历史。模拟结果表明,孔雀河地区古地温梯度演化与区域地温场演化一致,古生代地温梯度值较中、新生代高,三叠纪以来,古地温梯度整体呈现下降趋势,中新生代以来,各构造单元的热演化规律趋于一致。在埋藏史、热演化史控制因素影响下,寒武—下奥陶统烃源岩热演化历史具有成熟早,分区演化,差异成熟的特点,古隆起区烃源岩在晚奥陶世末达到最大热演化程度,主体以生油为主。孔雀河斜坡区及英吉苏凹陷烃源岩在泥盆纪末—早海西期达到最大热演化程度。英吉苏凹陷后期深埋增温作用使寒武系烃源岩及奥陶系古油气藏热演化程度进一步提高,具有二次生烃条件。草湖凹陷烃源岩演化具分阶段持续演化特征,现今仍然具有生烃能力。满加尔凹陷烃源岩在早泥盆世达到过成熟演化阶段,现今处于无效过成熟生烃区。
对各构造单元生烃史进行了划分,共有古隆起区早期一次生烃型,草湖凹陷持续生烃型,斜坡区、凹陷区一次生烃过成熟演化3种类型。
在对典型油气藏解剖的基础上,首次应用流体包裹体、粘土矿物测年和有机包裹体激光拉曼等技术手段,对孔雀1井志留系、侏罗系含油气层段进行了成藏期次研究。以往研究认为,孔雀河地区油气主要是源于下古生界烃源岩贡献,具有早期生成,多期破坏调整,晚期成藏的特点。但研究结果表明,孔雀1井志留系湿气藏成藏关键时刻为早海西期,这说明海西期寒武—奥陶系古油气藏破坏严重,加上后期未能保证有充足的油气源向上供烃,孔雀1井侏罗系油气运移过程主要是来源于志留系残留湿气藏后期向上逸散和调整。这一研究对孔雀河地区油气勘探具有重要指导作用。
通过油气有利区预测和评价,以烃源岩演化特征和油气成藏期次研究结论为指导,明确了龙口背斜构造带志留系、侏罗系储层和维马克-开屏背斜构造带志留系储层为下一步勘探的有利区带。
Kongquehe region is a typical superimposed area in northeast Tarim basin, which superimposed and reconstructed by different prototype tectonic movement. The evolution of different sets of source rocks is controlled by basin buried history and thermal evolution history. The study of basin thermal evolution and source rock thermal evolution have an important role in the basin thermal evolution characteristic in foreland area of the edge of northeast Tarim basin and affects hydrocarbon generation.
In combination with regional tectonic background and geological features of Kongquehe slope, the idea of recovering tectonic-thermal evolution history based on superimposed basin is introduced. Starting from an analysis of denudation and buried history, tectonic-thermal evolution history was recovered and reconstructed by several palaeotemperature scale studies. This paper makes a further study on Cambrian-Lower Ordovician thermal history, hydrocarbon generation and formation stages of bearing oil-gas reservoir and sums up the major control factors, establishes petroleum accumulation patterns and makes clear the further exploration tendency.
In the first time, confined to the regional tectonic background, Kuruktag uplift stages and its effects on the Kongquehe slope are researched by the Zircon and Apatite fission track thermochronology. The study shows that there exist two stages of uplift processes which are late Caledonian started Hercynian and late Crataceous periods respectively. And each stage plays a different role in the Kongquehe slope. The first uplift makes the long term burial stage in Kongquehe area stop and enter into a process of tectonic uplift-erosion stage, and results in the thermal evolution degree of Cambrian-Lower Ordovician source rocks ceased. Late Crataceous uplift makes the Mesozoic trap complete. Kongquehe fault forms thrust and nappe tectonic style, and thermal evolution of Jurassic source rocks increases.
According to the study of stress field changes and tectonic burial history and faults formation stages, the original basin can be divided into four styles. Each one has its special evolution character. On the basis of calculations of erosion thickness, study area can be classified into 4 burial styles: there are early-uplifts and late shallow bury belt in paleaohigh, early deep bury and late adjustmengt in slope belt, successive burial process in depression and one time uplift late deep burial in Yingjisu depression.
With several palaeotemperature scale synthetical studies, the thermal evolution history in different tectonic units is recovered using EASY%Ro single-well modeling. Results implies that paleaothermal gradient evolution tendency is identity with regional paleaothermal gradient evolution regulations. The value of Palaeozoic thermal gradient is higher than Mesozoic and the value of Cenozoic is the lowest, the evolution history takes on a characteristic of slowly decline changes. Controlled by the burial and thermal history, thermal evolution of Cambrian-Lower Ordovician source rocks has a characteristic of early generation, diversity mature in different tectonic units. The largest thermal mature degree in paloeohigh area is formed in late- Ordovician, generation liquid hydrocarbon and that formed in late Devonian to early Silurian in Kongquehe slope and yingjisu depression. Deep burial and thermal metamorphism make the thermal mature degree in Cambrian-Lower Ordovician source rock and palaeo-reservoir further increase. Yingjisu depress has the ability of secondary hydrocarbon generation. The thermal evolution history in Caohu depression specialized in successive matured style still has the ability to hydrocarbon generation. Early Devonian, the source rock in Manjiaer depression gets to the beyond-mature degree, and is during the condition of invalid hydrocarbon generation area.
