阿尔泰矿床富集区成矿规律与地壳演化
摘要
本文以矿床成矿系列学术思想为指导，通过大量野外地质调查和室内测试分析，从四维空间系统地研究了新疆阿尔泰造山带矿床富集区成矿规律与地壳演化。详细地阐述了矿床时空分布与迁移演化规律，系统地论述了矿床成矿物质来源与时空演化规律，揭示了富蕴-可可托海一带为阿尔泰造山带矿床富集中心和以幔源为主幔壳混合的稀有→有色→贵重金属成矿物质演化体系中心，系统地总结了成矿的时控性、迁移性、选择性、演化阶段性、继承性、长期性、方向性、旋回性及区域同心分带与矿床(矿体)的分带性等，厘定了加里东晚期-海西期为重要成矿时期，其中海西中晚期为成矿高峰期。划分出与以幔源为主幔壳混合岩浆-碱交代热液有关的加里东晚期-海西期三个矿床成矿系列及五个亚系列，阐述了各个矿床成矿系列的主要特点，探讨了可可托海3号伟晶岩脉-稀有金属综合矿床与基性伟晶杂岩的内在成因联系。从矿床时空分布及成矿物质来源与演化规律出发，运用地质、物探航磁、重力、遥感等信息，系统地阐述了矿床富集区构造-岩浆-变质三大地质作用的时空分布与迁移演化规律，揭示了富蕴-可可托海一带为阿尔泰造山带矿床富集区加里东-海西期幔源为主幔壳混合的岩浆活动及其迁移演化中心，亦是构造、变质作用中心。初步建立了阿尔泰矿床富集区壳幔成矿体系及其成矿物质大规模聚集→矿质运移与传输→矿床矿体定位系统。最后，通过全面的系统综合分析和国内外对比研究，提出了阿尔泰富蕴地幔热柱构造，并较系统地揭示了古生代阿尔泰富蕴地幔热柱成因的三联点裂谷形成与演化(“手风琴式”开合)与阿尔泰矿床富集区形成与演化的内在本质联系；明确提出了富蕴地幔热柱古生代时期地幔物质大规模上涌和横向扩张，产生三联点裂谷系统，导致古大陆解体，形成阿尔泰“洋岛型”蛇绿岩、阿尔泰型花岗岩、异常的花岗岩化、高温低压变质带和主要大型-超大型矿床，地幔热柱活动停止或间歇，导致三联点裂谷系统发生A型俯冲而封闭造山，形成三叉式陆间或陆内造山带和同造山花岗岩、中高压变质带及部分矿产，进而最终构成新疆北部独特的三联点(三叉)陆内-陆间构造带成矿域-阿尔泰造山带矿床富集区。
The Altay noble metal,nonferrous metal,rare metal and nonmetal deposit enriched regionis located in northern Xinjiang,has many anomalous geological phenomena to have beenrevealed,and has attracted the attention of many Chinese and foreign geologists.
With the theory of metallogenic series as the guidance,the paper has an attempt to usefundamental ore deposit geology to elucidate crustal evolution.Some new results are obtained asfollows:
1. In the light of the concept of metallogenic series advanced by Cheng Yuqi,ChenYuchuan et al., the noble metal,nonferrous metal,rare metal and nonmetal deposits of Altaydeposit enriched region might be assigned to three metallogenic series and five metallogenicsubseries related to late Caledonian-Hercyanian mantle-mainly derived,mantle-crust mixedderived magma.
2. Based on studies on the time-space distribution and migrating evolution of deposite andore materials,it has been revealed that there exists Fuyun-Keketuohai deposit enriched center inthe Altay deposit enriched region.The known large and superlarge deposits concentratedlyoccur in the center, in which rare metal deposits exist in the inner center, nonferrous metal inthe outer center,noble metal deposits around the center.Ore materials might be mainly derivedfrom the mantle,partially from the crust.
3. There exists Caledonian-Hercyania magmatic activity center located in Fuyun-Keketuohai in the Ahay deposit enriched region.Mantle-derived magmatic activity clearly tookplace at the center,whereas crust-mantle mixed derived and crust-derived magmatic activitiesoccurred around the center.From the center to perphery,metamorphisms vary from granizationto gneissification,to schist and to light-nonmetamorphic rocks.
4. Metamorphism and tectonism are distributed in the form of sem-concentric rings,withthe center located in Fuyun-Keketuohai.
