西藏班公湖MOR型和SSZ型两套蛇绿岩的厘定及大地构造意义
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摘要
班公湖-怒江缝合带位于西藏北部,西起西藏阿里地区的班公湖,经改则、东巧到丁青,转向东南沿怒江延伸到缅甸,在我国境内长达2000多公里,是青藏高原地质构造的一条非常重要的分界线,班公湖蛇绿岩位于该带的最西端,是东、西特提斯蛇绿岩带的连接点。
班公湖蛇绿岩主要由地幔橄榄岩和熔岩组成。通过野外5条剖面的初步调查和详细的室内岩石学、矿物学和地球化学的研究,在班公湖地区厘定出MOR型和SSZ型两套蛇绿岩。MOR型蛇绿岩主要由角砾状低Cr#尖晶石相含Cpx中等蛇纹石化的方辉橄榄岩和角砾状具有P-MORB地球化学特性的玄武岩组成;SSZ型蛇绿岩由块状高Cr#尖晶石相强烈蛇纹石化的方辉橄榄岩和具有弧后盆地熔岩地球化学特性的枕状熔岩、岩脉以及玻安岩系火山岩组成。
MOR型蛇绿岩的角砾状方辉橄榄岩中尖晶石的Cr#为20～25(平均23,<60)和HREE的配分模式与深海橄榄岩一致,指示角砾状方辉橄榄岩形成于洋中脊环境;SSZ型蛇绿岩的地幔橄榄岩为熔融程度更高的块状方辉橄榄岩,比MOR型蛇绿岩的地幔橄榄岩更亏损REE,副矿物尖晶石的Cr#介于69～74(>60),指示其形成于俯冲带上。
MOR型蛇绿岩的熔岩为角砾状玄武岩,具有高TiO2特点(1.30～1.71wt%),富集LREE、活动元素和部分不活动元素,亏损部分高场强元素,较岛弧拉斑玄武岩,富集不活动元素,比弧后盆地熔岩的Nb和Ta含量高,具有典型的P-MORB特点,与大西洋45oN中脊的玄武岩相似。估算为原始地幔岩经过约10%～15%部分熔融的产物。
SSZ型蛇绿岩的熔岩为枕状熔岩、岩脉以及玻安岩系火山岩。与MOR蛇绿岩的角砾状熔岩相比,枕状熔岩的MgO和Ni、Cr含量低、V高,LREE弱亏损,具N-MORB特点,高场强元素和部分不活动元素的配分特点与弧后盆地的熔岩较为一致,岩脉显示与枕状熔岩具有较为相似的源区亏损的特点,估算为原始地幔岩经过20%～30%部分熔融的产物,LREE为轻度富集型到平坦型,REE总量低于N-MORB,显示从岛弧向弧后盆地转化的特点,认为形成于俯冲带上岛弧和弧后盆地环境。玻安岩系火山岩具有高SiO2和MgO,低TiO2特点,U字型REE配分模式,富集大离子亲石元素,估算为经过10%～15%部分熔融残留的地幔橄榄岩作为源区再度发生30%～40%部分熔融的产物。根据产于弧后盆地硅质岩中的放射虫时代推测班公湖SSZ型蛇绿岩最晚形成于晚侏罗世。
根据洋-陆俯冲作用下俯冲板片“回推”(Rollback)的机制,初步探讨了SSZ型蛇绿岩熔岩的形成过程,认为大洋岩石圈俯冲的早期,在近海沟处由于俯冲板片诱发的“拐角流”(Corner-flow)导致弧前盆地扩张,形成班公湖玻安质洋壳,随着俯冲作用的继续进行,地幔楔中地幔的“喷入”(Extrusive)作用,致使俯冲板片发生“回推”并伴随地幔楔的地幔对流,导致弧后扩张和弧-沟系统后退,不同亏损程度的地幔楔橄榄岩再次发生部分熔融形成弧后盆地火山岩。
通过班公湖蛇绿岩成因类型和形成时代的研究以及与西特提斯典型蛇绿岩的对比,进一步证明班公湖蛇绿岩是新特提斯蛇绿岩的一部分,认为班公湖-怒江蛇绿岩带代表的是冈瓦纳古陆内部的一条缝合带,而不是冈瓦纳古陆与劳亚大陆之间的分界线,即班公湖-怒江缝合带不是冈瓦纳古陆的北界。
The Bangong-Nujiang ophiolite zone, located on the Northern Tibet, extends eastward from the Bangong Lake in the Ngari, Tibet via Gerze, Dongqiao to Dengqen, and then southward entering Burma along the Nujiang River. It is over 2000 km in total length and serves as an important boundary between two different terranes in tectonics in Tibet plateau. The Bangong Lake ophiolite is located in the westmost part of the zone, and acts as a key“linker”between west and east Tethys ophiolitic belts.