On the basis of single-well model, combing the study of tectonic-burial history, conclusion can be drawn that there exist 3 kinds of hydrocarbon generation type: (1) early single generation type in palaeohigh area; (2) successive generation type in Caohu area; (3) single generation and over-matured evolution type in slope area.
After the study of typical reservoir analysis, with the application of Oraganic inclusions, clay mineral terminology and laser Raman microprobe methods, the formation stages of Silurian, Jurassic bearing oil-gas reservoir of Qk1 were studied detailed in the first time. Characteristic in the Kongquehe is early reservoir forming, multi-stages destroying and adjusting, late second-reservoir forming. Results show that the formation stages of Silurian wed-gas reservoir is in Hercynian period. It implies that Cambrian-Ordovician palaeo-reservoir is destroyed hardly in Hercynian period, in addition of absence oil-gas coming from the below, the migration of Jurassic is largely original from the effusion and second migration of residual Silurian wet-gas. The new cognition about formation stages of oil and gas is important for the next exploration of Kongquehe area.
Based on forecasting and evaluating of the key object, with the guidance of hydrocarbon generation and hydrocarbon charging period, this paper points out Silurian, Jurassic reservoir of anticline structural zones in Longkou tectonic belts and Silurian reservoir of anticline structural in Weima-Kaiping are advantageous exploration zones.
本文在区域地质构造背景研究的基础上,针对孔雀河地区地质特点,采用叠合盆地构造热演化史恢复的思路,在埋藏史详细研究的基础上,运用多种古温标研究手段,对研究区构造热演化历史进行了恢复和重建,重点对寒武—下奥陶统烃源岩热演化史、生烃史和油气成藏期次进行了系统的研究,总结了研究区成藏模式和控制因素,为今后勘探方向提供科学依据。
以区域地质构造背景为约束条件,首次通过库鲁克塔格露头区裂变径迹数据提供的隆升年代学信息,研究了库鲁克塔格山隆升历史及对孔雀河斜坡区的影响。认为库鲁克塔格山共经历了始于加里东末期的早海西期和晚白垩世两次隆升过程,每期抬升过程对孔雀河斜坡区的影响作用不同。海西期隆升使孔雀河斜坡区结束了长期以沉降作用为主体的演化过程,进入抬升剥蚀演化阶段,抬升过程使寒武—下奥陶统烃源岩热演化停止。晚白垩世隆升使中生代圈闭最终定型,孔雀河断裂向斜坡逆掩推覆,侏罗系烃源岩热演化程度提高。
根据盆地应力场演化、构造沉降史及断裂演化期次将研究区划分为4种原型盆地类型。不同构造单元不同原型盆地阶段演化具有差异性,在剥蚀厚度求取的基础上,划分了4种埋藏史类型,分别是古隆起区早期抬升后期浅埋型,斜坡区一次深埋波动型,凹陷区持续埋深型和英吉苏凹陷一次抬升后期深埋型。
热演化史恢复采用了多种古温标研究手段综合分析,对不同构造单元代表钻井进行了EASY%Ro热史模拟,恢复了各构造单元热演化历史。模拟结果表明,孔雀河地区古地温梯度演化与区域地温场演化一致,古生代地温梯度值较中、新生代高,三叠纪以来,古地温梯度整体呈现下降趋势,中新生代以来,各构造单元的热演化规律趋于一致。在埋藏史、热演化史控制因素影响下,寒武—下奥陶统烃源岩热演化历史具有成熟早,分区演化,差异成熟的特点,古隆起区烃源岩在晚奥陶世末达到最大热演化程度,主体以生油为主。孔雀河斜坡区及英吉苏凹陷烃源岩在泥盆纪末—早海西期达到最大热演化程度。英吉苏凹陷后期深埋增温作用使寒武系烃源岩及奥陶系古油气藏热演化程度进一步提高,具有二次生烃条件。草湖凹陷烃源岩演化具分阶段持续演化特征,现今仍然具有生烃能力。满加尔凹陷烃源岩在早泥盆世达到过成熟演化阶段,现今处于无效过成熟生烃区。
对各构造单元生烃史进行了划分,共有古隆起区早期一次生烃型,草湖凹陷持续生烃型,斜坡区、凹陷区一次生烃过成熟演化3种类型。
在对典型油气藏解剖的基础上,首次应用流体包裹体、粘土矿物测年和有机包裹体激光拉曼等技术手段,对孔雀1井志留系、侏罗系含油气层段进行了成藏期次研究。以往研究认为,孔雀河地区油气主要是源于下古生界烃源岩贡献,具有早期生成,多期破坏调整,晚期成藏的特点。但研究结果表明,孔雀1井志留系湿气藏成藏关键时刻为早海西期,这说明海西期寒武—奥陶系古油气藏破坏严重,加上后期未能保证有充足的油气源向上供烃,孔雀1井侏罗系油气运移过程主要是来源于志留系残留湿气藏后期向上逸散和调整。这一研究对孔雀河地区油气勘探具有重要指导作用。
通过油气有利区预测和评价,以烃源岩演化特征和油气成藏期次研究结论为指导,明确了龙口背斜构造带志留系、侏罗系储层和维马克-开屏背斜构造带志留系储层为下一步勘探的有利区带。
Kongquehe region is a typical superimposed area in northeast Tarim basin, which superimposed and reconstructed by different prototype tectonic movement. The evolution of different sets of source rocks is controlled by basin buried history and thermal evolution history. The study of basin thermal evolution and source rock thermal evolution have an important role in the basin thermal evolution characteristic in foreland area of the edge of northeast Tarim basin and affects hydrocarbon generation.
