He II传输参数特性与HeII获取研究
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摘要
本文结合CGSE(Cryogenic Ground Support Equipment,低温地面支持设备)系统中有关He II的产生与输送方面的工程应用要求,针对He I和He II的物性、低温液氦与He II的获取模型、传输温升模型进行了理论研究和数值模拟,并采用试验对部分理论分析结论进行了验证,主要理论研究和试验工作如下:
一、He II粘度的不确定现象与分析。对目前已经出现的关于测试He II粘度的试验进行全面分类和系统研究,指出He II表观粘度测量结果的不确定性,即对测试条件的依赖性。唯一可以从理论角度出发对此现象进行的定性解释就是,He II内部出现了超流体紊流和涡旋粘度,目前还没有达到可以定量说明的水平。因此,尝试利用现有的关于He II的低温物理学理论和相关背景知识对几种实验技术之间表现出来的差异进行了分析。同时给出针对不同测试和应用条件表现出来的具体粘度数值,为CGSE系统真实工程应用条件下的粘度选用提供依据。在此基础上提出在一定条件下便于工程应用的简单估算He II粘度的数学方程。
二、利用分子动力学(MD)方法对LJ(Lennard-Jones)流体和量子流体的粘度研究。首次尝试采用外加无量纲力场的方法,使流体形成稳定的速度分布,进而分析其粘度。无论是模拟的过程还是其结果都能够提供一些很有价值的结论:如果要模拟较低的流体温度,需要采用较大的外加力场才可以形成比较明显的速度梯度。5000个分子的系统模拟得到的状态点全部落入研究流体的超临界区域。与超临界氦相比,超临界氩粘度的模拟结果更接近于NIST(National Institute of Standards and Technology)提供的数据。对于18000个分子的系统,在给定的初始模拟温度条件下,能否形成稳定的速度分布对外加力场的数值大小更加敏感。对待不同的初始输入条件,需要选取与之相应的外加力场,才能够形成稳定的速度分布。而18000个分子系统的模拟结果同样存在与5000级分子系统相同的问题,这是因为氦具有量子效应,而在LJ流体模型中,并未考虑这种量子效应。
在目前带有量子效应修正的分子动力学研究领域,还较少涉及传输参数的模拟。本文通过FH(Feynman-Hibbs)势函数实现了LJ流体的量子效应修正。计算发现,随着计算温度的降低,量子效应的修正增强。采用量子效应修正后,对系统的温度场影响很大,必须在很小的外加力场作用下,才能使计算结果尽量收敛于输入值,这些做法使模拟时间大大增长,由原来的20小时可以计算一个状态点突然增加到7天甚至更长,不仅占用大量的计算机资源,也大大限制了计算的状态点数量。结果发现,采用外加力场和量子效应相结合的方式,可以实现液氦甚至He II粘度的分子动力学模拟,使其可能不再依赖于复杂的实验技术。
三、理论研究He II获取方案、减压降温法获得不同温度液氦和He II的液体获得率。针对直接节流、预冷与节流相结合、抽真空以及抽真空与节流过程相结合这4种方案进行了比较详细的对比分析和计算。在综合比较各方面因素而选定了抽真空方案后,根据减压降温法的基本原理,提出了用于预测液体获得率的双守恒模型,全面考虑了过程中液氦和蒸发氦气的焓变和温度变化,并与前人提出的其他分析模型进行了对比。在双守恒模型的基础上,对AMS-02中CGSE系统如何实现He II获取的三杜瓦,即主杜瓦、传输杜瓦与磁体杜瓦联动运行方案进行了分析讨论和计算,在已知部分设备信息的条件下,对磁体杜瓦的抽真空时间、1.8 K He II得率、补注时间进行判断和估算。
四、试验系统的建立。建立用于模拟CGSE系统主要设备和功能的试验系统,解决系统中可能出现的一些关键问题,如测试设备的信号线引出问题,发生系统阻塞事故后的系统复温吹扫问题等。与自控技术人员联合开发带有扩展功能的数据采集系统和数据实时采集记录软件。对系统中的低温设备进行性能测试,包括液氦杜瓦的静态蒸发率测试、低温管路接头和主要低温管路的漏热量测试,为真实系统的调试和运行提供可靠的工程技术数据和经验。试验内容主要有:
(1)采用减压降温法,使用饱和液氦获得工程用低温液氦(2.2 K～4.2 K之间的饱和液氦)和He II,与本文提出的双守恒模型对比分析其液体获得率,验证本文提出的预测液体获得率的双守恒模型的准确性和可靠性,为探索减压降温法获得He II并确定其液体率,获得一定的理论基础与工程经验;
(2)液氦输送管路绝热性能试验,确定四层绝热结构液氦管路的绝热性能,为其工程应用提供定量的分析数据;采用内部充注液氮,利用质量流量计测量其蒸发率的方法对CGSE系统中的两根高真空多层绝热低温输送管路PL3与PL14以及带有冷蒸汽屏的PL2进行了低温性能测试。
五、理论分析并计算He II强制流动特性。应用He II状态方程直接确定其Joule-Thomson系数。根据状态方程法的计算结果拟合得到适合于工程应用的经验方程。在此基础上对强制流动He II输送系统Joule-Thomson(JT)效应进行研究。采用考虑到系统压力梯度影响的较为复杂的模型方程对He II强制流动系统的温度分布进行求解,并与没有考虑JT效应的简化微分方程的求解结果进行比较。发现,将由于单纯的JT效应引起的温升与简化方程的结果进行叠加之后,结果与考虑压力梯度的复杂方程的结果十分相似,从而简化复杂工程的求解。
本文针对He II传输参数特性、低温液氦传输管路性能和He II获得三方面内容,从理论分析和试验研究两方面展开,得出了一些有意义的结论,为液氦和He II的大型工程应用提供了一定的理论准备和技术基础。
