大肠杆菌漆酶CueO的结构与功能研究
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摘要
漆酶是一类广泛存在于高等和低等生物中的古老酶类，其具有的多酚氧化能力和较宽松的底物特异性使其在造纸、环保、家具制造和食品生产等行业具有引人注目的应用前景。但是由于天然漆酶生产周期长、产量低，一直无法满足大规模工业生产的需求，高产、高活性重组漆酶的开发日益成为研究的焦点。CueO为大肠杆菌铜耐受系统重要组成蛋白，参与大肠杆菌周质空间中的铜离子解毒过程；同时该蛋白也是一种细菌漆酶，可在重组条件下高量表达，但其氧化能力较真菌漆酶低1～2个数量级。
我们通过克隆表达获得CueO重组蛋白，并对其活性进行测定，发现CueO氧化活性依赖于外源铜离子的存在；为了说明这种依赖性的原因，我们通过悬滴气相扩散法获得了四种不同外源铜离子存在浓度条件下的CueO蛋白晶体，衍射、收集数据并最终解析获得这四种晶体的三维结构。通过结构分析我们发现不同外源铜离子浓度条件下的晶体中CueO四个铜结合位点的占有率随外源铜浓度升高依次递增，结合氧化活性实验结果可知，CueO氧化能力的铜离子依赖性源于其铜结合位点的占有率不足。
将CueO三维结构与其他三种已解析的漆酶结构比对发现，在CueO三核中心溶剂通道Glu106位残基处，各种漆酶显示出较大的疏水性差异，按照氧化活性最高的漆酶中的残基种类将CueO蛋白106位突变为Phe后，观察到突变体氧化活性对外源铜离子的依赖性较母体降低，表明该位置的疏水性对三核中心铜占有率有影响。同时，在四种漆酶的结构比对中还发现CueO的底物口袋区域较其他漆酶多出一段α螺旋，阻碍了一型铜与底物的直接作用，分析可能对CueO的氧化活性存在负面影响，相关突变体实验尚在进行中。
除此之外，攻读博士学位期间我还对潜在的抗生素设计靶蛋白——钩端螺旋体来源的DDG醛缩酶进行了克隆、表达、纯化、结晶，并收集得到2.2(?)分辨率衍射数据，结构解析工作正在进行中。
CueO protein was a predicted bacterial laccase and an appropriate target model for laccase large scale application in industrial production. CueO was also a member of the copper regulatory cue system in Escherichia coli, expressed under conditions of copper stress and showed enhanced oxidase activity when additional copper was present. Four CueO structures were resolved by CueO co crystallized with different concentration copper ion. They revealed the low copper occupation in apo-CueO and a slow copper reconstitution process in each copper site of CueO protein while exogenous copper present. These findings gave us an answer for the copper dependency to CueO oxidase activity. The structural comparison between CueO and other three fungal laccase proteins reminded us 106Glu in CueO was a primary counterwork for trinuclear copper site reconstitution. The mutation of 106Glu observably enhanced CueO copper reconstitution rate and well supported our assumption. We also focused theα-helix from 351Leu to 378Gly would cover substrate biding pocket of CueO and greatly encumber the electron transfer from substrate to type I copper.
2-dehydro-3-deoxygalactarate (DDG) aldolase is a member of the class II aldolase family and plays an important role in the pyruvate metabolism pathway, catalyzing the reversible aldol cleavage of DDG to pyruvate and tartronic semialdehyde. As a potential novel antibiotic target, it is necessary to elucidate the catalytic mechanism of DDG aldolase. To determine the crystal structure, crystals of DDG aldolase from Leptospira interrogans were obtained by the hanging-drop vapor-diffusion method. The crystals diffracted to 2.2A resolution on a Cu Kαrotating-anode X-ray source. The crystal belonged to space group C2, with unit-cell parameters a=293.5 A, b=125.6 A, c=87.6 A, andβ=100.9°. The Vm is calculated to be 2.4A~3/Da, when assuming there are twelve protein molecules in the asymmetric unit.
我们通过克隆表达获得CueO重组蛋白，并对其活性进行测定，发现CueO氧化活性依赖于外源铜离子的存在；为了说明这种依赖性的原因，我们通过悬滴气相扩散法获得了四种不同外源铜离子存在浓度条件下的CueO蛋白晶体，衍射、收集数据并最终解析获得这四种晶体的三维结构。通过结构分析我们发现不同外源铜离子浓度条件下的晶体中CueO四个铜结合位点的占有率随外源铜浓度升高依次递增，结合氧化活性实验结果可知，CueO氧化能力的铜离子依赖性源于其铜结合位点的占有率不足。
将CueO三维结构与其他三种已解析的漆酶结构比对发现，在CueO三核中心溶剂通道Glu106位残基处，各种漆酶显示出较大的疏水性差异，按照氧化活性最高的漆酶中的残基种类将CueO蛋白106位突变为Phe后，观察到突变体氧化活性对外源铜离子的依赖性较母体降低，表明该位置的疏水性对三核中心铜占有率有影响。同时，在四种漆酶的结构比对中还发现CueO的底物口袋区域较其他漆酶多出一段α螺旋，阻碍了一型铜与底物的直接作用，分析可能对CueO的氧化活性存在负面影响，相关突变体实验尚在进行中。
除此之外，攻读博士学位期间我还对潜在的抗生素设计靶蛋白——钩端螺旋体来源的DDG醛缩酶进行了克隆、表达、纯化、结晶，并收集得到2.2(?)分辨率衍射数据，结构解析工作正在进行中。
CueO protein was a predicted bacterial laccase and an appropriate target model for laccase large scale application in industrial production. CueO was also a member of the copper regulatory cue system in Escherichia coli, expressed under conditions of copper stress and showed enhanced oxidase activity when additional copper was present. Four CueO structures were resolved by CueO co crystallized with different concentration copper ion. They revealed the low copper occupation in apo-CueO and a slow copper reconstitution process in each copper site of CueO protein while exogenous copper present. These findings gave us an answer for the copper dependency to CueO oxidase activity. The structural comparison between CueO and other three fungal laccase proteins reminded us 106Glu in CueO was a primary counterwork for trinuclear copper site reconstitution. The mutation of 106Glu observably enhanced CueO copper reconstitution rate and well supported our assumption. We also focused theα-helix from 351Leu to 378Gly would cover substrate biding pocket of CueO and greatly encumber the electron transfer from substrate to type I copper.
2-dehydro-3-deoxygalactarate (DDG) aldolase is a member of the class II aldolase family and plays an important role in the pyruvate metabolism pathway, catalyzing the reversible aldol cleavage of DDG to pyruvate and tartronic semialdehyde. As a potential novel antibiotic target, it is necessary to elucidate the catalytic mechanism of DDG aldolase. To determine the crystal structure, crystals of DDG aldolase from Leptospira interrogans were obtained by the hanging-drop vapor-diffusion method. The crystals diffracted to 2.2A resolution on a Cu Kαrotating-anode X-ray source. The crystal belonged to space group C2, with unit-cell parameters a=293.5 A, b=125.6 A, c=87.6 A, andβ=100.9°. The Vm is calculated to be 2.4A~3/Da, when assuming there are twelve protein molecules in the asymmetric unit.
引文
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