资源型经济：理论解释、内在机制与应用研究
摘要
资源型经济是以资源为导向、以资源为基础的经济。它之所以成为发展经济学和区域经济学的热点话题，是与资源型经济的病态特征相联系的。资源型经济的发展实践表明，资源的大规模开发将会诱导国家或区域经济的迅速繁荣，资源价格的异常变动则会导致国家或区域贸易条件的恶化和经济增长的剧烈波动、资源型产业的过度繁荣，还会造成工业化的逆转和经济社会发展质态的退化。世界经济发展表明，资源非但没有成为工业化的“福音”，反而成为经济发展的“诅咒”。众多资源丰腴的国家和区域曾经或正在滑入资源优势陷阱，遭受着“资源诅咒”折磨。构建资源型经济的理论解释框架，探究资源型经济的内在机理和运行机制，研究资源型经济规避转型的模式和策略，实现资源型经济的转型发展已经迫在眉睫。
一
资源型经济主要是指以煤、石油、天然气等能源资源，以及铁、铜等矿产资源开发为主导的经济体系。资源型经济的形成过程，既是一个常态的发展过程，即工业化发展的某个演进阶段，也可能是病态的资源型经济现象的产生过程。这个病态是指经济体内所出现的大范围、广领域、深层次的贸易条件恶化、反工业化、产业失调、资源财富分配严重不公及财富管理失控及其他严重的社会问题。资源丰腴国家和地区普遍出现的“荷兰病”症状便是明证。
资源型经济现象的出现，从根本上看就是资源产权及交易制度、资源开发制度、资源收益分配制度和人力资源开发制度的严重缺失，使资源成为经济活动的主宰性力量，恶化了贸易条件和产业发展生态，扭曲了经济要素的流动方向与配置方式。资源型经济现象的本质可归结为两点：依附性和边缘化。依附性是指区域经济活动过多地依附于资源禀赋优势及资源开发活动，边缘性是指区域经济开发过分地拘泥于垂直分工体系，呈现出边缘化的发展趋势。
资源型经济现象，是一种因资源繁荣(booming)所带来的病态问题，是可以通过某种适当制度安排和政策、管理手段加以规避的。资源型经济现象的规避就是对资源开发所带来的风险、后果和病态的一种防范、规让和躲闪的过程。矿业资源是可耗竭资源，矿业部门是不可持续产业，资源型经济体的产业分工和国际分工是历史性的，所以说资源型经济的转型发展是必然的。资源型经济的转型就是从资源开发—资源繁荣—资源收益的路径依赖中解脱出来，走向更加依靠管理、技术、知识和智力的高层次经济形态的过程。需要强调的是，资源型经济的规避和转型，是常态递进和病态诊治双轨并行的过程。它既是经济形态的发展和经济发展阶段的递进；也是病态资源型经济现象的矫正和纠偏过程。
二
资源型经济是资源丰腴国家或地区工业化进程中出现的一个阶段性状态或发展型式。在工业化发展的视野下，可以对资源型经济的形成与转型进行一个简单的数理解析，即W_i=f(I，M，S_e，I_t，O)，{W_i|W_i∈(L，G，K，T，B，Q，S，C)}。假设，在某个时点导入资源繁荣因素，{R|R∈(Q，P，B，M)，则有W_i=f(I，M，S_E，I_t，O)∧R，求全微分得，dW_i=((?)W_i/(?)I)dI+((?)W_i/(?)M)dM+((?)W_i/(?)S_e)dS_e+((?)W_i/(?)I_t)dI_t+((?)W_i/(?)O)dO+((?)W_i/(?)R)dR。如dW_i＞0则表示工业化正常进行，如dW_i＜0则表示工业化出现逆转或阻断。
资源型经济的形成是有着其内在机制的。资源的突然发现或者世界资源价格的上涨、以及资源需求的增加，将会共同刺激资源的开发活动，导致生产要素向资源部门的持续流入，促进资源开采与加工规模的扩大，引起资源部门的收益增加，进而出现资源部门在短时期内的迅速繁荣，其逻辑变化关系为：P↑(P_1→P_2)→π↑，R↑(R_1→R_2)，W↑(W_1→W_2)，r↑(r_1→r_2)→L↑，K↑→资源部门的繁荣，这便是资源部门的繁荣机制。资源部门的繁荣，会刺激一般要素和特殊要素的需求，引发生产要素比价和产品服务价格的上升，导致进口增加，汇率上升，恶化贸易条件和产业生态，产生资源流动效应、资源繁荣的支出效应和要素的挤出效应，降低制造业和其他可贸易产业的竞争力，出现反工业化现象，这就是资源繁荣的影响机制。资源部门对要素的粘滞作用，资源及相关部门在资本可进入性和短期赢利性方面的先天优势，增强了资源部门对经济要素的特殊吸纳效应，形成资源部门及其相关的产业家族的正反馈循环发展；资源部门高沉淀成本的存在，以及资源繁荣对区域功能、产业功能及核心企业功能的长期锁定，形成资源繁荣的的锁定效应，这就是资源型经济的自强机制。
资源型经济的成功规避是在其内在机制的规范约束作用下实现的。一是根据The Hotelling Role，建立资源持续利用的代际公平机制与资源开发外部不经济的内在化机制，切实规范资源开发行为：二是调控资源开采数量与资源产品价格，合理分配自然资源收益。其逻辑变化关系是：资源跨期配置、社会配置最优→资源开采适度((?)_(资源)(?)_(临界)→收益增长适度((?)_(资源)(?)_(临界))，收益分配合理→L、K在部门间适度流动→收益转化为物资资本。同时，推进资源产权、资源开发、资源劳务的多元化和国际化，建立资源繁荣的约束机制、资源利益的社会化分享机制、资源风险的分散化机制，实现资源繁荣的合理调控；三是根据The Hartwick Role，在保持总财富不减少的前提下，促进资源财富向物质资本的转化，促进资本形态的递进，将资源租金收益及时有效地转化为工业化资本，建立工业化资本形成与资本形态的递进机制。
资源型经济的转型机制包括五个方面。贸易条件恶化的遏止机制，其逻辑变化关系是：对于资源部门而言，提高门槛、增加税收、工资适度→Q_(资源)↓，W_(资源)↓→L_(资源)↓，K_(资源)↓→资源部门的繁荣得到控制；对于制造业部门而言，价格补贴、投资补贴、工资补贴→π_(制造业)↑，W_(制造业)↑→L_(制造业)，K_(制造业)↑→制造业部门得到发展。资源财富管理的透明度和公正化机制，是指资源生产和收益使用帐户的公开化，资源生产和收益使用帐户的公众监督；防治寻租活动，惩治腐败行为，建立资源财富的管理机制和资源产权制度。资源财富的投资纠偏机制，是指合理调整投资与消费的关系，改善投资结构和方式，有效积累非自然资源财富，提高投资的效率及财富的积累速度，形成较强的资本积累能力与产出能力。学习过程和创新能力的培养机制，是指引入创新这一新变量，打破原有的资源内部自循环机制，将资源型地区从资源依赖型推向技术驱动型、自主创新型的发展轨道。产业结构的优化升级机制，是指从需求结构、供给结构、分工与专业化、交易费用和技术进步入手，推进产业结构多元化、合理化和高级化。
从较大程度上讲，中国资源型区域的转型发展就是产业结构的转型发展。资源型区域需要改进区域资源-要素结构，形成以区域创新和竞争优势为核心的要素密集度升级递进机制，推动优势的延续、组合、升级、替代、深化和递进，建立和实施竞争优势的生成模式。同时，建立“产业序动升级”模式和多元叠合发展模式，建立包括产业的改造、延伸、救助、替代和置换在内的产业结构代谢机制，建立由资源企业转型分类导引策略、设立资源型企业进入门槛、“异类”企业催育和成长、优势企业规模扩张组成的企业转型嬗变模式。
山西是国内最为典型的资源型区域之一。资源部门持续扩张、主导区域经济发展；产业升级转换不力、整体结构效益不佳；资源财富流失严重、外部性问题突出；科技创新机制不健全、内生发展能力不足：生产要素比价上升、区域贸易条件受损；受制于煤焦产业波动、区域经济波动强度较大是当前资源型经济的主要症状和突出问题。为此，应当采取资源优势拓展策略、结构调整和产业升级策略、区域内生发展策略、营商环境优化策略、生态重建和绿色开发策略和空间有序开发策略，改革资源产权制度，完善资源环境补偿制度，健全资源财富管理制度，建立资源收益分配制度，实行产业援助政策，设立资源型经济转型发展基金，强化内生发展能力，建立创新发展机制，同时抓住实施煤炭工业可持续发展的政策试点的良好机遇，积极争取中央的政策和资金支持，从而实现从资源倚赖型向创新驱动型经济的转型跨越。
论文运用经济理论和战略管理学的分析工具，采用实证研究与规范研究、定量研究与定性研究、系统研究与区域研究相结合的研究方式，初步构建了资源型经济问题的理论框架体系，对“资源型经济”重大理论问题进行了新的阐述，提出了资源型经济问题的数理解析模式，揭示了资源型经济从形成、到规避和转型的内在机制，这些具有创新性的理论探索是对发展经济学的深化和发展。论文探讨了中国资源型区域产业转型模式，剖析了山西资源型经济的主要症状，研究了转型发展的基本策略，提出了转型发展的政策和制度安排意见，这为当地经济发展提供了重要的决策参考意见，也为区域经济研究提供了具有学术价值的案例。
Resource-based economy, which is also called resource-oriented economy, hasbecome a hot topic on regional economics and development economics for itsrelationship with abnormal features. The practice of resource-based economydevelopment shows that large-scale resources exploitation will bring regional ornational economic growth rapidly; abnormal changes in the prices of resources willlead to the deterioration on terms of trade in national or region and turbulentfluctuation on economic growth; the booming of resource-based industries will resultin the reversal of industrialization and degradation of the quality on economic andsocial development. Development of the world economy shows that resources has notbecome the "bless", but has become a "curse" for industrialization. Many nations andregions with resources abundant have been or are sliding into pitfalls of resourceadvantages and suffering torture of "resource curse". It has academic value toconstruct theoretical explanations framework on resource-based economy, to revealthe internal and operational mechanism, to study the restructure model and shiftstrategy of resource-based economy. It is imminent to achieve the transformationdevelopment of resource-based economy.
Ⅰ
Resource-based economy mainly refers to the exploitation-oriented economicsystem by utilizing energy resources such as coal, oil, natural gas and others, andmineral resources such as iron, copper and others. The formation process ofresource-based economy is not only a normal development process, in which a certainevolution during the development stage of industrialization, but also a process ofresource-based economy with abnormal state. The abnormal state is fargoing by majoreconomies, including deterioration in the terms of trade, de-industrialization, industrydisorders, serious unfair distribution on resources benefits, losing controlling onwealth and asset management, and other serious social problems. The "DutchDisease" appeared widely on the level of state and region with resource abundantillustrates the symptoms apparently.
Fundamentally, the phenomenon of resource-based economy means the seriousdeficiencies in resource property institution, resource trading, development income,distribution institution, and human resources development institution, which makeresources become a dominant force in economic activities, deteriorate terms of tradeand industrial ecological condition, distort the allocation structure and flow directionof the economic elements. Resource-based economy has double essential features:strong dependence and marginalization. The strong dependence refers to the regionaleconomic activities depend excessively on natural resources. The marginalizationrefers to regional economic development is stick to the vertical division of labor andstay in the upper reaches of the industrial division
Resource-based economy is a worse result of resources booming, which can be avoided by an appropriate institutional arrangements and policies. The avoidance ofphenomenon shows preventing risks, results and diseases from resource exploitation.From the view of normal development, just because of the exhaustibility of mineralresources and unsustainability of the mining sectors, the industrial division and theinternational division of resource-based economies are staged, and so thetransformation development of resource-based economy follows ineluctable trend.The transformation of resource-based economy means to extricate the path-relied ofresources, and lead to high-level economy by relying more on the management,technology, knowledge and intelligence. What must be emphasized is that theavoidance and transformation are not only a progressive development process andevolution of economic development phase, but also a correcting process on solvingeconomy problems and eliminating the abnormal states.
Ⅱ
Resource-based economy could be seen a development phase or patterns during theprocess of industrialization in a country or region with resources abundant. Fromindustrial historical vision of industrialization, a simple mathematical analysis canillustrates the formation and transformation of resource-based economy, that isW_i=f(I,M,S_e,I_l,O), {W_i|W_i∈(L,G,K,T,B,Q,S,C)}. If resource booming factor wereadded on certain time, {R|R∈(Q,P,B,M)}, then get W_i=f(I,M,S_E,I_l,O)AR, and getdW_i=((?)W_i/(?)I)dI+((?)W/(?)M)dM+((?)W_i/(?)S_e)dS_e+((?)W_i/(?)I_l)dI_l+((?)W_i/(?)O)dO+((?)W_i/(?)R)dR bydifferential coefficient. If dW_i＞0, it shows industrialization goes smoothly. IfdW_i＜0, it shows industrialization is broken.