The key technologies of the CGSE system are of the filling and transferring of He I, and the achieving of 1.8 K He II by vacuum pumping. It is necessary to set up a simulating experimental system because the practical CGSE system is so complicated and large. The experimental system will simulate the flow process of He I in real operating condition and obtain He II. So that we can gain the key physical and technical parameters, information and the operation experience for the real engineering system. In the paper, both the theoretical studies and numerical simulations are carried out to analyze the physical characteristics of He I and He II, to obtain He II by vacuum-pumping method, and to study the temperature rise model of He II forced flow. The major works are summarized as follows:
1.Study on the dependence of the viscosities of He II on the experimental techniques: Based on the summary of experimental data of the viscosities, it is found that the viscosities of He II have different values under different experimental technologies. The key work of this chapter is of finding the detail values of the viscosities of He II in terms of operating conditions to propose a simple equation to calculate them at practical operating conditions.
2.Study on the viscosities of LJ fluid and helium by molecular dynamics. The LJ potential function is adopted to simulate the viscosities of supercritical argon and supercritical helium. The results show that the values of supercritical argon are close to that provided by NIST (National Institute of Standards and Technology) in comparison of the simulation results of supercritical helium. The reason is that helium is a quantum fluid and has quantum effect that has not been considered in the LJ potential function. Therefore, the quantum effect must be considered in order to obtain the accurate values for quantum fluid. In this chapter, the FH(Feynman-Hibbs)potential function has been used to solve the problem. It is found that the quantum effect becomes stronger with the decreasing of the temperatures and the calculation time becomes much longer.
3.Study on the schemes of obtaining He II. The mass and energy conservation model are used to analyze the liquid ratio of He II at different temperatures by vacuum pumping method. There are four methods to obtain He II, i.e. direct throttling process, throttling process with pre-cooling, vacuum pumping and vacuum-pumping with throttling process. Limited by the charging time and the assembly space, the He II should be quickly produced by a compact system with high working reliabilities. Therefore, selection of a scheme for producing He II is also a crucial work to the construction of the CGSE system. Based on the thermodynamic analyses of the processes in those four methods, the scheme of vacuum-pumping has been selected and the pumping speed has been also determined for choosing the vacuum pump.