The Bangong Lake ophiolitic massif is represented by two tectonically distinct ophiolitic units: (1) the mantle peridotite unit, mainly including the brecciform Cpx-bearing and the massive Cpx-free harzburgite; and (2) the lava unit, including basaltic lavas (mainly composed of the brecciform basalts, pillow lavas, and massive lavas) and basaltic dykes and isotropic gabbroic dykes. MOR- and SSZ- type ophiolites are recognized in the Bangong Lake by the field work and the detailed study of petrology, mineralogy and geochemistry. MOR-type ophiolite is mainly composed of the brecciform Cpx-bearing harzburgite and brecciform basalts, while SSZ-type ophiolite is chiefly composed of the massive Cpx-free harzburgite and the pillow lavas, basaltic dykes and boninite series volcanic rocks.
The brecciform Cpx-bearing harzburgite of MOR-type ophiolite is light serpentinized. Spinel is low Cr# value ranging from 20 to 25 (23 in average, < 60) and HREE of whole rock is consistent with abyssal peridotite, indicating that the brecciform harzburgite formed in the mid-ocean ridge and thought as a residue after 10~15% partial melting of a primordial mantle source. While, the massive Cpx-free harzburgite of SSZ-type ophiolite is heavily serpentinized. Spinel is high Cr# value ranging from 69 to 74 (>60) consisting with that in the Izu-Bonin-Mariana (IBM) peridotite, indicating that the massive harzburgite formed in the Supra-Subduction Zone, and thought as a residue after 35~40% partial melting of a primordial mantle source.
The lava unit can geochemically be subdivided into four groups of rocks: (1) the brecciform basalts with high-Ti showing clear P-MORB affinity; (2) the pillow basaltic lavas and andesitic basalts with high-Ti showing Back Arc Basin (BAB) basalts affinity similar to N-MORB; (3) the intrusive basaltic dykes and isotropic gabbroic dykes with high-Ti affinity, but showing clear Island Arc Tholeiite (IAT) affinity; (4) the massive basaltic andesite, andesitic lava breccia, and andesite porphyrite with boninite affinity showing very low abundance of TiO2 (0.23~0.39 wt.%) with respect to above three groups.
These different magmatic groups are believed form in Mid-Ocean Ridge (MOR) and Supra-Subduction Zone (SSZ). The first group with P-MORB affinity was formed in the background like the Mid-Atlantic Ocean Ridge. It constitutes MOR-type ophiolite together with the brecciform Cpx-bearing harzburgite. The latter three groups were formed in the setting from forearc to back arc basin within the Supra-Subduction Zone. And these different lavas originated from fractional crystallization from different primitive magmas, which were generated, in turn, from partial melting of mantle sources progressively depleted by previous melt extraction. Group 1 have derived from partial melting (ca. 10~15%) of a primordial mantle source, while group 2 and 3 basalts, basaltic dykes, and isotropic gabbro may have derived from partial melting (ca. 25~30%) of a primordial mantle source. Finally, the group 4 boninite series volcanic rocks may have derived from partial melting (ca. 35~40%) of a mantle peridotite previously depleted by primary melt extraction of the group 1 primary melts. They constitute SSZ-type ophiolite together with the massive Cpx-free harzburgite. And the radiolarian in the ribbon-cherts associated with the pillow lavas formed in the back-arc basin has been designed to the Late Jurassic. This suggests that the Bangong Lake SSZ-type ophiolite formed at least in the Late Jurassic.
This paper also preliminarily discussed the process of lavas within the SSZ-type ophiolite according as the mechanism of the subduction slab rollback during the ocean-continent subduction. The Bangong Lake boninite oceanic crust was formed in the forearc extension basin caused by the induced corner flow. The subduction slab rollback due to mantle extrusion associated with mantle wedge flow caused the arc-trench retreat and back-arc extension during the continuous subduction where the pillow lavas and basaltic dykes with back-arc affinity were formed by the partial melting of the different depleted mantle wedge peridotites.