The formation of resource-based economy is decided by its internal mechanism. Itwill stimulate resource development activities, which include the discoveries inresources by chance, or increases in resources prices, and the increasing demands forresources in the world. The changes result in production elements flowing to theresource sectors continuing, enlarging the scale of resource exploitation andutilization, increasing the income of resource, and realizing booming in resourcesector in a short period of time. The relationship of logic change is that: P↑(P_1→P_2)→π↑, R↑(R_1→R_2), W↑(W_1→W_2), r↑(r_1→r_2)→L↑, K↑→the booming ofresource sector. Above mention is the booming mechanism of resource sector. Thebooming of resource sector will stimulate the demand for general and specialelements, rise the relative price of tradable sectors to nontradable sectors and price ofproducts and services, result imports and exchange rate increasing, worsen tradecondition and industrial ecological condition, bring the effect of resource flows,expenditure effect of resource booming, and spill effect, reduce competitiveness ofmanufacture sector and other tradable sectors, shows de-industrialization phenomenon,which is the influence mechanism of resource booming. The adherence function toelements of resource sector, and the capital accessibility and the short-term profitadvantage in resources and relevant sectors increase specific absorbing domino effectin resource sector, and drive to positive feedback cycle of resource sector and relatedindustries; high deposition of cost in resources sectors, the long-term lock in function on the level of region, industry and core enterprise from resource booming, which isaccumulation and circulation mechanism of resource-based economy.
The successful avoidance of resource-based economy is ruled by its internalmechanism. According to the Hotelling Role, one item is to establish aninter-generation fairness mechanism and internalization mechanism for externalnon-economic activities on sustainable utilization to regulate resources developmentactivities effectively. The second item is to control the product price and scale onresources exploitation, to distribute benefits of natural resources reasonably. Therelationship of logic change is that: resource intertemporal allocation, socializationoptimal allocation→moderate resource extraction((?)_(resource) (?) (?)_(critical))→moderationof resource benefits growth→rational distribute of benefits→proper flow of L, Kamong sectors→shift to material capital from benefits. Meantime, it is necessary toadvance diversification and internationalization on resource property, resourcedevelopment, and employee resources. It comes the restriction mechanism onresource booming, socialization sharing mechanism on resource benefit, anddecentralization mechanism of resource risk. The third item is, according to theHartwick Role, to shift resource wealth to material capital, and promote theprogressive capital maintaining total wealth unchangeably, for which the benefit fromresource rent will transform into industrial capital effectively, and establishprogressive mechanism in the formation and status of industrialization capital.
The transformation mechanisms of resource-based economy include 5 aspects.The interruption mechanism for the exasperated terms of trade means to control overbooming in resource sectors and improve terms of trade for industrial development.The relationship of logic change is that: to resource sector, raising entrance threshold,elevating tax, and wage moderation→Q_(resource)↓, W_(resource)↓→L_(resource)↓, K_(resource)↓→resource booming is controlled; to manufacture sector, subsidization of price, wage,investment→π_(manufacture)↑, W_(manufacture)↑→L_(manufacture)↑, K_(manufacture)↑→development ofmanufacture sectors. The transparency and fairness of mechanism of resource wealthmanagement means to open account of resource benefits and distribution, allowpublic supervision on resource wealth, prevent rent seeking, punish corruption, andestablish management mechanism on resource wealth and management institution ofresource property. The investment correcting mechanism of resource wealth refers toadjust the relationship of investment with consumption reasonably, improveinvestment structure and mode, accumulate non-natural resource wealth effectively,increase the efficiency of investment and accumulation speed of wealth, and get bettercapability of capital accumulation and output. The cultivation mechanism on learningprocess and innovation ability refers to shift the resource-depended region totechnology-driven region, lead to self-initiated innovation, and break old internalself-cycle mechanism of resource. The optimization and upgrade mechanism ofindustrial structure refers to promote diversification, rationalization and highgradation of industrial structure based on the demand structure, the supply structure,division of labor and specialization, transaction costs, and technological progress.
Ⅲ
From a larger extent, the main topic of transformation development in Chineseresource-based regions indicates the transformation development of industrialrestructure. The resource-based regions should improve regional resource-elementstructure to build regional innovation-centered and competitivenessadvantage-oriented upgrade mechanism, enlarge regional dynamic advantagescontinuing, assembling, upgrading, substituting, deepening, and progressing, andconstitute growth mode of competitive advantage. Meanwhile, because of industrialstructures with singles, initials, and persistence, the resource-based regions will castthe model of "industrial sequence escalation" and "diversity composition developmentmodels", metabolizability mechanism of industrial structure including industrialreconstruction, extension, salvation, substitute, and replacement; and establishamelioration model for enterprises restructure composed with classification-guidedstrategy of resource-based enterprises, the entrance threshold for resource-basedenterprises, the growth of "otherness" enterprises, and expansion of dominatedenterprises.
Shanxi is the most typical case of regional-based resources. The resources sectorsexpanding continuously dominate regional economic development. The conversion ofindustrial upgrading is ineffective with poor efficiency in whole structure. Theresource wealth looses seriously with outstanding externality symptoms.Technological innovation mechanism is not sound, and endogenous developmentcapacity is insufficient. The prices of production elements rise, and the regional termsof trade is damaged. The regional economy with violent fluctuation is influenced bythe fluctuation of coal and coke industries. Above these are the major problems ofresource-based economy. Therefore, several strategies should be taken, such asextension strategy of resource advantages, strategy of restructuring and industrialupgrade, the strategy of regional endogenous development, the optimization strategyin business environment, the strategies of ecological reconstruction and developmentand green, the strategy of space development in order. Several institutions should bereformed, such as the institution reform of resource properties. The compensationinstitution for resources environment and management for resources wealth should beimproved. The distribution institution of resources income should be established.Some economic policies should be carried out, for example, industrial assistance,distribution guidance, and investment inducement. The Transformation Fund ofresource-based economy will be founded to strengthen its endogenous developmentcapabilities. The innovative development mechanism will be set up. Meanwhile, withsupports of policies and fund from central and local government, the transformationleaping from resource-oriented to an innovation-led economy will come into true bycatching the perfect opportunity as an experiment site of policy on sustainabledevelopment in coal industry.
The thesis constructs the theoretical framework on resource-based economy initially, give a new theoretical explanation on "resource-based economy", bringforward mathematical analysis model on resource-based economy, and reveal theinternal mechanism of formation, avoidance, and transformation of resource-basedeconomy by applying economic theory, the analysis tools on studies of public policyand strategic management, and utilizing approaches modes combined with normal andpositive analysis, quantitative and qualitative research, regional and institutionresearch. These innovative theoretical explorations have made a new approach toeconomic development theory. The thesis explores the transformation model inresources-based regions in China, analysis the major symptoms of resource-basedeconomy in Shanxi, analysis the basic strategy of transformation, and puts forwardpolices and advices of institution management on transformation development, whichprovides important advices for decision for the development of regional economy, anda case with academic value for the study of regional economy.
一
资源型经济主要是指以煤、石油、天然气等能源资源，以及铁、铜等矿产资源开发为主导的经济体系。资源型经济的形成过程，既是一个常态的发展过程，即工业化发展的某个演进阶段，也可能是病态的资源型经济现象的产生过程。这个病态是指经济体内所出现的大范围、广领域、深层次的贸易条件恶化、反工业化、产业失调、资源财富分配严重不公及财富管理失控及其他严重的社会问题。资源丰腴国家和地区普遍出现的“荷兰病”症状便是明证。
资源型经济现象的出现，从根本上看就是资源产权及交易制度、资源开发制度、资源收益分配制度和人力资源开发制度的严重缺失，使资源成为经济活动的主宰性力量，恶化了贸易条件和产业发展生态，扭曲了经济要素的流动方向与配置方式。资源型经济现象的本质可归结为两点：依附性和边缘化。依附性是指区域经济活动过多地依附于资源禀赋优势及资源开发活动，边缘性是指区域经济开发过分地拘泥于垂直分工体系，呈现出边缘化的发展趋势。
资源型经济现象，是一种因资源繁荣(booming)所带来的病态问题，是可以通过某种适当制度安排和政策、管理手段加以规避的。资源型经济现象的规避就是对资源开发所带来的风险、后果和病态的一种防范、规让和躲闪的过程。矿业资源是可耗竭资源，矿业部门是不可持续产业，资源型经济体的产业分工和国际分工是历史性的，所以说资源型经济的转型发展是必然的。资源型经济的转型就是从资源开发—资源繁荣—资源收益的路径依赖中解脱出来，走向更加依靠管理、技术、知识和智力的高层次经济形态的过程。需要强调的是，资源型经济的规避和转型，是常态递进和病态诊治双轨并行的过程。它既是经济形态的发展和经济发展阶段的递进；也是病态资源型经济现象的矫正和纠偏过程。
二
资源型经济是资源丰腴国家或地区工业化进程中出现的一个阶段性状态或发展型式。在工业化发展的视野下，可以对资源型经济的形成与转型进行一个简单的数理解析，即W_i=f(I，M，S_e，I_t，O)，{W_i|W_i∈(L，G，K，T，B，Q，S，C)}。假设，在某个时点导入资源繁荣因素，{R|R∈(Q，P，B，M)，则有W_i=f(I，M，S_E，I_t，O)∧R，求全微分得，dW_i=((?)W_i/(?)I)dI+((?)W_i/(?)M)dM+((?)W_i/(?)S_e)dS_e+((?)W_i/(?)I_t)dI_t+((?)W_i/(?)O)dO+((?)W_i/(?)R)dR。如dW_i＞0则表示工业化正常进行，如dW_i＜0则表示工业化出现逆转或阻断。
资源型经济的形成是有着其内在机制的。资源的突然发现或者世界资源价格的上涨、以及资源需求的增加，将会共同刺激资源的开发活动，导致生产要素向资源部门的持续流入，促进资源开采与加工规模的扩大，引起资源部门的收益增加，进而出现资源部门在短时期内的迅速繁荣，其逻辑变化关系为：P↑(P_1→P_2)→π↑，R↑(R_1→R_2)，W↑(W_1→W_2)，r↑(r_1→r_2)→L↑，K↑→资源部门的繁荣，这便是资源部门的繁荣机制。资源部门的繁荣，会刺激一般要素和特殊要素的需求，引发生产要素比价和产品服务价格的上升，导致进口增加，汇率上升，恶化贸易条件和产业生态，产生资源流动效应、资源繁荣的支出效应和要素的挤出效应，降低制造业和其他可贸易产业的竞争力，出现反工业化现象，这就是资源繁荣的影响机制。资源部门对要素的粘滞作用，资源及相关部门在资本可进入性和短期赢利性方面的先天优势，增强了资源部门对经济要素的特殊吸纳效应，形成资源部门及其相关的产业家族的正反馈循环发展；资源部门高沉淀成本的存在，以及资源繁荣对区域功能、产业功能及核心企业功能的长期锁定，形成资源繁荣的的锁定效应，这就是资源型经济的自强机制。
资源型经济的成功规避是在其内在机制的规范约束作用下实现的。一是根据The Hotelling Role，建立资源持续利用的代际公平机制与资源开发外部不经济的内在化机制，切实规范资源开发行为：二是调控资源开采数量与资源产品价格，合理分配自然资源收益。其逻辑变化关系是：资源跨期配置、社会配置最优→资源开采适度((?)_(资源)(?)_(临界)→收益增长适度((?)_(资源)(?)_(临界))，收益分配合理→L、K在部门间适度流动→收益转化为物资资本。同时，推进资源产权、资源开发、资源劳务的多元化和国际化，建立资源繁荣的约束机制、资源利益的社会化分享机制、资源风险的分散化机制，实现资源繁荣的合理调控；三是根据The Hartwick Role，在保持总财富不减少的前提下，促进资源财富向物质资本的转化，促进资本形态的递进，将资源租金收益及时有效地转化为工业化资本，建立工业化资本形成与资本形态的递进机制。
资源型经济的转型机制包括五个方面。贸易条件恶化的遏止机制，其逻辑变化关系是：对于资源部门而言，提高门槛、增加税收、工资适度→Q_(资源)↓，W_(资源)↓→L_(资源)↓，K_(资源)↓→资源部门的繁荣得到控制；对于制造业部门而言，价格补贴、投资补贴、工资补贴→π_(制造业)↑，W_(制造业)↑→L_(制造业)，K_(制造业)↑→制造业部门得到发展。资源财富管理的透明度和公正化机制，是指资源生产和收益使用帐户的公开化，资源生产和收益使用帐户的公众监督；防治寻租活动，惩治腐败行为，建立资源财富的管理机制和资源产权制度。资源财富的投资纠偏机制，是指合理调整投资与消费的关系，改善投资结构和方式，有效积累非自然资源财富，提高投资的效率及财富的积累速度，形成较强的资本积累能力与产出能力。学习过程和创新能力的培养机制，是指引入创新这一新变量，打破原有的资源内部自循环机制，将资源型地区从资源依赖型推向技术驱动型、自主创新型的发展轨道。产业结构的优化升级机制，是指从需求结构、供给结构、分工与专业化、交易费用和技术进步入手，推进产业结构多元化、合理化和高级化。
从较大程度上讲，中国资源型区域的转型发展就是产业结构的转型发展。资源型区域需要改进区域资源-要素结构，形成以区域创新和竞争优势为核心的要素密集度升级递进机制，推动优势的延续、组合、升级、替代、深化和递进，建立和实施竞争优势的生成模式。同时，建立“产业序动升级”模式和多元叠合发展模式，建立包括产业的改造、延伸、救助、替代和置换在内的产业结构代谢机制，建立由资源企业转型分类导引策略、设立资源型企业进入门槛、“异类”企业催育和成长、优势企业规模扩张组成的企业转型嬗变模式。
山西是国内最为典型的资源型区域之一。资源部门持续扩张、主导区域经济发展；产业升级转换不力、整体结构效益不佳；资源财富流失严重、外部性问题突出；科技创新机制不健全、内生发展能力不足：生产要素比价上升、区域贸易条件受损；受制于煤焦产业波动、区域经济波动强度较大是当前资源型经济的主要症状和突出问题。为此，应当采取资源优势拓展策略、结构调整和产业升级策略、区域内生发展策略、营商环境优化策略、生态重建和绿色开发策略和空间有序开发策略，改革资源产权制度，完善资源环境补偿制度，健全资源财富管理制度，建立资源收益分配制度，实行产业援助政策，设立资源型经济转型发展基金，强化内生发展能力，建立创新发展机制，同时抓住实施煤炭工业可持续发展的政策试点的良好机遇，积极争取中央的政策和资金支持，从而实现从资源倚赖型向创新驱动型经济的转型跨越。
论文运用经济理论和战略管理学的分析工具，采用实证研究与规范研究、定量研究与定性研究、系统研究与区域研究相结合的研究方式，初步构建了资源型经济问题的理论框架体系，对“资源型经济”重大理论问题进行了新的阐述，提出了资源型经济问题的数理解析模式，揭示了资源型经济从形成、到规避和转型的内在机制，这些具有创新性的理论探索是对发展经济学的深化和发展。论文探讨了中国资源型区域产业转型模式，剖析了山西资源型经济的主要症状，研究了转型发展的基本策略，提出了转型发展的政策和制度安排意见，这为当地经济发展提供了重要的决策参考意见，也为区域经济研究提供了具有学术价值的案例。
Resource-based economy, which is also called resource-oriented economy, hasbecome a hot topic on regional economics and development economics for itsrelationship with abnormal features. The practice of resource-based economydevelopment shows that large-scale resources exploitation will bring regional ornational economic growth rapidly; abnormal changes in the prices of resources willlead to the deterioration on terms of trade in national or region and turbulentfluctuation on economic growth; the booming of resource-based industries will resultin the reversal of industrialization and degradation of the quality on economic andsocial development. Development of the world economy shows that resources has notbecome the "bless", but has become a "curse" for industrialization. Many nations andregions with resources abundant have been or are sliding into pitfalls of resourceadvantages and suffering torture of "resource curse". It has academic value toconstruct theoretical explanations framework on resource-based economy, to revealthe internal and operational mechanism, to study the restructure model and shiftstrategy of resource-based economy. It is imminent to achieve the transformationdevelopment of resource-based economy.