4.Set up the experimental system. Based on the characteristics and the performance of the CGSE system a simulating experimental system has been set up in order to test its major equipments and functions. Several essential technical problems are solved during the construction process, including how to leading-out the signal wires from the device, how to warm up and purge the system after the accident of system block. Data acquisition system and software are also developed. Test of the static evaporative rate of LHe Dewar, the heat leak of the coupling and the cryogenic pipe in the experimental system. Experimental studies on the liquid ratio of producing different temperatures of He I and He II, on the transferring performance of He I, and on the heat leak of the special four layer cryogenic pipeline. There are two aims for the experimental studies on the producing and transferring low temperature helium (lower than 4.2 K):
(1) Producing the low temperature helium by vacuum-pumping method. Comparing the results of liquid ratio with the theory model. Obtaining engineering information and experience of producing He II and determining the liquid ratio;
(2) Determining the performance of heat-insulating properties of the special four layer structure pipeline and supply the analysis data for the engineering design and application. The performance test of cryogenic transfer pipeline PL3 and PL14 in the CGSE system are also carried out by mass flowmeter in order to supply the analysis data for the operation of the real system;
5.Theoretical analyses and calculations are carried out for the forced flow characteristics of He II. The results explain that the limit heat leak permitted by per meter line will be decreased with the length of the transfer lines increase. So more restrict requirement on the thermal insulation structure will be presented to the longer lines. Larger limit heat leak will be permitted when the transfer differential pressure increases. The temperature rise of He II transfer system due to the negative Joule-Thomson (JT) effect is one of the major problems in the system design for the He II forced flow system. The equation considering the pressure gradient effect is adopted to analyze the temperature distribution along the transfer pipeline for the He II forced flow system. Results are compared with those obtained by the simplified equation. The results calculated by the simplified equation are modified by the negative JT effect therefore the total temperature rises along the pipeline are obtained. The results show that the total temperature rises along the pipeline are similar to the values calculated by the complicated equation. So the simplified equation can also give good results of temperature rise when the negative JT effect of He II is known.
The transfer properties of He II, obtaining of He II and the performance of the cryogenic pipes are experimentally and theoretically researched. The results are reasonable and helpful, especially for the engineering application of He I and He II.
一、He II粘度的不确定现象与分析。对目前已经出现的关于测试He II粘度的试验进行全面分类和系统研究,指出He II表观粘度测量结果的不确定性,即对测试条件的依赖性。唯一可以从理论角度出发对此现象进行的定性解释就是,He II内部出现了超流体紊流和涡旋粘度,目前还没有达到可以定量说明的水平。因此,尝试利用现有的关于He II的低温物理学理论和相关背景知识对几种实验技术之间表现出来的差异进行了分析。同时给出针对不同测试和应用条件表现出来的具体粘度数值,为CGSE系统真实工程应用条件下的粘度选用提供依据。在此基础上提出在一定条件下便于工程应用的简单估算He II粘度的数学方程。