By contrast, the Bangong Lake ophiolite is similar with the west Tethys typical ophiolite in age and genetic setting. This gives strong evidence support that the Bangong Lake ophiolite is a part of the Neo-Tethys ophiolite. Thus, the Bangong Lake ophiolite zone serves rather as a suture in intra-Gondwana continent than between Gondwana and Laurasia continents. In other word, the Bangong-Nujiang ophiolite zone is not the northern edge of Gondwana continent.
班公湖蛇绿岩主要由地幔橄榄岩和熔岩组成。通过野外5条剖面的初步调查和详细的室内岩石学、矿物学和地球化学的研究,在班公湖地区厘定出MOR型和SSZ型两套蛇绿岩。MOR型蛇绿岩主要由角砾状低Cr#尖晶石相含Cpx中等蛇纹石化的方辉橄榄岩和角砾状具有P-MORB地球化学特性的玄武岩组成;SSZ型蛇绿岩由块状高Cr#尖晶石相强烈蛇纹石化的方辉橄榄岩和具有弧后盆地熔岩地球化学特性的枕状熔岩、岩脉以及玻安岩系火山岩组成。
MOR型蛇绿岩的角砾状方辉橄榄岩中尖晶石的Cr#为20～25(平均23,<60)和HREE的配分模式与深海橄榄岩一致,指示角砾状方辉橄榄岩形成于洋中脊环境;SSZ型蛇绿岩的地幔橄榄岩为熔融程度更高的块状方辉橄榄岩,比MOR型蛇绿岩的地幔橄榄岩更亏损REE,副矿物尖晶石的Cr#介于69～74(>60),指示其形成于俯冲带上。
MOR型蛇绿岩的熔岩为角砾状玄武岩,具有高TiO2特点(1.30～1.71wt%),富集LREE、活动元素和部分不活动元素,亏损部分高场强元素,较岛弧拉斑玄武岩,富集不活动元素,比弧后盆地熔岩的Nb和Ta含量高,具有典型的P-MORB特点,与大西洋45oN中脊的玄武岩相似。估算为原始地幔岩经过约10%～15%部分熔融的产物。
SSZ型蛇绿岩的熔岩为枕状熔岩、岩脉以及玻安岩系火山岩。与MOR蛇绿岩的角砾状熔岩相比,枕状熔岩的MgO和Ni、Cr含量低、V高,LREE弱亏损,具N-MORB特点,高场强元素和部分不活动元素的配分特点与弧后盆地的熔岩较为一致,岩脉显示与枕状熔岩具有较为相似的源区亏损的特点,估算为原始地幔岩经过20%～30%部分熔融的产物,LREE为轻度富集型到平坦型,REE总量低于N-MORB,显示从岛弧向弧后盆地转化的特点,认为形成于俯冲带上岛弧和弧后盆地环境。玻安岩系火山岩具有高SiO2和MgO,低TiO2特点,U字型REE配分模式,富集大离子亲石元素,估算为经过10%～15%部分熔融残留的地幔橄榄岩作为源区再度发生30%～40%部分熔融的产物。根据产于弧后盆地硅质岩中的放射虫时代推测班公湖SSZ型蛇绿岩最晚形成于晚侏罗世。
根据洋-陆俯冲作用下俯冲板片“回推”(Rollback)的机制,初步探讨了SSZ型蛇绿岩熔岩的形成过程,认为大洋岩石圈俯冲的早期,在近海沟处由于俯冲板片诱发的“拐角流”(Corner-flow)导致弧前盆地扩张,形成班公湖玻安质洋壳,随着俯冲作用的继续进行,地幔楔中地幔的“喷入”(Extrusive)作用,致使俯冲板片发生“回推”并伴随地幔楔的地幔对流,导致弧后扩张和弧-沟系统后退,不同亏损程度的地幔楔橄榄岩再次发生部分熔融形成弧后盆地火山岩。
通过班公湖蛇绿岩成因类型和形成时代的研究以及与西特提斯典型蛇绿岩的对比,进一步证明班公湖蛇绿岩是新特提斯蛇绿岩的一部分,认为班公湖-怒江蛇绿岩带代表的是冈瓦纳古陆内部的一条缝合带,而不是冈瓦纳古陆与劳亚大陆之间的分界线,即班公湖-怒江缝合带不是冈瓦纳古陆的北界。
The Bangong-Nujiang ophiolite zone, located on the Northern Tibet, extends eastward from the Bangong Lake in the Ngari, Tibet via Gerze, Dongqiao to Dengqen, and then southward entering Burma along the Nujiang River. It is over 2000 km in total length and serves as an important boundary between two different terranes in tectonics in Tibet plateau. The Bangong Lake ophiolite is located in the westmost part of the zone, and acts as a key“linker”between west and east Tethys ophiolitic belts.
