中小地震震源参数定标关系研究
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摘要
地震现象的自相似性，已被诸如震级—频度关系、余震衰减速率、地震频谱的定标关系等各种地震学观测结果所证实，但地震自相似性是否普遍存在，这是目前最具争议的问题之一。地震震源参数之间的关系称作定标关系，定标关系的研究对于揭示大地震和小地震的破裂机制是否包含了相同的物理过程，对于将震源参数应用于地震预测研究，正确理解地震活动图像具有重要的意义。
本文针对目前中小地震震源参数定标关系研究现状，综合考虑各种关键问题和瓶颈因素，提出了一套较为完整的精确测定中小地震震源参数的方案。这其中包括：采用近震源观测资料、利用双差法进行地震精定位、中小地震震源谱模型的验证、地震非弹性衰减和台站场地响应的计算、地震辐射能量的精确估算等。选取了大姚两次6级地震序列、青岛震群和新丰江水库地震的地震资料，全面地从静力学定标关系和动力学定标关系两个方面开展中小地震震源参数定标关系的研究。
针对本论文的关键问题——地震非弹性衰减和台站场地响应的计算，论文着重比较讨论了不同方法得到的结果，对其可能存在的误差进行分析，检验了结果的稳定性。在国内首次考虑到了由于有限的仪器带宽带来的地震辐射能量低估及补偿问题，分析比较了不同方法得到的地震辐射能量结果。比较了不同类型资料(多震区与少震区、构造地震与水库地震)震源参数定标关系的差异性。主要得到以下几点结论：
1、经验格林函数法研究结果表明，所研究地震的震源谱在高频部分均是按ω~(-2)方式衰减，即满足Brune震源谱二次方模型。
2、同一地区采用不同方法得到的地震波非弹性衰减Q值具有较好的一致性。近震源观测资料得到的地震波非弹性衰减Q值，总体上呈现低Q_0值和高η值的特点。
3、场地响应研究结果表明，多台多震联合反演方法(Moya方法)得到的场地响应结果大于Nakamura方法的结果，两者在形态上具有较好的一致性。在无法用Moya方法计算场地响应的情况下，Nakamura方法可以代替Moya方法。Nakamura方法得到的场地响应结果和入射角的依赖关系不明显。
4、静力学参数定标关系表明，总体上地震矩与应力降之间呈现弱的线性关系，应力降随地震矩的增加而增加。在我们所讨论的震源深度范围内，应力降与震源深度之间依赖关系不明显。新丰江水库地震研究结果表明，水库诱发地震的应力降可能比一般构造地震要低，震源尺度随震级大小变化关系比较弱。
5、有限的仪器带宽会带来地震能量的低估，能量补偿带来的辐射能量增加的作用对于小地震更加明显。动力学参数定标关系表明，折合能量明显存在随地震矩的增大而增大的现象，反映出大震地震辐射效率高于小震。折合能量随地震震源深度的关系不明显。新丰江水库诱发地震的视应力值明显低于其它地区。
The self-similarity in earthquake phenomena has been widely manifested invarious seismological observations such as the magnitude-frequency relation, theaftershock decay rate, and the scaling relation of seismic spectrum. However, it is stillone of arguments that whether the earthquake self-similarity is ubiquitous. Theserelations between source parameters are called scaling relation. Its study is veryimportant to reveal whether the rupture mechanism of big and small earthquake hasthe same physical process, to apply the source parameters to the study of earthquakeprediction and to understand the seismicity patterns.
Considering the present situation and the key issue in the study on scalingrelations of source parameters for moderate and small earthquakes, we bring forwarda more comprehensive scheme to determine the source parameters for moderate andsmall earthquakes. It includes adopting the data observered near the source,re-determining the earthquake location using double-difference earthquake locationalgorithm, testifying the model of source spectra for moderate and small earthquakes,calculating the anelastic attenuation and site response, and estimating the seismicradiated energy. Four datasets including two Dayao earthquake sequences, Qingdaoearthquake swarms, and Xinfengjiang reservoir earthquakes were selected to do theresearch on scaling relations of source parameters for moderate and small earthquakes,from two aspects such as scaling relations for static parameters and dynamicparameters.
