形变碳纳米管的结构及晶格振动特性研究
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摘要
碳纳米管自从被发现以来,已经成为碳材料纳米技术和凝聚态物理研究的前沿和热点。晶格振动是研究碳纳米管宏观性质和微观结构的重要物理基础,当碳纳米管发生形变时,其晶格振动特性也随之改变。拉曼散射实验是表征碳纳米管结构和晶格振动特性的重要光谱方法。鉴于实验条件差异和样品组分不同常会导致拉曼实验现象不一致,本论文结合分子动力学方法和力常数模型,配以群论分析方法,对径向和轴向形变碳纳米管的声子振动谱及拉曼振动模式进行了系统的理论研究,探明了形变碳纳米管中拉曼振动模式的固有属性,澄清了拉曼实验现象的物理本质,获得了一系列有意义的结果。
以下为本论文的主要研究结果:
1.修正了力常数矩阵表达式,构建了常压力常数模型,在系统研究静水压力对拉曼活性呼吸模式作用规律的基础上,发现呼吸模式频率在某一临界压强处发生突变,此突变对应碳纳米管横截面由圆形转变为椭圆形,表明呼吸模式频率突变可以作为碳纳米管结构转变的标志。进一步研究不同管径、不同手性碳纳米管,发现呼吸模式突变的临界压强与管径呈立方反比关系,且不依赖于碳纳米管的手性,这一新发现的关系为判断实验样品中碳纳米管的直径和类型奠定了重要的科学基础。
2.采用群论分析方法探明了临界压强之上呼吸模式的本质特征,由不同对称点群之间的相适关系证明形变碳纳米管的呼吸模式仍为拉曼活性,进一步研究发现呼吸模式的强度在临界压强处骤降,揭示了拉曼实验中较高压强下呼吸模式消失的本质原因。
3.针对拉曼实验中存在的G带对压强变化的不一致性,研究了静水压力对拉曼活性伸缩模式的影响,发现伸缩模式频率在临界压强附近表现出反常压力行为,即频移率呈现大于零、等于零和小于零三种现象,揭示了静水压力对伸缩模式的作用规律,澄清了G带对压强变化的不一致性的本质原因。
4.鉴于目前拉曼实验难于沿轴向压缩碳纳米管,研究了压缩应变对拉曼活性呼吸模式和伸缩模式的影响,发现呼吸模式频率在某一临界应变处骤降,这与碳纳米管的结构发生屈曲形变相对应,而且呼吸模式骤降的临界应变与管径呈反比关系,且依赖于碳纳米管的手性,预言了压缩形变碳纳米管中呼吸模式变化的新规律。进一步研究发现,轴向形变碳纳米管的三个伸缩模式呈现两类频移率,且与实验上观测的G+峰和G-峰对应,这有助于理解碳纳米管受非静水压力压缩时传输介质中引入的轴向应变效应。
Since their identification, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have become a hotspot and frontier of material research and condensed matter physics. Lattice vibration properties of CNTs are of considerable importance not only in the basic interest in the phonons but also in a number of nanomechanical devices. Once the tube structure transformed, the phonon vibration characteristics will be certainly affected. In this thesis, phonon dispersion relations and Raman-active modes of radial- and axial-deformed CNTs are theoretically investigated, using molecular-dynamics (MD) simulations and the force-constant model combining with group theory calculations. The results catch on the intrinsic properties of Raman-active modes for deformed CNTs, and clarify the physical essence of Raman scattering experiments.
The important results obtained are summed up as following:
1. The expression of force constant is modified, from which the force constant model under constant pressure is developed. Adopting this method, the effects of hydrostatic pressure on Raman-active radial breathing mode (RBM) are systemically investigated. It has been found that the RBM transition occurs at certain critical pressure, where the tube undergoes structural transition from circle to oval shape in the cross section. The results indicate that the RBM transition can be proved as a sign of the structural transition of CNTs. Furthermore, the dependence of the RBM transition pressure on tube diameters is achieved, i.e., P~1/d3, which provides the theoretical foundation for experimental determination of nanotube diameters and species.
2. On the basis of the correlation between different point groups, it is indicated that the deformed RBMs are still Raman-active above the critical pressure. It means that the RBMs still exist under higher pressure. Furthermore, it is shown that, above the critical pressure, the Raman intensity of the RBMs becomes too weak to be experimentally detected, which may help us clarify the essence of the experimental observations.
3. Aiming at the controversial results about shifting rate of G band in Raman experiments, pressure effects on Raman-active tangential stretching modes (TSMs) are mainly studied. It has been found that the TSMs present anomalous pressure behaviors near the critical pressure, i.e. the shifting rate of TSMs showing an increased value, a constant value, or a negative value. The results consumedly help us understand the nature of the experimental G band for CNTs.