Ⅰ
Resource-based economy mainly refers to the exploitation-oriented economicsystem by utilizing energy resources such as coal, oil, natural gas and others, andmineral resources such as iron, copper and others. The formation process ofresource-based economy is not only a normal development process, in which a certainevolution during the development stage of industrialization, but also a process ofresource-based economy with abnormal state. The abnormal state is fargoing by majoreconomies, including deterioration in the terms of trade, de-industrialization, industrydisorders, serious unfair distribution on resources benefits, losing controlling onwealth and asset management, and other serious social problems. The "DutchDisease" appeared widely on the level of state and region with resource abundantillustrates the symptoms apparently.
Fundamentally, the phenomenon of resource-based economy means the seriousdeficiencies in resource property institution, resource trading, development income,distribution institution, and human resources development institution, which makeresources become a dominant force in economic activities, deteriorate terms of tradeand industrial ecological condition, distort the allocation structure and flow directionof the economic elements. Resource-based economy has double essential features:strong dependence and marginalization. The strong dependence refers to the regionaleconomic activities depend excessively on natural resources. The marginalizationrefers to regional economic development is stick to the vertical division of labor andstay in the upper reaches of the industrial division
Resource-based economy is a worse result of resources booming, which can be avoided by an appropriate institutional arrangements and policies. The avoidance ofphenomenon shows preventing risks, results and diseases from resource exploitation.From the view of normal development, just because of the exhaustibility of mineralresources and unsustainability of the mining sectors, the industrial division and theinternational division of resource-based economies are staged, and so thetransformation development of resource-based economy follows ineluctable trend.The transformation of resource-based economy means to extricate the path-relied ofresources, and lead to high-level economy by relying more on the management,technology, knowledge and intelligence. What must be emphasized is that theavoidance and transformation are not only a progressive development process andevolution of economic development phase, but also a correcting process on solvingeconomy problems and eliminating the abnormal states.
Ⅱ
Resource-based economy could be seen a development phase or patterns during theprocess of industrialization in a country or region with resources abundant. Fromindustrial historical vision of industrialization, a simple mathematical analysis canillustrates the formation and transformation of resource-based economy, that isW_i=f(I,M,S_e,I_l,O), {W_i|W_i∈(L,G,K,T,B,Q,S,C)}. If resource booming factor wereadded on certain time, {R|R∈(Q,P,B,M)}, then get W_i=f(I,M,S_E,I_l,O)AR, and getdW_i=((?)W_i/(?)I)dI+((?)W/(?)M)dM+((?)W_i/(?)S_e)dS_e+((?)W_i/(?)I_l)dI_l+((?)W_i/(?)O)dO+((?)W_i/(?)R)dR bydifferential coefficient. If dW_i＞0, it shows industrialization goes smoothly. IfdW_i＜0, it shows industrialization is broken.
The formation of resource-based economy is decided by its internal mechanism. Itwill stimulate resource development activities, which include the discoveries inresources by chance, or increases in resources prices, and the increasing demands forresources in the world. The changes result in production elements flowing to theresource sectors continuing, enlarging the scale of resource exploitation andutilization, increasing the income of resource, and realizing booming in resourcesector in a short period of time. The relationship of logic change is that: P↑(P_1→P_2)→π↑, R↑(R_1→R_2), W↑(W_1→W_2), r↑(r_1→r_2)→L↑, K↑→the booming ofresource sector. Above mention is the booming mechanism of resource sector. Thebooming of resource sector will stimulate the demand for general and specialelements, rise the relative price of tradable sectors to nontradable sectors and price ofproducts and services, result imports and exchange rate increasing, worsen tradecondition and industrial ecological condition, bring the effect of resource flows,expenditure effect of resource booming, and spill effect, reduce competitiveness ofmanufacture sector and other tradable sectors, shows de-industrialization phenomenon,which is the influence mechanism of resource booming. The adherence function toelements of resource sector, and the capital accessibility and the short-term profitadvantage in resources and relevant sectors increase specific absorbing domino effectin resource sector, and drive to positive feedback cycle of resource sector and relatedindustries; high deposition of cost in resources sectors, the long-term lock in function on the level of region, industry and core enterprise from resource booming, which isaccumulation and circulation mechanism of resource-based economy.
The successful avoidance of resource-based economy is ruled by its internalmechanism. According to the Hotelling Role, one item is to establish aninter-generation fairness mechanism and internalization mechanism for externalnon-economic activities on sustainable utilization to regulate resources developmentactivities effectively. The second item is to control the product price and scale onresources exploitation, to distribute benefits of natural resources reasonably. Therelationship of logic change is that: resource intertemporal allocation, socializationoptimal allocation→moderate resource extraction((?)_(resource) (?) (?)_(critical))→moderationof resource benefits growth→rational distribute of benefits→proper flow of L, Kamong sectors→shift to material capital from benefits. Meantime, it is necessary toadvance diversification and internationalization on resource property, resourcedevelopment, and employee resources. It comes the restriction mechanism onresource booming, socialization sharing mechanism on resource benefit, anddecentralization mechanism of resource risk. The third item is, according to theHartwick Role, to shift resource wealth to material capital, and promote theprogressive capital maintaining total wealth unchangeably, for which the benefit fromresource rent will transform into industrial capital effectively, and establishprogressive mechanism in the formation and status of industrialization capital.
The transformation mechanisms of resource-based economy include 5 aspects.The interruption mechanism for the exasperated terms of trade means to control overbooming in resource sectors and improve terms of trade for industrial development.The relationship of logic change is that: to resource sector, raising entrance threshold,elevating tax, and wage moderation→Q_(resource)↓, W_(resource)↓→L_(resource)↓, K_(resource)↓→resource booming is controlled; to manufacture sector, subsidization of price, wage,investment→π_(manufacture)↑, W_(manufacture)↑→L_(manufacture)↑, K_(manufacture)↑→development ofmanufacture sectors. The transparency and fairness of mechanism of resource wealthmanagement means to open account of resource benefits and distribution, allowpublic supervision on resource wealth, prevent rent seeking, punish corruption, andestablish management mechanism on resource wealth and management institution ofresource property. The investment correcting mechanism of resource wealth refers toadjust the relationship of investment with consumption reasonably, improveinvestment structure and mode, accumulate non-natural resource wealth effectively,increase the efficiency of investment and accumulation speed of wealth, and get bettercapability of capital accumulation and output. The cultivation mechanism on learningprocess and innovation ability refers to shift the resource-depended region totechnology-driven region, lead to self-initiated innovation, and break old internalself-cycle mechanism of resource. The optimization and upgrade mechanism ofindustrial structure refers to promote diversification, rationalization and highgradation of industrial structure based on the demand structure, the supply structure,division of labor and specialization, transaction costs, and technological progress.
Ⅲ
From a larger extent, the main topic of transformation development in Chineseresource-based regions indicates the transformation development of industrialrestructure. The resource-based regions should improve regional resource-elementstructure to build regional innovation-centered and competitivenessadvantage-oriented upgrade mechanism, enlarge regional dynamic advantagescontinuing, assembling, upgrading, substituting, deepening, and progressing, andconstitute growth mode of competitive advantage. Meanwhile, because of industrialstructures with singles, initials, and persistence, the resource-based regions will castthe model of "industrial sequence escalation" and "diversity composition developmentmodels", metabolizability mechanism of industrial structure including industrialreconstruction, extension, salvation, substitute, and replacement; and establishamelioration model for enterprises restructure composed with classification-guidedstrategy of resource-based enterprises, the entrance threshold for resource-basedenterprises, the growth of "otherness" enterprises, and expansion of dominatedenterprises.
Shanxi is the most typical case of regional-based resources. The resources sectorsexpanding continuously dominate regional economic development. The conversion ofindustrial upgrading is ineffective with poor efficiency in whole structure. Theresource wealth looses seriously with outstanding externality symptoms.Technological innovation mechanism is not sound, and endogenous developmentcapacity is insufficient. The prices of production elements rise, and the regional termsof trade is damaged. The regional economy with violent fluctuation is influenced bythe fluctuation of coal and coke industries. Above these are the major problems ofresource-based economy. Therefore, several strategies should be taken, such asextension strategy of resource advantages, strategy of restructuring and industrialupgrade, the strategy of regional endogenous development, the optimization strategyin business environment, the strategies of ecological reconstruction and developmentand green, the strategy of space development in order. Several institutions should bereformed, such as the institution reform of resource properties. The compensationinstitution for resources environment and management for resources wealth should beimproved. The distribution institution of resources income should be established.Some economic policies should be carried out, for example, industrial assistance,distribution guidance, and investment inducement. The Transformation Fund ofresource-based economy will be founded to strengthen its endogenous developmentcapabilities. The innovative development mechanism will be set up. Meanwhile, withsupports of policies and fund from central and local government, the transformationleaping from resource-oriented to an innovation-led economy will come into true bycatching the perfect opportunity as an experiment site of policy on sustainabledevelopment in coal industry.