We focus on comparing the results derived from different ways in the estimatingof earthquake anelastic attenuation and site response, analysing their errors andtesting the stability of results. Moreover, for the first time, we consider theunderestimate of radiated energy due to the limited bandwidth recording and itscompensation, compare the results of radiated energy estimated using severaldifferent methods. Finally, we discuss the difference in scaling relations of sourceparameters among different kind of data (e.g., active zone vs inactive zone, tectonicearthquake vs reservoir earthquake). The major conclusions are as follows:
1. The results derived from empirical Green's functions (EGF) show that displacement spectra we analyzed roll off asω~(-2) above the comer frequency,favoring the Bruneω~(-2) model.
2. The Q values estimated from different methods for the same region arevirtually identical. In general, the Q values estimated from these data observered nearthe source have low Q_0 value and highηvalue.
3. The studies of site response show that the site responses inverted by usingMoya's method are larger than that of Nakamura's method, but they have consistentshape. Nakamura's method can be used instead of Moya's method to estimate the siteresponse when we can not use the Moya's method. The site responses derived formNakamura's method are independent of the angle of incidence.
4. Scaling relations for static parameters show that, in general, there is a weakrelation between seismic moment and stress drop, and the stress drop increases withincreasing seismic moment. Within the focal depth we studied, the dependence ofstress drop on focal depth is not distinct. The results of Xinfengjiang dataset show thatthe stress drops for reservoir induced earthquakes appear to have lower average stressdrops than that of tectonic earthquakes, and the variation between source dimensionsand magnitude for reservoir induced earthquakes is comparably weak.
5. Limited bandwidth recording can lead to the underestimates of the radiatedseismic energy, and the increasing effect derived from energy compensation in theestimation of radiated energy is more distinct for small earthquake. The scalingrelations for dynamic parameters show that scaled energy increases clearly withincreasing seismic moment, revealing that the big earthquake is more efficient inradiating energy than small earthquake. There is no apparent relation between scaledenergy and focal depth. The values of apparent stress for Xinfengjiang reservoirearthquakes are lower obviously than other areas.
本文针对目前中小地震震源参数定标关系研究现状，综合考虑各种关键问题和瓶颈因素，提出了一套较为完整的精确测定中小地震震源参数的方案。这其中包括：采用近震源观测资料、利用双差法进行地震精定位、中小地震震源谱模型的验证、地震非弹性衰减和台站场地响应的计算、地震辐射能量的精确估算等。选取了大姚两次6级地震序列、青岛震群和新丰江水库地震的地震资料，全面地从静力学定标关系和动力学定标关系两个方面开展中小地震震源参数定标关系的研究。
针对本论文的关键问题——地震非弹性衰减和台站场地响应的计算，论文着重比较讨论了不同方法得到的结果，对其可能存在的误差进行分析，检验了结果的稳定性。在国内首次考虑到了由于有限的仪器带宽带来的地震辐射能量低估及补偿问题，分析比较了不同方法得到的地震辐射能量结果。比较了不同类型资料(多震区与少震区、构造地震与水库地震)震源参数定标关系的差异性。主要得到以下几点结论：
1、经验格林函数法研究结果表明，所研究地震的震源谱在高频部分均是按ω~(-2)方式衰减，即满足Brune震源谱二次方模型。
2、同一地区采用不同方法得到的地震波非弹性衰减Q值具有较好的一致性。近震源观测资料得到的地震波非弹性衰减Q值，总体上呈现低Q_0值和高η值的特点。
3、场地响应研究结果表明，多台多震联合反演方法(Moya方法)得到的场地响应结果大于Nakamura方法的结果，两者在形态上具有较好的一致性。在无法用Moya方法计算场地响应的情况下，Nakamura方法可以代替Moya方法。Nakamura方法得到的场地响应结果和入射角的依赖关系不明显。
4、静力学参数定标关系表明，总体上地震矩与应力降之间呈现弱的线性关系，应力降随地震矩的增加而增加。在我们所讨论的震源深度范围内，应力降与震源深度之间依赖关系不明显。新丰江水库地震研究结果表明，水库诱发地震的应力降可能比一般构造地震要低，震源尺度随震级大小变化关系比较弱。
5、有限的仪器带宽会带来地震能量的低估，能量补偿带来的辐射能量增加的作用对于小地震更加明显。动力学参数定标关系表明，折合能量明显存在随地震矩的增大而增大的现象，反映出大震地震辐射效率高于小震。折合能量随地震震源深度的关系不明显。新丰江水库诱发地震的视应力值明显低于其它地区。
The self-similarity in earthquake phenomena has been widely manifested invarious seismological observations such as the magnitude-frequency relation, theaftershock decay rate, and the scaling relation of seismic spectrum. However, it is stillone of arguments that whether the earthquake self-similarity is ubiquitous. Theserelations between source parameters are called scaling relation. Its study is veryimportant to reveal whether the rupture mechanism of big and small earthquake hasthe same physical process, to apply the source parameters to the study of earthquakeprediction and to understand the seismicity patterns.