4. Due to the experimental difficulty of compressing CNTs under axial stress, the effects of axial compression on RBM and TSMs are systemically studied. Under larger compression, a sharp reduction of the RBM frequency is found at certain critical strain, where the tube buckling deformation occurs exactly. Moreover, the critical strain of the RBM is inversely proportional to the tube diameter, and also depends on the tube chirality, which predicts new phenomena of Raman experiments. Furthermore, three TSMs present two kinds of different slopes with axial strain, which can be assigned to the experimentally measured G+ and G- peaks. The results are valuable to understand the effect of axial strain on tubes under non-hydrostatic pressure.
以下为本论文的主要研究结果:
1.修正了力常数矩阵表达式,构建了常压力常数模型,在系统研究静水压力对拉曼活性呼吸模式作用规律的基础上,发现呼吸模式频率在某一临界压强处发生突变,此突变对应碳纳米管横截面由圆形转变为椭圆形,表明呼吸模式频率突变可以作为碳纳米管结构转变的标志。进一步研究不同管径、不同手性碳纳米管,发现呼吸模式突变的临界压强与管径呈立方反比关系,且不依赖于碳纳米管的手性,这一新发现的关系为判断实验样品中碳纳米管的直径和类型奠定了重要的科学基础。
2.采用群论分析方法探明了临界压强之上呼吸模式的本质特征,由不同对称点群之间的相适关系证明形变碳纳米管的呼吸模式仍为拉曼活性,进一步研究发现呼吸模式的强度在临界压强处骤降,揭示了拉曼实验中较高压强下呼吸模式消失的本质原因。
3.针对拉曼实验中存在的G带对压强变化的不一致性,研究了静水压力对拉曼活性伸缩模式的影响,发现伸缩模式频率在临界压强附近表现出反常压力行为,即频移率呈现大于零、等于零和小于零三种现象,揭示了静水压力对伸缩模式的作用规律,澄清了G带对压强变化的不一致性的本质原因。
4.鉴于目前拉曼实验难于沿轴向压缩碳纳米管,研究了压缩应变对拉曼活性呼吸模式和伸缩模式的影响,发现呼吸模式频率在某一临界应变处骤降,这与碳纳米管的结构发生屈曲形变相对应,而且呼吸模式骤降的临界应变与管径呈反比关系,且依赖于碳纳米管的手性,预言了压缩形变碳纳米管中呼吸模式变化的新规律。进一步研究发现,轴向形变碳纳米管的三个伸缩模式呈现两类频移率,且与实验上观测的G+峰和G-峰对应,这有助于理解碳纳米管受非静水压力压缩时传输介质中引入的轴向应变效应。
Since their identification, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have become a hotspot and frontier of material research and condensed matter physics. Lattice vibration properties of CNTs are of considerable importance not only in the basic interest in the phonons but also in a number of nanomechanical devices. Once the tube structure transformed, the phonon vibration characteristics will be certainly affected. In this thesis, phonon dispersion relations and Raman-active modes of radial- and axial-deformed CNTs are theoretically investigated, using molecular-dynamics (MD) simulations and the force-constant model combining with group theory calculations. The results catch on the intrinsic properties of Raman-active modes for deformed CNTs, and clarify the physical essence of Raman scattering experiments.
The important results obtained are summed up as following:
1. The expression of force constant is modified, from which the force constant model under constant pressure is developed. Adopting this method, the effects of hydrostatic pressure on Raman-active radial breathing mode (RBM) are systemically investigated. It has been found that the RBM transition occurs at certain critical pressure, where the tube undergoes structural transition from circle to oval shape in the cross section. The results indicate that the RBM transition can be proved as a sign of the structural transition of CNTs. Furthermore, the dependence of the RBM transition pressure on tube diameters is achieved, i.e., P~1/d3, which provides the theoretical foundation for experimental determination of nanotube diameters and species.
2. On the basis of the correlation between different point groups, it is indicated that the deformed RBMs are still Raman-active above the critical pressure. It means that the RBMs still exist under higher pressure. Furthermore, it is shown that, above the critical pressure, the Raman intensity of the RBMs becomes too weak to be experimentally detected, which may help us clarify the essence of the experimental observations.
3. Aiming at the controversial results about shifting rate of G band in Raman experiments, pressure effects on Raman-active tangential stretching modes (TSMs) are mainly studied. It has been found that the TSMs present anomalous pressure behaviors near the critical pressure, i.e. the shifting rate of TSMs showing an increased value, a constant value, or a negative value. The results consumedly help us understand the nature of the experimental G band for CNTs.
4. Due to the experimental difficulty of compressing CNTs under axial stress, the effects of axial compression on RBM and TSMs are systemically studied. Under larger compression, a sharp reduction of the RBM frequency is found at certain critical strain, where the tube buckling deformation occurs exactly. Moreover, the critical strain of the RBM is inversely proportional to the tube diameter, and also depends on the tube chirality, which predicts new phenomena of Raman experiments. Furthermore, three TSMs present two kinds of different slopes with axial strain, which can be assigned to the experimentally measured G+ and G- peaks. The results are valuable to understand the effect of axial strain on tubes under non-hydrostatic pressure.
引文
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