二、利用分子动力学(MD)方法对LJ(Lennard-Jones)流体和量子流体的粘度研究。首次尝试采用外加无量纲力场的方法,使流体形成稳定的速度分布,进而分析其粘度。无论是模拟的过程还是其结果都能够提供一些很有价值的结论:如果要模拟较低的流体温度,需要采用较大的外加力场才可以形成比较明显的速度梯度。5000个分子的系统模拟得到的状态点全部落入研究流体的超临界区域。与超临界氦相比,超临界氩粘度的模拟结果更接近于NIST(National Institute of Standards and Technology)提供的数据。对于18000个分子的系统,在给定的初始模拟温度条件下,能否形成稳定的速度分布对外加力场的数值大小更加敏感。对待不同的初始输入条件,需要选取与之相应的外加力场,才能够形成稳定的速度分布。而18000个分子系统的模拟结果同样存在与5000级分子系统相同的问题,这是因为氦具有量子效应,而在LJ流体模型中,并未考虑这种量子效应。
在目前带有量子效应修正的分子动力学研究领域,还较少涉及传输参数的模拟。本文通过FH(Feynman-Hibbs)势函数实现了LJ流体的量子效应修正。计算发现,随着计算温度的降低,量子效应的修正增强。采用量子效应修正后,对系统的温度场影响很大,必须在很小的外加力场作用下,才能使计算结果尽量收敛于输入值,这些做法使模拟时间大大增长,由原来的20小时可以计算一个状态点突然增加到7天甚至更长,不仅占用大量的计算机资源,也大大限制了计算的状态点数量。结果发现,采用外加力场和量子效应相结合的方式,可以实现液氦甚至He II粘度的分子动力学模拟,使其可能不再依赖于复杂的实验技术。
三、理论研究He II获取方案、减压降温法获得不同温度液氦和He II的液体获得率。针对直接节流、预冷与节流相结合、抽真空以及抽真空与节流过程相结合这4种方案进行了比较详细的对比分析和计算。在综合比较各方面因素而选定了抽真空方案后,根据减压降温法的基本原理,提出了用于预测液体获得率的双守恒模型,全面考虑了过程中液氦和蒸发氦气的焓变和温度变化,并与前人提出的其他分析模型进行了对比。在双守恒模型的基础上,对AMS-02中CGSE系统如何实现He II获取的三杜瓦,即主杜瓦、传输杜瓦与磁体杜瓦联动运行方案进行了分析讨论和计算,在已知部分设备信息的条件下,对磁体杜瓦的抽真空时间、1.8 K He II得率、补注时间进行判断和估算。
四、试验系统的建立。建立用于模拟CGSE系统主要设备和功能的试验系统,解决系统中可能出现的一些关键问题,如测试设备的信号线引出问题,发生系统阻塞事故后的系统复温吹扫问题等。与自控技术人员联合开发带有扩展功能的数据采集系统和数据实时采集记录软件。对系统中的低温设备进行性能测试,包括液氦杜瓦的静态蒸发率测试、低温管路接头和主要低温管路的漏热量测试,为真实系统的调试和运行提供可靠的工程技术数据和经验。试验内容主要有:
(1)采用减压降温法,使用饱和液氦获得工程用低温液氦(2.2 K～4.2 K之间的饱和液氦)和He II,与本文提出的双守恒模型对比分析其液体获得率,验证本文提出的预测液体获得率的双守恒模型的准确性和可靠性,为探索减压降温法获得He II并确定其液体率,获得一定的理论基础与工程经验;
(2)液氦输送管路绝热性能试验,确定四层绝热结构液氦管路的绝热性能,为其工程应用提供定量的分析数据;采用内部充注液氮,利用质量流量计测量其蒸发率的方法对CGSE系统中的两根高真空多层绝热低温输送管路PL3与PL14以及带有冷蒸汽屏的PL2进行了低温性能测试。
五、理论分析并计算He II强制流动特性。应用He II状态方程直接确定其Joule-Thomson系数。根据状态方程法的计算结果拟合得到适合于工程应用的经验方程。在此基础上对强制流动He II输送系统Joule-Thomson(JT)效应进行研究。采用考虑到系统压力梯度影响的较为复杂的模型方程对He II强制流动系统的温度分布进行求解,并与没有考虑JT效应的简化微分方程的求解结果进行比较。发现,将由于单纯的JT效应引起的温升与简化方程的结果进行叠加之后,结果与考虑压力梯度的复杂方程的结果十分相似,从而简化复杂工程的求解。
本文针对He II传输参数特性、低温液氦传输管路性能和He II获得三方面内容,从理论分析和试验研究两方面展开,得出了一些有意义的结论,为液氦和He II的大型工程应用提供了一定的理论准备和技术基础。
The key technologies of the CGSE system are of the filling and transferring of He I, and the achieving of 1.8 K He II by vacuum pumping. It is necessary to set up a simulating experimental system because the practical CGSE system is so complicated and large. The experimental system will simulate the flow process of He I in real operating condition and obtain He II. So that we can gain the key physical and technical parameters, information and the operation experience for the real engineering system. In the paper, both the theoretical studies and numerical simulations are carried out to analyze the physical characteristics of He I and He II, to obtain He II by vacuum-pumping method, and to study the temperature rise model of He II forced flow. The major works are summarized as follows:
1.Study on the dependence of the viscosities of He II on the experimental techniques: Based on the summary of experimental data of the viscosities, it is found that the viscosities of He II have different values under different experimental technologies. The key work of this chapter is of finding the detail values of the viscosities of He II in terms of operating conditions to propose a simple equation to calculate them at practical operating conditions.