The thesis constructs the theoretical framework on resource-based economy initially, give a new theoretical explanation on "resource-based economy", bringforward mathematical analysis model on resource-based economy, and reveal theinternal mechanism of formation, avoidance, and transformation of resource-basedeconomy by applying economic theory, the analysis tools on studies of public policyand strategic management, and utilizing approaches modes combined with normal andpositive analysis, quantitative and qualitative research, regional and institutionresearch. These innovative theoretical explorations have made a new approach toeconomic development theory. The thesis explores the transformation model inresources-based regions in China, analysis the major symptoms of resource-basedeconomy in Shanxi, analysis the basic strategy of transformation, and puts forwardpolices and advices of institution management on transformation development, whichprovides important advices for decision for the development of regional economy, anda case with academic value for the study of regional economy.
引文
① 类似的术语有oil-led economy，mineral-led economy, oil-led development等，也有人直接成为resource economy，mineral economy。
② 这类区域被称为问题区域(region in question)，一度成为区域经济的研究重点。
① 这个术语是1977年由“经济学家”杂志首创的，它描述了1960年代荷兰发现天然气之后，制造业部门衰落的情形。见：”The Dutch Disease"，The Economist，pp．82-83，November 26，1977。关于荷兰病的完整描述，包括荷兰政策的探讨是Ellman1981作出的。W.Max Cordenand J．Peter Neary在1982年完成了描述荷兰病的古典经济模型。荷兰病是一个经济概念，主要揭示自然资源的开采与制造业部门衰落的关系。批评家们说，经济的困难不能归结为一个因素(比如说，石油价格上涨)，因为同时还有很多变量都会引起经济的变化。
② R. M. Auty, Sustaining Development in Mineral Economies: the Resource Curse Thesis, London: Routledge, 1993
① 见山西省煤炭工业可持续发展研究小组：《山西构建煤炭开采资源与环境补偿机制研究》，2005年10月；又见“山西省煤炭工业可持续发展调研汇报会”汇报材料，山西省政府，2005年4月。
② Black等人研究了20世纪70年代煤炭繁荣(coal boom)和80年代煤炭萧条(coal bust)时期，煤炭产业对美国肯塔基州等地经济发展的影响。结果发现：煤炭产业对当地其他部门只有适度的挤出效应。在繁荣时期，每创造一个新的煤矿就业机会将产生0.174个当地就业机会；在萧条时期，每丢失一个煤矿就业机会将减少0.349个当地就业机会。没有证据显示，煤炭繁荣对当地其他产业部门产生明显的挤出效应，这些产煤地区没有出现资源型经济现象。见D.Black, T.McKinnish, and S.Sanders, Economic Impact of the Coal Boom and Bust, The Economic Journal, vol.115, 2005, pp.449-476.
① J．D．Sachs，A．M. Warner, Natural Resource Abundalice and Economic Growth，NBER Working Paper, 5398，1995，caidbridge，MA：NBER。资源型产品是指农产品、矿产品和燃料，用其增加值占GDP的百分比衡量。
② World Bank, World Development Indicators 2000, World Bank, 2000, Washington, D.C.
③ 1. J.D.Sachs, A.M.Wamer, Economic Convergence and Economic Policy, NBER Working Paper, 5039, 1995, Cambridge, MA: NBER; 2. A.Wood, K.Berge, Exporting Manufactures: Human Resources, Natural Resources, and Trade Policy, Journal of Development Studies, vol.34, 1997, pp.35-59; 3. T. Gylfason, T.T.Herbertsson, A Mixed Blessing: Natural Resources and Economic Growth, Macroeconomic Dynamics, vol.3, 1999, pp. 204-225.
④ R.Prebisch, The Economic Development of Latin America and its Principal Problems, Lake Success, NY: United Nations, 1950; H.Singer, The Distribution of Trade between Investing and Borrowing Countries, American Economic Review, vol.40, 1950, pp. 473-485.
① W.M. Corden, J. P. Neary, Booming Sector and De-industrialization in a Small Economy, The Economic Journal, vol.92, 1982, pp. 825-848.
② N.C.Benjamin, S. Devarajan, and R.J.Weiner, The 'Dutch Disease' in a Developing Country: Oil Reserves in Cameroon, Journal of Development Economics, vol.30, no. 1, 1989, pp. 71-92.
③ M. Fardmanesh, Terms of Trade Shocks and Structural Adjustment in a Small Open Economy: Dutch Disease and Oil Price Increases, Journal of Development Economics, vol.34, 1990, pp339-353.
④ J.Wahba, The Transmission of Dutch Disease and Labor Migration, The Journal of International Trade & Economic Development, vol.7, no.3, 1998, pp. 355-365.
① N.Birdsall, T. Pinckney, and R.Sabot, Natural Resource, Human Capital, and Growth, pp.57-75, in R.M.Auty(ed.), Resource Abundance and Economic Development, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001.
② http://www.globalwitness.org/reports/show.php/en.00049.html, Global witness, Time for Transparency, March 2004.
③ K. Hamilton, The Sustainability of Extractive Economies, pp.36-56, in R.M.Auty(ed.), Resource Abundance and Economic Development, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001.
④ T.L.Karl, The Paradox of Plenty: Oil Booms and Petro-States, Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1997.
⑤ M.Woolcock, L.Pritchett, and J. Isham, The Social Foundations of Poor Economic growth in Resource-Rich Countries, pp.76-92, in R. M. Auty(ed.), Resource Abundance and Economic Development, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001.
① R. Torvik, Natural Resources, Rent Seeking and Welfare, Journal of Development Economics, vol. 67, 2002, pp. 455-470.
② J. M. Baland, RFrancois, Rent-Seeking and Resource Booms, Journal of Development Economics, vol.61, 2000, pp. 527-542.
① T. Gylfason, Natural Resources, Education and Economic Development, European Economic Review, vol.45, 2001, pp.847-859.
① 特殊要素是指在制造业部门中具有特殊技能的劳动者，对制造业而言是特殊的、必需的，对其他部门而言未必是特殊的和必需的。
② S. Van Wijnbergen, The 'Dutch Disease': a Disease after all? Economic Journal, vol.94, 1984, pp. 41-55.
③ P. Krugman, The Narrow Moving Band, the Dutch Disease, and the Competitive Consequences of Mrs. Thatcher: Notes on Trade in the Presence of Dynamic Scale Economies, Journal of Development Economics, vol. 27, 1987, pp. 41-55.
④ K. Matsuyama, Agricultural Productivity, Cmparative Advantage and Economic Growth, Journal of Economic Theory, vol. 58, 1992, pp. 317-334.
⑤ T. Gylfason, T. T. Herbertsson, A Mixed Blessing: Natural Resources and Economic Growth, Macroeconomic Dynamics, vol.3, 1999, pp. 204-225.
⑥ J. D. Sachs, A. M. Warner, Natural Resource Abundance and Economic Growth, NBER Working Paper, 5398, 1995, Cambridge, MA: NBER.
⑦ R. Torvik, Learning by Doing and the Dutch Disease, European Economic Review, vol.45, 2001, pp. 285-306.
① G. Grabher, The Weakness of Strong Ties: The Lock-in of Regional Development in the Ruhr Area, pp.255-277, in G.Grabher (ed.), The Embedded Firm: On the Socio-economics of Industrial Networks. London and New York: Routledge, 1993.
② 宋冬林、汤吉军：《沉淀成本与资源型城市转型分析》，《中国工业经济》，2004年第6期。
① M. P. Van Der Hoek, Does the Dutch Model Really Exist? International Advances in Economic Research, vol.6, no.3, 2000, pp. 387-403.
② F. Ezeala-Harrison, Structural Re-Adjustment in Nigeria: Diagnosis of Severe Dutch Disease Syndrome, American Journal of Economics and Sociology, vol.52, no.2, 1993, pp. 193-208.
③ D. Y. Liu, W.J.Yang, A CGE Model of'Dutch Disease' Economics in Taiwan, The Journal of International Trade & Economic Development, vol.9, no. 1, 2000, pp. 83-100.
④ M. Woolcock, L. Pritchett, and J.Isham, The Social Foundations of Poor Economic growth in Resource-Rich Countries, pp.76-92, in R.M.Auty(ed.), Resource Abundance and Economic Development, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001.
⑤ R. M. Auty, Resource Abundance and Economic Development, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001.
① N. Birdsall, T. Pinckney, and R. Sabot, Natural Resource, Human Capital, and Growth, pp.57-75, in R.M.Auty(ed.), Resource Abundance and Economic Development, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001.
② G. Grabher, The Weakness of Strong Ties: The Lock-in of Regional Development in the Ruhr Area, pp. 255-277, in G. Grabher(ed.), The Embedded Firm: On the Socio-economics of Industrial Networks, London and New York: Routledge, 1993.
③ E. Matsen, R. Torvik, Optimal Dutch Disease, Journal of Development Economics, vol.78, 2005, pp. 494-515.
④ R. Solow, Intergenerational Equity and Exhaustible Resources, Review of Economic Studies, vol.41, 1974, pp. 29-45; R.Solow, On the Intergenerational Allocation of Natural Resources, Scandinavian Journal of Economics, vol. 88, 1986, pp. 143-154.
① J. Hartwick, Intergenerational Equity and the Investing of Rents from Exhaustible Resources, American Economic Review, vol.67, 1977, pp.972-991.
② World Bank, World Development Indicators 2003, World Bank, 2003, Washington, D.C(online version).
③ Y. H. Farzin, Optimal Saving Policy for Exhaustible Resource Economies, Journal of Development Economics, vol.58, 1999, pp. 149-184.
① Auty, R.(Ed.) (2001). "Resource abundance and economic development", Oxford: Oxford University Press.
② Department of Business and Economy, Maryland, Resource-Based Industries, http://www.choosemaryland.org/businessinmd/resourcebasedindustry/resourcebased.html, 2007.04.17
③ 陆大道，区域发展与空间结构，北京：科学出版社，1995年。
④ 张米尔，市场化进程中的资源型城市产业转型，机械工业出版社，2005年，p10。
① 许多分析曾经预言，原料储备最大、土地产出最多的国家将成为最为富足的国家。而实际上，最为富裕的国家常常是自然资源极其贫乏而人力资本富裕的国家，如日本、新加坡。这是因为资源性产品需求弹性低，易受外部市场需求变化的冲击，也会产生严重的环境污染，造成经济增长的不稳定性，同时也损害了其他产业部门出口的竞争力(亚洲开发银行，1997)．见达尔-尼夫主编，《知识经济》，珠海出版社，1999
② A．LeWis，《经济增长理论》，上海三联书店、上海人民出版社，1994年中译本，第252页。
① 张培刚，新发展经济学，河南人民出版社，1999年8月第二版，第126—127页。
① 张培刚：《新发展经济学》，河南人民出版社，1990，第101页。
② 陈冬：《新型工业化理论与实证分析》，社会科学文献出版社，2006年，第39-79页。
① E．M．胡佛，区域经济学，商务印书馆，1990，第6—8页。
② 进入新世纪以来，石油价格在波动中持续高涨，铁矿石、金属镍等资源性产品价格也在高位运行，在一定程度反映了这一特征和趋势。
① A. H. Gelb and Associates, Oil Windfalls, Blessing or Curse? New York: Oxford University Press, 1988; T.L. Karl, The Paradox of Plenty: Oil Booms and Petro-States, Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1997; R.M.Auty, Resource Abundance and Economic Development, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001; T. Gylfason, Natural Resources, Education and Economic Development, European Economic Review, vol.45, 2001, pp.847-859; O.Olsson, H.Congdon Fors, Congo: the Prize of Predation, Journal of Peace Research, vol. 41, 2004, pp.321-336; E. Papyrakis, R.Gerlagh, The Resource Curse Hypothesis and its Transmission Channels, Journal of Comparative Economics, vol.32, 2004, pp. 181-193.
② 本小节主要参考：F.Ezeala-Harrison，Structural Re-Adjustment in Njgeria：DjagllOSis of a Severe Dutch Disease Syndrome，American JOurnal Of Economics and Sociology, Vol.52.No.2, 1993, pp.193-208。部分地参考了Hamid RaShid，Report on Nigeria Country Dialogue, MaV, 2004, pp6-10.
① F. Ezeala-Harrison, Structural Re-Adjustment in Nigeria: Diagnosis of Severe Dutch Disease. Syndrome, American Journal of Economics and Sociology, vol. 52, no.2, 1993, pp.193-208.
① 本节主要参考Joop Hartog；The Netherlands：so what's so special about the Dutch model? Employment and Training，Papers 54；以及其他关于Dutch Disease的论文与资料)
② Investopedia说：批评家说经济的困难不能归结一个因素(比如说，石油价格上涨)，因为同时还有很多变量都会引起经济的变化。
① Grabher, G..(1993), The Weakness of Strong Ties: The Lock-in of Regional Development in the Ruhr Area [M], In: Grabher, G.(eds): The Embedded Firm: On the Socio-economics of Industrial Networks, London and New York: Routledge.
① M. H. Abidin, Competitive Industrialization with Natural Resource Abundance: Malaysia, pp. 147-164, in R.M.Auty (ed.), Resource Abundance and Economic Development, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001.