5. The Altay deposit enriched region might be a gechemical anomalous field rich inelements Cu,Au,Ni,Pb,Zn,Fe,Ag,Nb,Ta,Sb,Hg,K,Na,S,P,F,Cl,which might be enriched in themantle,and Li,Be,which might be mainly enriched in the crust.
6. Based on the discussions above,it is proposed that the crust-mantle metallogenicsystem and the three subsystems of enrichment,trans-ferring and locating for ore materials ofthe Altay deposit enriched region.
7. On the basis of the comprehensive studies of various information such astectonism,magmatism,metamorphism,metallization,and their evolution in space and time,andgeophysics,the formation and evolution (three accordion opening-closing events) of Altaydeposit enriched region are considered to have been caused by the inception and evolution ofPaleozoicAltay mantle plume-generated triple junction rifts.Ascending and later adspreading ofthe mantle plume opened the triple junction rifts,resulted inthe continental break-up,andgenerated Altay "ocean island-type" ophiolites,Altay-type grantoids,granization,high-teperature and low-pressure metamorphic belt and chief large-superlarge deposits in theenriched region.Subsiding or resting of the mantle plume caused the A-type subduction,closingand orogeny of the triple junction rift system,and yielded triple-type intracontinental orogenicbelts,synorogenic granitoids and some mineral deposits.
The Altay noble metal,nonferrous metal,rare metal and nonmetal deposit enriched regionis located in northern Xinjiang,has many anomalous geological phenomena to have beenrevealed,and has attracted the attention of many Chinese and foreign geologists.
With the theory of metallogenic series as the guidance,the paper has an attempt to usefundamental ore deposit geology to elucidate crustal evolution.Some new results are obtained asfollows:
1. In the light of the concept of metallogenic series advanced by Cheng Yuqi,ChenYuchuan et al., the noble metal,nonferrous metal,rare metal and nonmetal deposits of Altaydeposit enriched region might be assigned to three metallogenic series and five metallogenicsubseries related to late Caledonian-Hercyanian mantle-mainly derived,mantle-crust mixedderived magma.
2. Based on studies on the time-space distribution and migrating evolution of deposite andore materials,it has been revealed that there exists Fuyun-Keketuohai deposit enriched center inthe Altay deposit enriched region.The known large and superlarge deposits concentratedlyoccur in the center, in which rare metal deposits exist in the inner center, nonferrous metal inthe outer center,noble metal deposits around the center.Ore materials might be mainly derivedfrom the mantle,partially from the crust.
3. There exists Caledonian-Hercyania magmatic activity center located in Fuyun-Keketuohai in the Ahay deposit enriched region.Mantle-derived magmatic activity clearly tookplace at the center,whereas crust-mantle mixed derived and crust-derived magmatic activitiesoccurred around the center.From the center to perphery,metamorphisms vary from granizationto gneissification,to schist and to light-nonmetamorphic rocks.
4. Metamorphism and tectonism are distributed in the form of sem-concentric rings,withthe center located in Fuyun-Keketuohai.
5. The Altay deposit enriched region might be a gechemical anomalous field rich inelements Cu,Au,Ni,Pb,Zn,Fe,Ag,Nb,Ta,Sb,Hg,K,Na,S,P,F,Cl,which might be enriched in themantle,and Li,Be,which might be mainly enriched in the crust.
6. Based on the discussions above,it is proposed that the crust-mantle metallogenicsystem and the three subsystems of enrichment,trans-ferring and locating for ore materials ofthe Altay deposit enriched region.
7. On the basis of the comprehensive studies of various information such astectonism,magmatism,metamorphism,metallization,and their evolution in space and time,andgeophysics,the formation and evolution (three accordion opening-closing events) of Altaydeposit enriched region are considered to have been caused by the inception and evolution ofPaleozoicAltay mantle plume-generated triple junction rifts.Ascending and later adspreading ofthe mantle plume opened the triple junction rifts,resulted inthe continental break-up,andgenerated Altay "ocean island-type" ophiolites,Altay-type grantoids,granization,high-teperature and low-pressure metamorphic belt and chief large-superlarge deposits in theenriched region.Subsiding or resting of the mantle plume caused the A-type subduction,closingand orogeny of the triple junction rift system,and yielded triple-type intracontinental orogenicbelts,synorogenic granitoids and some mineral deposits.