The Bangong Lake ophiolitic massif is represented by two tectonically distinct ophiolitic units: (1) the mantle peridotite unit, mainly including the brecciform Cpx-bearing and the massive Cpx-free harzburgite; and (2) the lava unit, including basaltic lavas (mainly composed of the brecciform basalts, pillow lavas, and massive lavas) and basaltic dykes and isotropic gabbroic dykes. MOR- and SSZ- type ophiolites are recognized in the Bangong Lake by the field work and the detailed study of petrology, mineralogy and geochemistry. MOR-type ophiolite is mainly composed of the brecciform Cpx-bearing harzburgite and brecciform basalts, while SSZ-type ophiolite is chiefly composed of the massive Cpx-free harzburgite and the pillow lavas, basaltic dykes and boninite series volcanic rocks.
The brecciform Cpx-bearing harzburgite of MOR-type ophiolite is light serpentinized. Spinel is low Cr# value ranging from 20 to 25 (23 in average, < 60) and HREE of whole rock is consistent with abyssal peridotite, indicating that the brecciform harzburgite formed in the mid-ocean ridge and thought as a residue after 10~15% partial melting of a primordial mantle source. While, the massive Cpx-free harzburgite of SSZ-type ophiolite is heavily serpentinized. Spinel is high Cr# value ranging from 69 to 74 (>60) consisting with that in the Izu-Bonin-Mariana (IBM) peridotite, indicating that the massive harzburgite formed in the Supra-Subduction Zone, and thought as a residue after 35~40% partial melting of a primordial mantle source.
The lava unit can geochemically be subdivided into four groups of rocks: (1) the brecciform basalts with high-Ti showing clear P-MORB affinity; (2) the pillow basaltic lavas and andesitic basalts with high-Ti showing Back Arc Basin (BAB) basalts affinity similar to N-MORB; (3) the intrusive basaltic dykes and isotropic gabbroic dykes with high-Ti affinity, but showing clear Island Arc Tholeiite (IAT) affinity; (4) the massive basaltic andesite, andesitic lava breccia, and andesite porphyrite with boninite affinity showing very low abundance of TiO2 (0.23~0.39 wt.%) with respect to above three groups.
These different magmatic groups are believed form in Mid-Ocean Ridge (MOR) and Supra-Subduction Zone (SSZ). The first group with P-MORB affinity was formed in the background like the Mid-Atlantic Ocean Ridge. It constitutes MOR-type ophiolite together with the brecciform Cpx-bearing harzburgite. The latter three groups were formed in the setting from forearc to back arc basin within the Supra-Subduction Zone. And these different lavas originated from fractional crystallization from different primitive magmas, which were generated, in turn, from partial melting of mantle sources progressively depleted by previous melt extraction. Group 1 have derived from partial melting (ca. 10~15%) of a primordial mantle source, while group 2 and 3 basalts, basaltic dykes, and isotropic gabbro may have derived from partial melting (ca. 25~30%) of a primordial mantle source. Finally, the group 4 boninite series volcanic rocks may have derived from partial melting (ca. 35~40%) of a mantle peridotite previously depleted by primary melt extraction of the group 1 primary melts. They constitute SSZ-type ophiolite together with the massive Cpx-free harzburgite. And the radiolarian in the ribbon-cherts associated with the pillow lavas formed in the back-arc basin has been designed to the Late Jurassic. This suggests that the Bangong Lake SSZ-type ophiolite formed at least in the Late Jurassic.
This paper also preliminarily discussed the process of lavas within the SSZ-type ophiolite according as the mechanism of the subduction slab rollback during the ocean-continent subduction. The Bangong Lake boninite oceanic crust was formed in the forearc extension basin caused by the induced corner flow. The subduction slab rollback due to mantle extrusion associated with mantle wedge flow caused the arc-trench retreat and back-arc extension during the continuous subduction where the pillow lavas and basaltic dykes with back-arc affinity were formed by the partial melting of the different depleted mantle wedge peridotites.
By contrast, the Bangong Lake ophiolite is similar with the west Tethys typical ophiolite in age and genetic setting. This gives strong evidence support that the Bangong Lake ophiolite is a part of the Neo-Tethys ophiolite. Thus, the Bangong Lake ophiolite zone serves rather as a suture in intra-Gondwana continent than between Gondwana and Laurasia continents. In other word, the Bangong-Nujiang ophiolite zone is not the northern edge of Gondwana continent.
引文
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