② Gavin Wright and Jesse Czelusta, exorcizing the resource curse: minerals as a knowledge industry, past and present.
③ 这节内容较多地参考了Gylfason, "A Nordic Perspective on Natural Resource Abundance", In Aufy Edited, Resource Abundance and Economic Development, Oxford:University Press, 2001
① 博茨瓦纳是否在遭受着典型的“荷兰病”是有争议的。在1998到2002年间，博茨瓦纳每年人均出口1200美元的自然资源，但贸易条件却退化了16％。然而在20世纪90年代的前半期，贸易条件指数提高了大约10％。尽管如此，多数文献认为：博茨瓦纳是规避资源诅咒的成功范例。
② 本节主要参考Maria Sarraf, Moortaza iiwanii，Beating the Resource Curse，the Case of Botswana，The world bank environmental department，October, 2001；也参考了Atsushi Iimi, Did Botswana Escape from the Resource Curse?IMF working Paper. WP／06／138.
① 资料出处：Atsushi Iimi, Did Botswana Escape from the Resource Curse?IMF Working Paper, WP／06／138.June 2006
② 管理研究指数覆盖了管理的六个维度：发言权和责任性，政治稳定性，政府的效力，可调整的特性，法律制度和对腐败的控制。每一个指数都在0到1之间归一化。
① 资料出处：Glenn-Marie Lange, Matthew Wright, Sustainable Development in Mineral Economy: the Example of Botswana, CEEPA Discussion Paper, ISBN 0-9584508-5-4, March, 2002
① 平狄克、鲁宾费尔德，微观经济学(第四版)，中国人民大学出版社，2000年，第488-491页。
① Harold Hotelling, The Economics of Exhaustible Resources, Journal of Political Economy, 39 (April 1931), pp137-175.
① John M. Hartwick. 1977. "Intergenerational Equity and the Investing of Rents from Exhaustible Resources." American EcOnomic Review. Volume 67 (5), p. 972.
① Kirk Hamilton., Giovanni Ruta and Liaila Tajibaeva, Capital Accumulation and Resource Depletion: A Hartwick Rule Counterfactual, World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 3480, January 2005.
① 本节较多地参考了《辽宁工业转型研究》课题组，借鉴法国洛林经验加快辽宁工业转型，《中国软科学》，1998年10期，P99-103，。也参考了杨 雪，法国东北老工业区振兴中的就业政策—对我国老工业基地振兴的启示，《人口季刊》，2004年5期
① 本节主要参考M．Peter Van Der Hoek，does the Dutch model really exist?International academics in economic research, vol.6, no.3, 2000，p387-403；也参考了Joop Hartog，The Netherlands: So what's so special about the Dutch model? Employment and training paper 54, international labour organization, 1999.
① 本小节内容主要参考 Guide on Resource Revenue Transparency, Global Witness, June, 2005; Frederick van der Ploeg, Challenge and Opportunities for Resource Rich Economies, 25. April, 2006.
① H·钱纳里、S·鲁宾逊、M·赛尔奎因著，吴奇、王松宝等译，《工业化和经济增长的比较研究》，上海三联书店、上海人民出版社，1995年，第59页。
① 陆国庆，论产业演进的系统动力机理——兼论产业衰退的原因，江汉论坛，2002年第4期，第15-18页。
① 引自：林毅夫等，资源结构升级：赶超战略的误区，载《战略与管理》，1996．5
① 见安祥生，《中国各省区经济结构类型的划分》，生产力研究，1998ZK-2。
② 病态特征主要表现为四个方面，一是“要素成本上升，贸易条件受损”，二是“资源财富流失严重，外部性问题突出”，三是“矿难事故频发，寻租腐败问题比较突出”，四是“资源财富分配不公，收入差距明显拉大”．前两个问题将在本节的后半部分进行专题分析，后两个问题比较复杂，涉及到体制、管理等多方面的原因，受数据资料及论文主题的限制，本文暂不做具体讨论。
① 牛仁亮等，采煤对水资源的破坏研究，科学出版社，2005年
② 山西省社会科学院，煤炭开采的环境损失研究，内部报告，2004年
① 李青等，《区域创新视角下的产业发展》，P130，北京：商务印书馆，2006
① 引自王正喜主持的“煤炭价格的合理构成及煤电比价关系研究”课题，载山西省物价局《煤炭价格问题研究课题集》，内部资料，2005年，第64页。
1. A. H. Gelb & Associates. Oil Windfalls, Blessing or Curse? New York: Oxford University Press, 1988.
2. A. Wood & K. Berge. Exporting Manufactures: Human Resources, Natural Resources and Trade Policy. Journal of Development Studies, vol.34, 1997, pp.35-39.
3. C. Neil, Markku Tykkyf-iinen & J. Bradbury. Coping with Closure: An International Comparison of Mine Town Experiences. London and New York: Rout ledge, 1992.
4. C. Neil, L.Etienne, T. R. Hill, K. C. Aitchison & S. Buthelezi. The Closure of Coal Mines and Local Development Responses in Coal-Rim Cluster, Northern KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Development Southern Africa, vol.20, No.3, 2003.
5. C. Gore. Regions in Question: Space Development Theory and Regional Policy. Methuen.London and New York, 1984.
6. C. James. Transformation of an Industrial City: High-tech Comes to Pittsburgh. Management Review, vol.5, 1985.
7. D. Black, T. Mc Kinnish & S. Sanders. Economic Impact of the Coal Boom and Bust. The Economic Journal, vol.115,2005, pp.449-476.
8. D.Y. Liu & W. J. Yang. A CGE Model of "Dutch Disease" Economics in Taiwan. The Journal of International Trade & Economic Development, vol.9, No.1, 2000, pp.83-100.
9. E. Matsen & R. Torvik. Optimal Dutch Disease. Journal of Development Economics, vol.78,2005, pp.494-515.
10. F. Ezeala-Harrison. Structural Re-Adjustment in Nigeria: Diagnosis of Severe Dutch Disease Syndrome. American Journal of Economics and Sociology, vol.52, No.2, 1993,pp.l93-208.
11. G. Grabher. The Embedded Firm: On the Socio-economics of Industrial Networks. London and New York: Rout ledge, 1993.
12. G. Hennings & K. R. Kunzmann. Priority to Local Economic Development: Industrial Restructuring and Local Development Responses in the Ruhr Area — the Case of Dortmund. In Stohr, Walter B. (eds): Global Challenge and Local Response, London and New York: Mansell, 1990.
13. H. Singer. The Distribution of Trade between Investing and Borrowing Countries, American Economic Review, vol.40,1950, pp.473-485.
14. J. D. Sachs & A. M. Warner. Natural Resource Abundance and Economic Growth. NBER Working Paper, 1995, pp.53-98.
15. J. D. Sachs & A. M. Warner. Natural Resources and Economic Development: The Curse of Natural Re-sources. European Economic Review, vol.45, 2000, pp.827-838,
16. J. D. Sachs & A. M. Warner. The Big Push, Natural Resource Booms and Growth. Journal of Development Economics, vol.59, 1999, pp.43-76.
17. J. D. Sachs & A. M. Warner. Economic Convergence and Economic Policy, NBER Working Paper, 5039,1995, Cambridge, MA: NBER.
18. J. D. Sachs & A. M. Warner. Sources of Slow Growth in African Economics. Journal of African Economies, vol.6, No.3, 1997, pp.335-380;
19. J. Davis, R. Ossowski, J. Daniel & S. Barnett. Stabilization and Savings Funds for Non-renewable Resources. Occasional paper 205, International Monetary Fund, Washington DC, 2001.
20. J. H. Bradbury. Toward an Alternative Theory of Resource-Based Town Development.Economic Geography, vol.27, No.2, 1979.
21. J. M. Baland & Francois. Rent - seeking and Resource Booms. Journal of Development Economics, vol.61,2000. pp.527-542.
22. J. Stijns. Natural Resource Abundance and Economic Growth Revisited. Paper presented at the Western Economic Association International 2001 conference in San Francisco, 2001, pp.35-40.
23. J. Wahba. The Transmission of Dutch Disease and Labor Migration, The Journal of International Trade & Economic Development, vol.7, No.3, 1998, pp.355-365.
24. J. Hartwick. Intergenerational Equity and the Investing of Rents from Exhaustible Resources, American Economic Review, vol.67, 1977, pp.972-991.
25. K. Hamilton. The Sustainability of Extractive Economies. In Economic Development, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001, pp.36-56.
26. K. Matsuyama. Agricultural Productivity, Comparative Advantage and Economic Growth, Journal of Economic Theory, vol.58,1992, pp.317-334.
27. K. Arundhati, K. Hamilton, J. Dixon & M. Clemens. Estimating National Wealth: Methodology and Results. World Bank Environmental Economics Series Paper, No.57, 1998.
28. M. H. Abidin. Competitive Industrialization with Natural Resource Xbundance: Malaysia. In R. M. Auty (ed.), Resource Abundance and Economic Development, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001, pp. 147-164.
29. M. P. Van Der Hoek. Does the Dutch Model Really Exist? International Advances in Economic Research, vol.6, No.3, 2000, pp.387-403.
30. M. Ross. The Political Economy of the Resource Curse. World Politics, vol.51, No.2, 1999.
31. M. Woolcock, L. Pritchett & J. Isham. The Social Foundations of Poor Economic growth in Resource-Rich Countries. In R. M. Auty(ed.), Resource Abundance and Economic Development, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001, pp.76-92.
32. M. Fardmanesh. Terms of Trade Shocks and Structural Adjustment in a Small Open Economy: Dutch Disease and Oil Price Increases. Journal of Development Economics, vol.34,1990, pp.339-353.
33. M. Syrquin & H. B. Chenery. Patterns of Development, 1950 to 1983.World Discussion Paper 41, Washington D.C: World Bank, 1989.
34. N. C. Benjamin, S. Devarajan & R. J. Weiner. The "Dutch Disease" in a Developing Country: Oil Reserves in Cameroon, Journal of Development Economics, vol.30, No.1, 1989, pp.71-92.
35. N. Birdsall, T. Pinckney & R. Sabot. Natural Resource, Human Capital, and Growth. In R. M. Auty(ed.), Resource Abundance and Economic Development, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001, pp.57-75.
36. N. Usui. Dutch Disease & Policy Adjustments to the Oil Boom: a Comparative Study of Indonesia and Mexico. Resources Policy, vol.23, No.4, 1997.
37. O. Olsson & H. Congdon Fors. Congo: the Prize of Predation. Journal of Peace Research, vol.41, 2004, pp.321-336.
38. P. Krugman. The Narrow Moving Band, the Dutch Disease and the Competitive Consequences of Mrs. Thatcher: Notes on Trade in the Presence of Dynamic Scale Economies. Journal of Development Economics, vol.27, 1987, pp.41-55.
39. P. Rosenstein-Rodan. Notes on the Theory of the "Big Push". In H. S. Ellis, H. C. Wallich(eds.), Economic Development for Latin America, New York: St. Martin's Press, 1961.
40. P. Elissaios & R. Gerlagh. The Resource Curse Hypothesis and its Transmission Channels. Journal of Comparative Economics, vol.32, 2004, pp. 181-193.
41. R. M. Auty. Resource Abundance and Economic Development. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001.
42. R. M. Auty. Resource-Based Industrialization: Sowing the Oil in Eight Exporting Countries. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1990.
43. R. M. Auty. Sustaining Development in Mineral Economies: the Resource Curse Thesis. London: Rout ledge, 1993.
44. R. Mikesell. Explaining the Resource Curse, with Special Reference to Mineral-exporting Countries. Resources Policy, vol.23, No.4,1997.
45. R. Prebisch. The Economic Development of Latin America and its Principal Problems. Lake Success, NY: United Nations, 1950.
46. R. Solow. Intergenerational Equity and Exhaustible Resources. Review of Economic Studies, vol.41, 1974, pp.29-45; R. Solow, On the Intergenerational Allocation of Natural Resources, Scandinavian Journal of Economics, vol.88, 1986, pp. 143-154.
47. R. Torvik. Learning by Doing and the Dutch Disease. European Economic Review, vol.45, 2001, pp.285-306.
48. R. Torvik. Natural Resources, Rent Seeking and Welfare. Journal of Development Economics, vol.67, 2002, pp.455-470.
49. S. Van Wijnbergen. The "Dutch Disease": a Disease after all? Economic Journal, vol.94, 1984, pp. 41-55.
50. S.Chand & T. Levantis. Dutch Disease and the Crime Epidemic: an Investigation of the Mineral Boom in Papua New Guinea, The Australian Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics, vol.44, No.1, 2000, pp.129-146.
51. T. Gylfason & T. T. Herbertsson. A Mixed Blessing: Natural Resources and Economic Growth, Macroeconomic Dynamics, vol.3,1999, pp.204-225.