2.Study on the viscosities of LJ fluid and helium by molecular dynamics. The LJ potential function is adopted to simulate the viscosities of supercritical argon and supercritical helium. The results show that the values of supercritical argon are close to that provided by NIST (National Institute of Standards and Technology) in comparison of the simulation results of supercritical helium. The reason is that helium is a quantum fluid and has quantum effect that has not been considered in the LJ potential function. Therefore, the quantum effect must be considered in order to obtain the accurate values for quantum fluid. In this chapter, the FH(Feynman-Hibbs)potential function has been used to solve the problem. It is found that the quantum effect becomes stronger with the decreasing of the temperatures and the calculation time becomes much longer.
3.Study on the schemes of obtaining He II. The mass and energy conservation model are used to analyze the liquid ratio of He II at different temperatures by vacuum pumping method. There are four methods to obtain He II, i.e. direct throttling process, throttling process with pre-cooling, vacuum pumping and vacuum-pumping with throttling process. Limited by the charging time and the assembly space, the He II should be quickly produced by a compact system with high working reliabilities. Therefore, selection of a scheme for producing He II is also a crucial work to the construction of the CGSE system. Based on the thermodynamic analyses of the processes in those four methods, the scheme of vacuum-pumping has been selected and the pumping speed has been also determined for choosing the vacuum pump.
4.Set up the experimental system. Based on the characteristics and the performance of the CGSE system a simulating experimental system has been set up in order to test its major equipments and functions. Several essential technical problems are solved during the construction process, including how to leading-out the signal wires from the device, how to warm up and purge the system after the accident of system block. Data acquisition system and software are also developed. Test of the static evaporative rate of LHe Dewar, the heat leak of the coupling and the cryogenic pipe in the experimental system. Experimental studies on the liquid ratio of producing different temperatures of He I and He II, on the transferring performance of He I, and on the heat leak of the special four layer cryogenic pipeline. There are two aims for the experimental studies on the producing and transferring low temperature helium (lower than 4.2 K):
(1) Producing the low temperature helium by vacuum-pumping method. Comparing the results of liquid ratio with the theory model. Obtaining engineering information and experience of producing He II and determining the liquid ratio;
(2) Determining the performance of heat-insulating properties of the special four layer structure pipeline and supply the analysis data for the engineering design and application. The performance test of cryogenic transfer pipeline PL3 and PL14 in the CGSE system are also carried out by mass flowmeter in order to supply the analysis data for the operation of the real system;
5.Theoretical analyses and calculations are carried out for the forced flow characteristics of He II. The results explain that the limit heat leak permitted by per meter line will be decreased with the length of the transfer lines increase. So more restrict requirement on the thermal insulation structure will be presented to the longer lines. Larger limit heat leak will be permitted when the transfer differential pressure increases. The temperature rise of He II transfer system due to the negative Joule-Thomson (JT) effect is one of the major problems in the system design for the He II forced flow system. The equation considering the pressure gradient effect is adopted to analyze the temperature distribution along the transfer pipeline for the He II forced flow system. Results are compared with those obtained by the simplified equation. The results calculated by the simplified equation are modified by the negative JT effect therefore the total temperature rises along the pipeline are obtained. The results show that the total temperature rises along the pipeline are similar to the values calculated by the complicated equation. So the simplified equation can also give good results of temperature rise when the negative JT effect of He II is known.
The transfer properties of He II, obtaining of He II and the performance of the cryogenic pipes are experimentally and theoretically researched. The results are reasonable and helpful, especially for the engineering application of He I and He II.
引文
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