Considering the present situation and the key issue in the study on scalingrelations of source parameters for moderate and small earthquakes, we bring forwarda more comprehensive scheme to determine the source parameters for moderate andsmall earthquakes. It includes adopting the data observered near the source,re-determining the earthquake location using double-difference earthquake locationalgorithm, testifying the model of source spectra for moderate and small earthquakes,calculating the anelastic attenuation and site response, and estimating the seismicradiated energy. Four datasets including two Dayao earthquake sequences, Qingdaoearthquake swarms, and Xinfengjiang reservoir earthquakes were selected to do theresearch on scaling relations of source parameters for moderate and small earthquakes,from two aspects such as scaling relations for static parameters and dynamicparameters.
We focus on comparing the results derived from different ways in the estimatingof earthquake anelastic attenuation and site response, analysing their errors andtesting the stability of results. Moreover, for the first time, we consider theunderestimate of radiated energy due to the limited bandwidth recording and itscompensation, compare the results of radiated energy estimated using severaldifferent methods. Finally, we discuss the difference in scaling relations of sourceparameters among different kind of data (e.g., active zone vs inactive zone, tectonicearthquake vs reservoir earthquake). The major conclusions are as follows:
1. The results derived from empirical Green's functions (EGF) show that displacement spectra we analyzed roll off asω~(-2) above the comer frequency,favoring the Bruneω~(-2) model.
2. The Q values estimated from different methods for the same region arevirtually identical. In general, the Q values estimated from these data observered nearthe source have low Q_0 value and highηvalue.
3. The studies of site response show that the site responses inverted by usingMoya's method are larger than that of Nakamura's method, but they have consistentshape. Nakamura's method can be used instead of Moya's method to estimate the siteresponse when we can not use the Moya's method. The site responses derived formNakamura's method are independent of the angle of incidence.
4. Scaling relations for static parameters show that, in general, there is a weakrelation between seismic moment and stress drop, and the stress drop increases withincreasing seismic moment. Within the focal depth we studied, the dependence ofstress drop on focal depth is not distinct. The results of Xinfengjiang dataset show thatthe stress drops for reservoir induced earthquakes appear to have lower average stressdrops than that of tectonic earthquakes, and the variation between source dimensionsand magnitude for reservoir induced earthquakes is comparably weak.
5. Limited bandwidth recording can lead to the underestimates of the radiatedseismic energy, and the increasing effect derived from energy compensation in theestimation of radiated energy is more distinct for small earthquake. The scalingrelations for dynamic parameters show that scaled energy increases clearly withincreasing seismic moment, revealing that the big earthquake is more efficient inradiating energy than small earthquake. There is no apparent relation between scaledenergy and focal depth. The values of apparent stress for Xinfengjiang reservoirearthquakes are lower obviously than other areas.
引文
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