52. T. Gylfason. Natural Resources, Education and Economic Development. European Economic Review, vol.45,2001, pp.847-859.
53. T. L. Karl. The Paradox of Plenty: Oil Booms and Petro-States. Berkeley. CA: University of California Press, 1997.
54. Th(?)gersen & (?)ysten. Economic Policy, Macroeconomic Performance and the Norwegian Pertoleum Wealth: A Survey, Stiftelsen for Samfunns-og N(?)ringslivsforskning. Norwegian School of Business Administration, Bergen, 1994.
55. W. F. Maloney. Innovation and Growth in Resource Rich Countries. Central Bank of Chile Working Papers, vol. 148, No.2, 2002.
56. W. M. Corden & J. R.Neary. Booming Sector and De-industrialization in a Small Economy. Economic Journal vol.92, 1982, pp. 825-848.
57. W. M. Corden. Booming Sector and Dutch Disease Economics: Survey and Consolidation. Oxford Economic Papers, vol.36, 1984, pp. 359-380.
58. Y. H. Farzin. Optimal Saving Policy for Exhaustible Resource Economies. Journal of Development Economics. voi.58, 1999, pp. 149-184.
59．A．Lewis．经济增长理论．上海：上海三联书店，上海人民出版社，1994中译本．
60．[美]多恩布什，费希尔．宏观经济学．北京：中国人民大学出版社，1997．
61．[英]马歇尔著．经济学原理．北京：商务印书馆，1964．
62．[英]亚当·斯密．国民财富的性质和原因的研究．北京：商务印书馆，1972．
63．《辽宁工业转型研究》课题组．借鉴法国洛林经验加快辽宁工业转型．中国软科学，1998，(10)．
64．H．钱纳里等著．工业化与经济增长的比较研究．上海：上海三联书店，1989．
65．陈冬．新型工业化理论与实证分析．北京：社会科学文献出版社，2006．
66．付加锋，刘毅等．中国东部沿海地区产业结构预测及其结构效益评价．经济地理，2006，(6)．
67．高更和，李小建．就业结构与产业结构的均衡性分析．经济地理，2006，(2)．
68．高鸿业．西方经济学(第三版)．北京：中国人民大学出版社，2004．
69．杰拉尔德·M·梅尔等著．济发展的前沿问题．上海：上海人民出版社，2001．
70．李诚固，李培祥等．东北地区产业结构调整与升级的趋势及对策研究．地理科学，2003，(1)．
71．林毅夫，蔡肪，李周．资源结构升级：赶超战略的误区．战略与管理，1996，(5)．
72．刘世锦，杨建龙．核心竞争力：企业重组中的一个新概念．中国工业经济，1999，(2)．
73．刘伟．工业化进程中的产业结构研究．北京：中国人民大学出版社，1995，(12)．
74．刘易斯．经济增长理论．上海：上海三联书店，上海人民出版社，1994．
75．陆大道．区域发展与空间结构．北京：科学出版社，1995．
76．马子红．自然资源与经济增长关系研究综述．经济学动态，2006，(2)．
77．迈克尔·波特．竞争优势，北京：华夏出版社，1997．
78．曼昆．经济学原理．北京：北京大学出版社，1999．
79．梅林，孙春暖．东北地区煤炭资源型城市空间结构的重构——以辽源市为例．经济地理，2006，(6)．
80．牛仁亮．采煤对地下水资源的破坏影响评价．北京：中国科学技术出版社，2003．
81．牛仁亮．区域节水研究．北京：中国科学技术出版社，2004．
82．牛仁亮．山西结构调整：主要产业现状分析．太原：山西人民出版社，2004．
83．平狄克，鲁宾费尔德．微观经济学．北京：中国人民大学出版社，2000．
84．阮慧主持，张复明执笔．国家社会科学基金课题结题报告：中西部资源型区 域经济转型模式研究，2001．
85．山西省发展与改革委员会课题组．山西构建煤炭开采资源与环境补偿机制研究．2004．
86．沈镭，程静．论矿业城市经济发展中的优势转化战略．经济地理，1998，(2)．
87．石磊．中国产业结构：成因与转换．上海：复旦大学出版社，1996．
88．宋冬林，汤吉军．沉淀成本与资源型城市转型分析．中国工业经济，2004，(6)．
89．王青云．资源型城市经济转型研究．北京：中国经济出版社，2003．
90．王延中，杜莹芬，陈耀．“产业升级、体制转换和国际合作”国际研讨会综述．经济管理，1997，(3)．
91．王颖，孙斌栋．资源型城市的实证研究——以辽宁盘锦市为例．城市研究，1997，(4)．
92．王云琪．产业组织结构合理化是产业结构升级的关键．财经科学，2001，(增刊)．
93．魏后凯．新形势下我国中西部工业化战略探讨．中国工业经济，1999，(2)．
94．魏后凯执笔．加快中西部工业化的新思路及政策选择．中国工业经济，1999，(9)．
95．谢地，邵波．论我国自然资源价格形成机制的重构．学习与探索，2005，(6)．
96．谢识予编著．经济博弈论．上海：复旦大学出版社，2002．
97．徐建中，张逸昕．黑龙江省产业结构效益分析．商业研究．2006，(14)．
98．徐康宁，韩剑．中国区域经济的“资源诅咒”效应：地区差距的另一种解释，经济学家，2005，(6)．
99．许传阳，王巧玲．河南省产业结构效益演化分析．经济研究导刊，2006，(6)．
100．阎小培．广州产业结构的效益与演变趋势分析．地理学与国土研究，1998，(8)．
101．杨雪．法国东北老工业区振兴中的就业政策—对我国老工业基地振兴的启示．人口季刊，2004，(5)．
102．张复明，景普秋．资源型经济及其转型研究述评．中国社会科学，2006，(5)．
103．张复明，阮慧等．山西省资源型经济转型的思路与对策．生产力研究，1998，(增刊2)．
104．张复明．工矿区域城市化地域模式研究．经济地理，2001，(4)．
105．张复明．资源型经济转型：难点、目标和动力．科技导报，2000，(11)．
106．张雷．现代区域开发的矿产资源需求生命周期研究及意义．地理学报，1997，(6)．
107．张米尔．市场化进程中的资源型城市产业转型．北京：机械工业出版社，2005．
108．张培刚．新发展经济学，郑州：河南人民出版社，1999第二版．
109．赵奉军．资源诅咒、荷兰病与山西经济．经济学消息报，2004年7月8日．
110．赵文龙，周恒．就业结构与产业结构特征的均衡性分析—以西安市为例．理论导刊，2006，(6)．
111．朱明春．区域经济理论与政策．长沙：湖南科学技术出版社，1991．
② 这类区域被称为问题区域(region in question)，一度成为区域经济的研究重点。
① 这个术语是1977年由“经济学家”杂志首创的，它描述了1960年代荷兰发现天然气之后，制造业部门衰落的情形。见：”The Dutch Disease"，The Economist，pp．82-83，November 26，1977。关于荷兰病的完整描述，包括荷兰政策的探讨是Ellman1981作出的。W.Max Cordenand J．Peter Neary在1982年完成了描述荷兰病的古典经济模型。荷兰病是一个经济概念，主要揭示自然资源的开采与制造业部门衰落的关系。批评家们说，经济的困难不能归结为一个因素(比如说，石油价格上涨)，因为同时还有很多变量都会引起经济的变化。
② R. M. Auty, Sustaining Development in Mineral Economies: the Resource Curse Thesis, London: Routledge, 1993
① 见山西省煤炭工业可持续发展研究小组：《山西构建煤炭开采资源与环境补偿机制研究》，2005年10月；又见“山西省煤炭工业可持续发展调研汇报会”汇报材料，山西省政府，2005年4月。
② Black等人研究了20世纪70年代煤炭繁荣(coal boom)和80年代煤炭萧条(coal bust)时期，煤炭产业对美国肯塔基州等地经济发展的影响。结果发现：煤炭产业对当地其他部门只有适度的挤出效应。在繁荣时期，每创造一个新的煤矿就业机会将产生0.174个当地就业机会；在萧条时期，每丢失一个煤矿就业机会将减少0.349个当地就业机会。没有证据显示，煤炭繁荣对当地其他产业部门产生明显的挤出效应，这些产煤地区没有出现资源型经济现象。见D.Black, T.McKinnish, and S.Sanders, Economic Impact of the Coal Boom and Bust, The Economic Journal, vol.115, 2005, pp.449-476.
① J．D．Sachs，A．M. Warner, Natural Resource Abundalice and Economic Growth，NBER Working Paper, 5398，1995，caidbridge，MA：NBER。资源型产品是指农产品、矿产品和燃料，用其增加值占GDP的百分比衡量。
② World Bank, World Development Indicators 2000, World Bank, 2000, Washington, D.C.
③ 1. J.D.Sachs, A.M.Wamer, Economic Convergence and Economic Policy, NBER Working Paper, 5039, 1995, Cambridge, MA: NBER; 2. A.Wood, K.Berge, Exporting Manufactures: Human Resources, Natural Resources, and Trade Policy, Journal of Development Studies, vol.34, 1997, pp.35-59; 3. T. Gylfason, T.T.Herbertsson, A Mixed Blessing: Natural Resources and Economic Growth, Macroeconomic Dynamics, vol.3, 1999, pp. 204-225.
④ R.Prebisch, The Economic Development of Latin America and its Principal Problems, Lake Success, NY: United Nations, 1950; H.Singer, The Distribution of Trade between Investing and Borrowing Countries, American Economic Review, vol.40, 1950, pp. 473-485.
① W.M. Corden, J. P. Neary, Booming Sector and De-industrialization in a Small Economy, The Economic Journal, vol.92, 1982, pp. 825-848.
② N.C.Benjamin, S. Devarajan, and R.J.Weiner, The 'Dutch Disease' in a Developing Country: Oil Reserves in Cameroon, Journal of Development Economics, vol.30, no. 1, 1989, pp. 71-92.
③ M. Fardmanesh, Terms of Trade Shocks and Structural Adjustment in a Small Open Economy: Dutch Disease and Oil Price Increases, Journal of Development Economics, vol.34, 1990, pp339-353.
④ J.Wahba, The Transmission of Dutch Disease and Labor Migration, The Journal of International Trade & Economic Development, vol.7, no.3, 1998, pp. 355-365.
① N.Birdsall, T. Pinckney, and R.Sabot, Natural Resource, Human Capital, and Growth, pp.57-75, in R.M.Auty(ed.), Resource Abundance and Economic Development, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001.
② http://www.globalwitness.org/reports/show.php/en.00049.html, Global witness, Time for Transparency, March 2004.
③ K. Hamilton, The Sustainability of Extractive Economies, pp.36-56, in R.M.Auty(ed.), Resource Abundance and Economic Development, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001.
④ T.L.Karl, The Paradox of Plenty: Oil Booms and Petro-States, Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1997.
⑤ M.Woolcock, L.Pritchett, and J. Isham, The Social Foundations of Poor Economic growth in Resource-Rich Countries, pp.76-92, in R. M. Auty(ed.), Resource Abundance and Economic Development, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001.
① R. Torvik, Natural Resources, Rent Seeking and Welfare, Journal of Development Economics, vol. 67, 2002, pp. 455-470.
② J. M. Baland, RFrancois, Rent-Seeking and Resource Booms, Journal of Development Economics, vol.61, 2000, pp. 527-542.
① T. Gylfason, Natural Resources, Education and Economic Development, European Economic Review, vol.45, 2001, pp.847-859.
① 特殊要素是指在制造业部门中具有特殊技能的劳动者，对制造业而言是特殊的、必需的，对其他部门而言未必是特殊的和必需的。
② S. Van Wijnbergen, The 'Dutch Disease': a Disease after all? Economic Journal, vol.94, 1984, pp. 41-55.
③ P. Krugman, The Narrow Moving Band, the Dutch Disease, and the Competitive Consequences of Mrs. Thatcher: Notes on Trade in the Presence of Dynamic Scale Economies, Journal of Development Economics, vol. 27, 1987, pp. 41-55.
④ K. Matsuyama, Agricultural Productivity, Cmparative Advantage and Economic Growth, Journal of Economic Theory, vol. 58, 1992, pp. 317-334.
⑤ T. Gylfason, T. T. Herbertsson, A Mixed Blessing: Natural Resources and Economic Growth, Macroeconomic Dynamics, vol.3, 1999, pp. 204-225.
⑥ J. D. Sachs, A. M. Warner, Natural Resource Abundance and Economic Growth, NBER Working Paper, 5398, 1995, Cambridge, MA: NBER.
⑦ R. Torvik, Learning by Doing and the Dutch Disease, European Economic Review, vol.45, 2001, pp. 285-306.
① G. Grabher, The Weakness of Strong Ties: The Lock-in of Regional Development in the Ruhr Area, pp.255-277, in G.Grabher (ed.), The Embedded Firm: On the Socio-economics of Industrial Networks. London and New York: Routledge, 1993.