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Hart SR., Mantle plumes and entrainment:The isotopic evidence. Science, 1992,256:517-520
Henley RW. Magmatic vapor plumes and ground-water interaction in porphyry copper emplacement. EG, 1978, 73:1-20
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Le Roex AP. Geochemical correlation between Southern African kimberlites and South Atlantic hot spots. Nature, 1986, 324:243-245
Loper, DE. Mantle plume. Tectonophysics, 1991,187:373-384
Lowell GR.. Tin mineralization and mantle hot spot activity in south-eastern Missouri. Nature, 1976, 261:482-483
Menke W. Cold crust in a hot spot. Geophys. Res. Lett., 1994, 21 (18): 1967-1970
Maruyama S. Plume tectonics. Jour, Soc. Japan, 1994,100:24～49
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Phillipe RJ. Hot-spot evolution and the global tectonics of Venus. Science, 1991,252,651-658
Ribe,NM. Dynamical geochemistry of the Hawaiian plume. EPSL, 1988, 88(1/2):37-46
Richards MA. Flood basalts and hot spot tracks:lume heads and tails. Science, 1989,246:103-107
Rock M S. et al. Can lamprophyres resolve the genetic controversy over mesothermal golD Deposits?Geology 1988, vol. 16:538-541
Sillitoe R H. Tin mineralization above mantle hot spots. Nature, 1974, vol. 248:197～499
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Stein M.Mantle plumes and episodic crustal growth. Nature, 1994, 372:63-68
Tanimoto T. Mantle plume. Kagaku (Science), 1992, 62, 288-295 (in Japanese)
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Wilson JT. Mantle plumes and plate motion. Tectonophysics, 1973,19:149-164
Wyllie PJ. Solidus curves, mantle plumes and magma generation beneath Hawaii. JGR, 1988, 93B:4171-4181
Wickham, S M. et al.. Continental rifts as a setting for regional metamorphism, Nature, 1985, vol. 318:330-333
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Campbell, I. H. The changing nature of mantle hot spots through time: Implications for the chemical evolution of the mantle. Jour., 1992, 92,100, 497-523
Cox KG. The role of mantle plumes in the development of continental drainage patterns. Nature, 1989, 342:873-876
Crough ST. Kimberlites:their relation to mantle hot spots. EPSL, 1980, 50:260-274
Davies GH. Mantle plumes, mantle stirring and hotspot geochemistry. EPSL, 1990,99:94-109
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Griffiths RW. Interaction of mantle plume heads with the Earth s surface and onset of small-scale convetion. JGR, 1991, B96:18295-18310
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Guild. PW. Lithospheric plates, thermalplumes and mineralization:U. S. Geol. Surv. Research. 1974, Prof. Paper, 900. p1.
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Henley RW. Magmatic vapor plumes and ground-water interaction in porphyry copper emplacement. EG, 1978, 73:1-20
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Le Roex AP. Geochemical correlation between Southern African kimberlites and South Atlantic hot spots. Nature, 1986, 324:243-245
Loper, DE. Mantle plume. Tectonophysics, 1991,187:373-384
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Ribe,NM. Dynamical geochemistry of the Hawaiian plume. EPSL, 1988, 88(1/2):37-46
Richards MA. Flood basalts and hot spot tracks:lume heads and tails. Science, 1989,246:103-107
Rock M S. et al. Can lamprophyres resolve the genetic controversy over mesothermal golD Deposits?Geology 1988, vol. 16:538-541
Sillitoe R H. Tin mineralization above mantle hot spots. Nature, 1974, vol. 248:197～499
Sawkins, F J. Metal deposits related to intracontinental hotspot and rifting environments. Journal of Oeology. 1979,84(6):653-671
Sawkins F J. Metal deposits in relation to plate tectonics. Springer-Verlag. 1984
Sandiford, M. et al., Deep crustal metamorphism during continental extension: mordern and. ancient examples. Earth planet, sci. lett., 1986, vol. 79, No. 20:151-158
Stein M, and Hofmnn A W. Mantle plumes and episodic crustal growth. Nature, 1994, vol. 372:63～68
SleepNH.Lithospheric heating by mantle plumes. Geology. J. R. Astron. Soc. 1987,91:1-11
Sleep NH Hotspots and mantle lumes. JGR, 1990, 95,6715-6736
Stein M.Mantle plumes and episodic crustal growth. Nature, 1994, 372:63-68
Tanimoto T. Mantle plume. Kagaku (Science), 1992, 62, 288-295 (in Japanese)
Tarduno JA. Rapid formation of Ontong Java plateau by Aptianmantle plame volcansim. Scince, 1991, 254:399-403
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Wilson JT. Mantle plumes and plate motion. Tectonophysics, 1973,19:149-164
Wyllie PJ. Solidus curves, mantle plumes and magma generation beneath Hawaii. JGR, 1988, 93B:4171-4181
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