In combination with regional tectonic background and geological features of Kongquehe slope, the idea of recovering tectonic-thermal evolution history based on superimposed basin is introduced. Starting from an analysis of denudation and buried history, tectonic-thermal evolution history was recovered and reconstructed by several palaeotemperature scale studies. This paper makes a further study on Cambrian-Lower Ordovician thermal history, hydrocarbon generation and formation stages of bearing oil-gas reservoir and sums up the major control factors, establishes petroleum accumulation patterns and makes clear the further exploration tendency.
In the first time, confined to the regional tectonic background, Kuruktag uplift stages and its effects on the Kongquehe slope are researched by the Zircon and Apatite fission track thermochronology. The study shows that there exist two stages of uplift processes which are late Caledonian started Hercynian and late Crataceous periods respectively. And each stage plays a different role in the Kongquehe slope. The first uplift makes the long term burial stage in Kongquehe area stop and enter into a process of tectonic uplift-erosion stage, and results in the thermal evolution degree of Cambrian-Lower Ordovician source rocks ceased. Late Crataceous uplift makes the Mesozoic trap complete. Kongquehe fault forms thrust and nappe tectonic style, and thermal evolution of Jurassic source rocks increases.
According to the study of stress field changes and tectonic burial history and faults formation stages, the original basin can be divided into four styles. Each one has its special evolution character. On the basis of calculations of erosion thickness, study area can be classified into 4 burial styles: there are early-uplifts and late shallow bury belt in paleaohigh, early deep bury and late adjustmengt in slope belt, successive burial process in depression and one time uplift late deep burial in Yingjisu depression.
With several palaeotemperature scale synthetical studies, the thermal evolution history in different tectonic units is recovered using EASY%Ro single-well modeling. Results implies that paleaothermal gradient evolution tendency is identity with regional paleaothermal gradient evolution regulations. The value of Palaeozoic thermal gradient is higher than Mesozoic and the value of Cenozoic is the lowest, the evolution history takes on a characteristic of slowly decline changes. Controlled by the burial and thermal history, thermal evolution of Cambrian-Lower Ordovician source rocks has a characteristic of early generation, diversity mature in different tectonic units. The largest thermal mature degree in paloeohigh area is formed in late- Ordovician, generation liquid hydrocarbon and that formed in late Devonian to early Silurian in Kongquehe slope and yingjisu depression. Deep burial and thermal metamorphism make the thermal mature degree in Cambrian-Lower Ordovician source rock and palaeo-reservoir further increase. Yingjisu depress has the ability of secondary hydrocarbon generation. The thermal evolution history in Caohu depression specialized in successive matured style still has the ability to hydrocarbon generation. Early Devonian, the source rock in Manjiaer depression gets to the beyond-mature degree, and is during the condition of invalid hydrocarbon generation area.
On the basis of single-well model, combing the study of tectonic-burial history, conclusion can be drawn that there exist 3 kinds of hydrocarbon generation type: (1) early single generation type in palaeohigh area; (2) successive generation type in Caohu area; (3) single generation and over-matured evolution type in slope area.
After the study of typical reservoir analysis, with the application of Oraganic inclusions, clay mineral terminology and laser Raman microprobe methods, the formation stages of Silurian, Jurassic bearing oil-gas reservoir of Qk1 were studied detailed in the first time. Characteristic in the Kongquehe is early reservoir forming, multi-stages destroying and adjusting, late second-reservoir forming. Results show that the formation stages of Silurian wed-gas reservoir is in Hercynian period. It implies that Cambrian-Ordovician palaeo-reservoir is destroyed hardly in Hercynian period, in addition of absence oil-gas coming from the below, the migration of Jurassic is largely original from the effusion and second migration of residual Silurian wet-gas. The new cognition about formation stages of oil and gas is important for the next exploration of Kongquehe area.
Based on forecasting and evaluating of the key object, with the guidance of hydrocarbon generation and hydrocarbon charging period, this paper points out Silurian, Jurassic reservoir of anticline structural zones in Longkou tectonic belts and Silurian reservoir of anticline structural in Weima-Kaiping are advantageous exploration zones.
引文
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