② 宋冬林、汤吉军：《沉淀成本与资源型城市转型分析》，《中国工业经济》，2004年第6期。
① M. P. Van Der Hoek, Does the Dutch Model Really Exist? International Advances in Economic Research, vol.6, no.3, 2000, pp. 387-403.
② F. Ezeala-Harrison, Structural Re-Adjustment in Nigeria: Diagnosis of Severe Dutch Disease Syndrome, American Journal of Economics and Sociology, vol.52, no.2, 1993, pp. 193-208.
③ D. Y. Liu, W.J.Yang, A CGE Model of'Dutch Disease' Economics in Taiwan, The Journal of International Trade & Economic Development, vol.9, no. 1, 2000, pp. 83-100.
④ M. Woolcock, L. Pritchett, and J.Isham, The Social Foundations of Poor Economic growth in Resource-Rich Countries, pp.76-92, in R.M.Auty(ed.), Resource Abundance and Economic Development, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001.
⑤ R. M. Auty, Resource Abundance and Economic Development, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001.
① N. Birdsall, T. Pinckney, and R. Sabot, Natural Resource, Human Capital, and Growth, pp.57-75, in R.M.Auty(ed.), Resource Abundance and Economic Development, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001.
② G. Grabher, The Weakness of Strong Ties: The Lock-in of Regional Development in the Ruhr Area, pp. 255-277, in G. Grabher(ed.), The Embedded Firm: On the Socio-economics of Industrial Networks, London and New York: Routledge, 1993.
③ E. Matsen, R. Torvik, Optimal Dutch Disease, Journal of Development Economics, vol.78, 2005, pp. 494-515.
④ R. Solow, Intergenerational Equity and Exhaustible Resources, Review of Economic Studies, vol.41, 1974, pp. 29-45; R.Solow, On the Intergenerational Allocation of Natural Resources, Scandinavian Journal of Economics, vol. 88, 1986, pp. 143-154.
① J. Hartwick, Intergenerational Equity and the Investing of Rents from Exhaustible Resources, American Economic Review, vol.67, 1977, pp.972-991.
② World Bank, World Development Indicators 2003, World Bank, 2003, Washington, D.C(online version).
③ Y. H. Farzin, Optimal Saving Policy for Exhaustible Resource Economies, Journal of Development Economics, vol.58, 1999, pp. 149-184.
① Auty, R.(Ed.) (2001). "Resource abundance and economic development", Oxford: Oxford University Press.
② Department of Business and Economy, Maryland, Resource-Based Industries, http://www.choosemaryland.org/businessinmd/resourcebasedindustry/resourcebased.html, 2007.04.17
③ 陆大道，区域发展与空间结构，北京：科学出版社，1995年。
④ 张米尔，市场化进程中的资源型城市产业转型，机械工业出版社，2005年，p10。
① 许多分析曾经预言，原料储备最大、土地产出最多的国家将成为最为富足的国家。而实际上，最为富裕的国家常常是自然资源极其贫乏而人力资本富裕的国家，如日本、新加坡。这是因为资源性产品需求弹性低，易受外部市场需求变化的冲击，也会产生严重的环境污染，造成经济增长的不稳定性，同时也损害了其他产业部门出口的竞争力(亚洲开发银行，1997)．见达尔-尼夫主编，《知识经济》，珠海出版社，1999
② A．LeWis，《经济增长理论》，上海三联书店、上海人民出版社，1994年中译本，第252页。
① 张培刚，新发展经济学，河南人民出版社，1999年8月第二版，第126—127页。
① 张培刚：《新发展经济学》，河南人民出版社，1990，第101页。
② 陈冬：《新型工业化理论与实证分析》，社会科学文献出版社，2006年，第39-79页。
① E．M．胡佛，区域经济学，商务印书馆，1990，第6—8页。
② 进入新世纪以来，石油价格在波动中持续高涨，铁矿石、金属镍等资源性产品价格也在高位运行，在一定程度反映了这一特征和趋势。
① A. H. Gelb and Associates, Oil Windfalls, Blessing or Curse? New York: Oxford University Press, 1988; T.L. Karl, The Paradox of Plenty: Oil Booms and Petro-States, Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1997; R.M.Auty, Resource Abundance and Economic Development, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001; T. Gylfason, Natural Resources, Education and Economic Development, European Economic Review, vol.45, 2001, pp.847-859; O.Olsson, H.Congdon Fors, Congo: the Prize of Predation, Journal of Peace Research, vol. 41, 2004, pp.321-336; E. Papyrakis, R.Gerlagh, The Resource Curse Hypothesis and its Transmission Channels, Journal of Comparative Economics, vol.32, 2004, pp. 181-193.
② 本小节主要参考：F.Ezeala-Harrison，Structural Re-Adjustment in Njgeria：DjagllOSis of a Severe Dutch Disease Syndrome，American JOurnal Of Economics and Sociology, Vol.52.No.2, 1993, pp.193-208。部分地参考了Hamid RaShid，Report on Nigeria Country Dialogue, MaV, 2004, pp6-10.
① F. Ezeala-Harrison, Structural Re-Adjustment in Nigeria: Diagnosis of Severe Dutch Disease. Syndrome, American Journal of Economics and Sociology, vol. 52, no.2, 1993, pp.193-208.
① 本节主要参考Joop Hartog；The Netherlands：so what's so special about the Dutch model? Employment and Training，Papers 54；以及其他关于Dutch Disease的论文与资料)
② Investopedia说：批评家说经济的困难不能归结一个因素(比如说，石油价格上涨)，因为同时还有很多变量都会引起经济的变化。
① Grabher, G..(1993), The Weakness of Strong Ties: The Lock-in of Regional Development in the Ruhr Area [M], In: Grabher, G.(eds): The Embedded Firm: On the Socio-economics of Industrial Networks, London and New York: Routledge.
① M. H. Abidin, Competitive Industrialization with Natural Resource Abundance: Malaysia, pp. 147-164, in R.M.Auty (ed.), Resource Abundance and Economic Development, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001.
② Gavin Wright and Jesse Czelusta, exorcizing the resource curse: minerals as a knowledge industry, past and present.
③ 这节内容较多地参考了Gylfason, "A Nordic Perspective on Natural Resource Abundance", In Aufy Edited, Resource Abundance and Economic Development, Oxford:University Press, 2001
① 博茨瓦纳是否在遭受着典型的“荷兰病”是有争议的。在1998到2002年间，博茨瓦纳每年人均出口1200美元的自然资源，但贸易条件却退化了16％。然而在20世纪90年代的前半期，贸易条件指数提高了大约10％。尽管如此，多数文献认为：博茨瓦纳是规避资源诅咒的成功范例。
② 本节主要参考Maria Sarraf, Moortaza iiwanii，Beating the Resource Curse，the Case of Botswana，The world bank environmental department，October, 2001；也参考了Atsushi Iimi, Did Botswana Escape from the Resource Curse?IMF working Paper. WP／06／138.
① 资料出处：Atsushi Iimi, Did Botswana Escape from the Resource Curse?IMF Working Paper, WP／06／138.June 2006
② 管理研究指数覆盖了管理的六个维度：发言权和责任性，政治稳定性，政府的效力，可调整的特性，法律制度和对腐败的控制。每一个指数都在0到1之间归一化。
① 资料出处：Glenn-Marie Lange, Matthew Wright, Sustainable Development in Mineral Economy: the Example of Botswana, CEEPA Discussion Paper, ISBN 0-9584508-5-4, March, 2002
① 平狄克、鲁宾费尔德，微观经济学(第四版)，中国人民大学出版社，2000年，第488-491页。
① Harold Hotelling, The Economics of Exhaustible Resources, Journal of Political Economy, 39 (April 1931), pp137-175.
① John M. Hartwick. 1977. "Intergenerational Equity and the Investing of Rents from Exhaustible Resources." American EcOnomic Review. Volume 67 (5), p. 972.
① Kirk Hamilton., Giovanni Ruta and Liaila Tajibaeva, Capital Accumulation and Resource Depletion: A Hartwick Rule Counterfactual, World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 3480, January 2005.
① 本节较多地参考了《辽宁工业转型研究》课题组，借鉴法国洛林经验加快辽宁工业转型，《中国软科学》，1998年10期，P99-103，。也参考了杨 雪，法国东北老工业区振兴中的就业政策—对我国老工业基地振兴的启示，《人口季刊》，2004年5期
① 本节主要参考M．Peter Van Der Hoek，does the Dutch model really exist?International academics in economic research, vol.6, no.3, 2000，p387-403；也参考了Joop Hartog，The Netherlands: So what's so special about the Dutch model? Employment and training paper 54, international labour organization, 1999.
① 本小节内容主要参考 Guide on Resource Revenue Transparency, Global Witness, June, 2005; Frederick van der Ploeg, Challenge and Opportunities for Resource Rich Economies, 25. April, 2006.
① H·钱纳里、S·鲁宾逊、M·赛尔奎因著，吴奇、王松宝等译，《工业化和经济增长的比较研究》，上海三联书店、上海人民出版社，1995年，第59页。
① 陆国庆，论产业演进的系统动力机理——兼论产业衰退的原因，江汉论坛，2002年第4期，第15-18页。
① 引自：林毅夫等，资源结构升级：赶超战略的误区，载《战略与管理》，1996．5
① 见安祥生，《中国各省区经济结构类型的划分》，生产力研究，1998ZK-2。
② 病态特征主要表现为四个方面，一是“要素成本上升，贸易条件受损”，二是“资源财富流失严重，外部性问题突出”，三是“矿难事故频发，寻租腐败问题比较突出”，四是“资源财富分配不公，收入差距明显拉大”．前两个问题将在本节的后半部分进行专题分析，后两个问题比较复杂，涉及到体制、管理等多方面的原因，受数据资料及论文主题的限制，本文暂不做具体讨论。
① 牛仁亮等，采煤对水资源的破坏研究，科学出版社，2005年
② 山西省社会科学院，煤炭开采的环境损失研究，内部报告，2004年
① 李青等，《区域创新视角下的产业发展》，P130，北京：商务印书馆，2006
① 引自王正喜主持的“煤炭价格的合理构成及煤电比价关系研究”课题，载山西省物价局《煤炭价格问题研究课题集》，内部资料，2005年，第64页。
1. A. H. Gelb & Associates. Oil Windfalls, Blessing or Curse? New York: Oxford University Press, 1988.
2. A. Wood & K. Berge. Exporting Manufactures: Human Resources, Natural Resources and Trade Policy. Journal of Development Studies, vol.34, 1997, pp.35-39.
3. C. Neil, Markku Tykkyf-iinen & J. Bradbury. Coping with Closure: An International Comparison of Mine Town Experiences. London and New York: Rout ledge, 1992.
4. C. Neil, L.Etienne, T. R. Hill, K. C. Aitchison & S. Buthelezi. The Closure of Coal Mines and Local Development Responses in Coal-Rim Cluster, Northern KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Development Southern Africa, vol.20, No.3, 2003.
5. C. Gore. Regions in Question: Space Development Theory and Regional Policy. Methuen.London and New York, 1984.
6. C. James. Transformation of an Industrial City: High-tech Comes to Pittsburgh. Management Review, vol.5, 1985.
7. D. Black, T. Mc Kinnish & S. Sanders. Economic Impact of the Coal Boom and Bust. The Economic Journal, vol.115,2005, pp.449-476.
8. D.Y. Liu & W. J. Yang. A CGE Model of "Dutch Disease" Economics in Taiwan. The Journal of International Trade & Economic Development, vol.9, No.1, 2000, pp.83-100.
9. E. Matsen & R. Torvik. Optimal Dutch Disease. Journal of Development Economics, vol.78,2005, pp.494-515.
10. F. Ezeala-Harrison. Structural Re-Adjustment in Nigeria: Diagnosis of Severe Dutch Disease Syndrome. American Journal of Economics and Sociology, vol.52, No.2, 1993,pp.l93-208.
11. G. Grabher. The Embedded Firm: On the Socio-economics of Industrial Networks. London and New York: Rout ledge, 1993.
12. G. Hennings & K. R. Kunzmann. Priority to Local Economic Development: Industrial Restructuring and Local Development Responses in the Ruhr Area — the Case of Dortmund. In Stohr, Walter B. (eds): Global Challenge and Local Response, London and New York: Mansell, 1990.
13. H. Singer. The Distribution of Trade between Investing and Borrowing Countries, American Economic Review, vol.40,1950, pp.473-485.
14. J. D. Sachs & A. M. Warner. Natural Resource Abundance and Economic Growth. NBER Working Paper, 1995, pp.53-98.
15. J. D. Sachs & A. M. Warner. Natural Resources and Economic Development: The Curse of Natural Re-sources. European Economic Review, vol.45, 2000, pp.827-838,
16. J. D. Sachs & A. M. Warner. The Big Push, Natural Resource Booms and Growth. Journal of Development Economics, vol.59, 1999, pp.43-76.
17. J. D. Sachs & A. M. Warner. Economic Convergence and Economic Policy, NBER Working Paper, 5039,1995, Cambridge, MA: NBER.
18. J. D. Sachs & A. M. Warner. Sources of Slow Growth in African Economics. Journal of African Economies, vol.6, No.3, 1997, pp.335-380;
19. J. Davis, R. Ossowski, J. Daniel & S. Barnett. Stabilization and Savings Funds for Non-renewable Resources. Occasional paper 205, International Monetary Fund, Washington DC, 2001.
20. J. H. Bradbury. Toward an Alternative Theory of Resource-Based Town Development.Economic Geography, vol.27, No.2, 1979.
21. J. M. Baland & Francois. Rent - seeking and Resource Booms. Journal of Development Economics, vol.61,2000. pp.527-542.
22. J. Stijns. Natural Resource Abundance and Economic Growth Revisited. Paper presented at the Western Economic Association International 2001 conference in San Francisco, 2001, pp.35-40.
23. J. Wahba. The Transmission of Dutch Disease and Labor Migration, The Journal of International Trade & Economic Development, vol.7, No.3, 1998, pp.355-365.
24. J. Hartwick. Intergenerational Equity and the Investing of Rents from Exhaustible Resources, American Economic Review, vol.67, 1977, pp.972-991.
25. K. Hamilton. The Sustainability of Extractive Economies. In Economic Development, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001, pp.36-56.
26. K. Matsuyama. Agricultural Productivity, Comparative Advantage and Economic Growth, Journal of Economic Theory, vol.58,1992, pp.317-334.
27. K. Arundhati, K. Hamilton, J. Dixon & M. Clemens. Estimating National Wealth: Methodology and Results. World Bank Environmental Economics Series Paper, No.57, 1998.
28. M. H. Abidin. Competitive Industrialization with Natural Resource Xbundance: Malaysia. In R. M. Auty (ed.), Resource Abundance and Economic Development, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001, pp. 147-164.
29. M. P. Van Der Hoek. Does the Dutch Model Really Exist? International Advances in Economic Research, vol.6, No.3, 2000, pp.387-403.
30. M. Ross. The Political Economy of the Resource Curse. World Politics, vol.51, No.2, 1999.
31. M. Woolcock, L. Pritchett & J. Isham. The Social Foundations of Poor Economic growth in Resource-Rich Countries. In R. M. Auty(ed.), Resource Abundance and Economic Development, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001, pp.76-92.
32. M. Fardmanesh. Terms of Trade Shocks and Structural Adjustment in a Small Open Economy: Dutch Disease and Oil Price Increases. Journal of Development Economics, vol.34,1990, pp.339-353.
33. M. Syrquin & H. B. Chenery. Patterns of Development, 1950 to 1983.World Discussion Paper 41, Washington D.C: World Bank, 1989.
34. N. C. Benjamin, S. Devarajan & R. J. Weiner. The "Dutch Disease" in a Developing Country: Oil Reserves in Cameroon, Journal of Development Economics, vol.30, No.1, 1989, pp.71-92.
35. N. Birdsall, T. Pinckney & R. Sabot. Natural Resource, Human Capital, and Growth. In R. M. Auty(ed.), Resource Abundance and Economic Development, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001, pp.57-75.
36. N. Usui. Dutch Disease & Policy Adjustments to the Oil Boom: a Comparative Study of Indonesia and Mexico. Resources Policy, vol.23, No.4, 1997.
37. O. Olsson & H. Congdon Fors. Congo: the Prize of Predation. Journal of Peace Research, vol.41, 2004, pp.321-336.
38. P. Krugman. The Narrow Moving Band, the Dutch Disease and the Competitive Consequences of Mrs. Thatcher: Notes on Trade in the Presence of Dynamic Scale Economies. Journal of Development Economics, vol.27, 1987, pp.41-55.
39. P. Rosenstein-Rodan. Notes on the Theory of the "Big Push". In H. S. Ellis, H. C. Wallich(eds.), Economic Development for Latin America, New York: St. Martin's Press, 1961.
40. P. Elissaios & R. Gerlagh. The Resource Curse Hypothesis and its Transmission Channels. Journal of Comparative Economics, vol.32, 2004, pp. 181-193.
41. R. M. Auty. Resource Abundance and Economic Development. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001.
42. R. M. Auty. Resource-Based Industrialization: Sowing the Oil in Eight Exporting Countries. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1990.
43. R. M. Auty. Sustaining Development in Mineral Economies: the Resource Curse Thesis. London: Rout ledge, 1993.
44. R. Mikesell. Explaining the Resource Curse, with Special Reference to Mineral-exporting Countries. Resources Policy, vol.23, No.4,1997.
45. R. Prebisch. The Economic Development of Latin America and its Principal Problems. Lake Success, NY: United Nations, 1950.
46. R. Solow. Intergenerational Equity and Exhaustible Resources. Review of Economic Studies, vol.41, 1974, pp.29-45; R. Solow, On the Intergenerational Allocation of Natural Resources, Scandinavian Journal of Economics, vol.88, 1986, pp. 143-154.
47. R. Torvik. Learning by Doing and the Dutch Disease. European Economic Review, vol.45, 2001, pp.285-306.
48. R. Torvik. Natural Resources, Rent Seeking and Welfare. Journal of Development Economics, vol.67, 2002, pp.455-470.
49. S. Van Wijnbergen. The "Dutch Disease": a Disease after all? Economic Journal, vol.94, 1984, pp. 41-55.
50. S.Chand & T. Levantis. Dutch Disease and the Crime Epidemic: an Investigation of the Mineral Boom in Papua New Guinea, The Australian Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics, vol.44, No.1, 2000, pp.129-146.
51. T. Gylfason & T. T. Herbertsson. A Mixed Blessing: Natural Resources and Economic Growth, Macroeconomic Dynamics, vol.3,1999, pp.204-225.
52. T. Gylfason. Natural Resources, Education and Economic Development. European Economic Review, vol.45,2001, pp.847-859.
53. T. L. Karl. The Paradox of Plenty: Oil Booms and Petro-States. Berkeley. CA: University of California Press, 1997.
54. Th(?)gersen & (?)ysten. Economic Policy, Macroeconomic Performance and the Norwegian Pertoleum Wealth: A Survey, Stiftelsen for Samfunns-og N(?)ringslivsforskning. Norwegian School of Business Administration, Bergen, 1994.
55. W. F. Maloney. Innovation and Growth in Resource Rich Countries. Central Bank of Chile Working Papers, vol. 148, No.2, 2002.
56. W. M. Corden & J. R.Neary. Booming Sector and De-industrialization in a Small Economy. Economic Journal vol.92, 1982, pp. 825-848.
57. W. M. Corden. Booming Sector and Dutch Disease Economics: Survey and Consolidation. Oxford Economic Papers, vol.36, 1984, pp. 359-380.
58. Y. H. Farzin. Optimal Saving Policy for Exhaustible Resource Economies. Journal of Development Economics. voi.58, 1999, pp. 149-184.
59．A．Lewis．经济增长理论．上海：上海三联书店，上海人民出版社，1994中译本．
60．[美]多恩布什，费希尔．宏观经济学．北京：中国人民大学出版社，1997．
61．[英]马歇尔著．经济学原理．北京：商务印书馆，1964．
62．[英]亚当·斯密．国民财富的性质和原因的研究．北京：商务印书馆，1972．
63．《辽宁工业转型研究》课题组．借鉴法国洛林经验加快辽宁工业转型．中国软科学，1998，(10)．
64．H．钱纳里等著．工业化与经济增长的比较研究．上海：上海三联书店，1989．
65．陈冬．新型工业化理论与实证分析．北京：社会科学文献出版社，2006．
66．付加锋，刘毅等．中国东部沿海地区产业结构预测及其结构效益评价．经济地理，2006，(6)．
67．高更和，李小建．就业结构与产业结构的均衡性分析．经济地理，2006，(2)．
68．高鸿业．西方经济学(第三版)．北京：中国人民大学出版社，2004．
69．杰拉尔德·M·梅尔等著．济发展的前沿问题．上海：上海人民出版社，2001．
70．李诚固，李培祥等．东北地区产业结构调整与升级的趋势及对策研究．地理科学，2003，(1)．
71．林毅夫，蔡肪，李周．资源结构升级：赶超战略的误区．战略与管理，1996，(5)．
72．刘世锦，杨建龙．核心竞争力：企业重组中的一个新概念．中国工业经济，1999，(2)．
73．刘伟．工业化进程中的产业结构研究．北京：中国人民大学出版社，1995，(12)．
74．刘易斯．经济增长理论．上海：上海三联书店，上海人民出版社，1994．
75．陆大道．区域发展与空间结构．北京：科学出版社，1995．
76．马子红．自然资源与经济增长关系研究综述．经济学动态，2006，(2)．
77．迈克尔·波特．竞争优势，北京：华夏出版社，1997．
78．曼昆．经济学原理．北京：北京大学出版社，1999．
79．梅林，孙春暖．东北地区煤炭资源型城市空间结构的重构——以辽源市为例．经济地理，2006，(6)．
80．牛仁亮．采煤对地下水资源的破坏影响评价．北京：中国科学技术出版社，2003．
81．牛仁亮．区域节水研究．北京：中国科学技术出版社，2004．
82．牛仁亮．山西结构调整：主要产业现状分析．太原：山西人民出版社，2004．
83．平狄克，鲁宾费尔德．微观经济学．北京：中国人民大学出版社，2000．
84．阮慧主持，张复明执笔．国家社会科学基金课题结题报告：中西部资源型区 域经济转型模式研究，2001．
85．山西省发展与改革委员会课题组．山西构建煤炭开采资源与环境补偿机制研究．2004．
86．沈镭，程静．论矿业城市经济发展中的优势转化战略．经济地理，1998，(2)．
87．石磊．中国产业结构：成因与转换．上海：复旦大学出版社，1996．
88．宋冬林，汤吉军．沉淀成本与资源型城市转型分析．中国工业经济，2004，(6)．
89．王青云．资源型城市经济转型研究．北京：中国经济出版社，2003．
90．王延中，杜莹芬，陈耀．“产业升级、体制转换和国际合作”国际研讨会综述．经济管理，1997，(3)．
91．王颖，孙斌栋．资源型城市的实证研究——以辽宁盘锦市为例．城市研究，1997，(4)．
92．王云琪．产业组织结构合理化是产业结构升级的关键．财经科学，2001，(增刊)．
93．魏后凯．新形势下我国中西部工业化战略探讨．中国工业经济，1999，(2)．
94．魏后凯执笔．加快中西部工业化的新思路及政策选择．中国工业经济，1999，(9)．
95．谢地，邵波．论我国自然资源价格形成机制的重构．学习与探索，2005，(6)．
96．谢识予编著．经济博弈论．上海：复旦大学出版社，2002．
97．徐建中，张逸昕．黑龙江省产业结构效益分析．商业研究．2006，(14)．
98．徐康宁，韩剑．中国区域经济的“资源诅咒”效应：地区差距的另一种解释，经济学家，2005，(6)．
99．许传阳，王巧玲．河南省产业结构效益演化分析．经济研究导刊，2006，(6)．
100．阎小培．广州产业结构的效益与演变趋势分析．地理学与国土研究，1998，(8)．
101．杨雪．法国东北老工业区振兴中的就业政策—对我国老工业基地振兴的启示．人口季刊，2004，(5)．
102．张复明，景普秋．资源型经济及其转型研究述评．中国社会科学，2006，(5)．
103．张复明，阮慧等．山西省资源型经济转型的思路与对策．生产力研究，1998，(增刊2)．
104．张复明．工矿区域城市化地域模式研究．经济地理，2001，(4)．
105．张复明．资源型经济转型：难点、目标和动力．科技导报，2000，(11)．
106．张雷．现代区域开发的矿产资源需求生命周期研究及意义．地理学报，1997，(6)．
107．张米尔．市场化进程中的资源型城市产业转型．北京：机械工业出版社，2005．
108．张培刚．新发展经济学，郑州：河南人民出版社，1999第二版．
109．赵奉军．资源诅咒、荷兰病与山西经济．经济学消息报，2004年7月8日．
110．赵文龙，周恒．就业结构与产业结构特征的均衡性分析—以西安市为例．理论导刊，2006，(6)．
111．朱明春．区域经济理论与政策．长沙：湖南科学技术出版社，1991．
© 2004-2018 中国地质图书馆版权所有 京ICP备05064691号 京公网安备11010802017129号 地址：北京市海淀区学院路29号 邮编：100083 电话：办公室：(+86 10)66554848；文献借阅、咨询服务、科技查新：66554700 |