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天山东段盆山构造格局的多期演变
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摘要
天山东段地区以其典型的盆山构造格局成为理解地处大陆腹部的新疆及中亚地区大陆构造演化及其地球动力学机制的重要窗口。
     通过对天山东段的博格达山及其两侧的准东盆地和吐哈盆地的沉积、构造演化及其地球动力学机制演变的全面综合研究,本论文获得了如下主要认识:
     天山东段及其邻区盆山相间的大陆地质构造格局在晚古生代即已基本建立,这是古亚洲洋主体的闭合所导致的独特而复杂中亚型造山作用的结果,其后这种盆山构造格局又经历了复杂的多期演变。
     运用构造沉积单元分析的方法,根据13个构造层的等厚图和沉积相图等原始资料,很好地恢复了准东盆地不同时期的盆地原型,并将盆地演化划分为六个具不同沉积建造和构造改造特点的阶段。
     准东盆地原型的重建工作揭示准东盆地块次级沉积中心形态和长轴方位处于不断的变化,尤其以吉木萨尔凹陷表现最为显著,对基底、盖层沉积构造的详细研究表明这与块体的连续旋转有关,尤其是在区域地球动力学环境发生重要变化的海西末期—印支期。
     隆、凹呈棋盘格状相间是准东地区构造格局最主要的特点。不同的构造组合还在准东地区形成了克拉美丽断裂带、奇台凸起基底深大断裂、三台凸起边界断裂和帐北断褶带等几个典型的构造样式和构造变形带,它们是准东盆地复杂构造演变的重要几何学动力学边界和应变记录。
     印支—燕山期在西伯利亚板块和中朝板块南北汇聚形成亚洲大陆的过程中,位于挤压前缘西端的准东地区在构造应力的集中作用和两侧以扭压变形为主的克拉美丽断裂带和博格达山前断裂带夹持下,近三角形的准东地块发生了向西的构造逃逸,逃逸前缘的挤压则形成了帐北断褶带这一大型逆冲—后冲型断展复合褶皱。至于准东逃逸构造于中晚侏罗世表现最为强烈并得以定型的原因,这可能与东部鄂霍茨克洋的最终关闭和西伯利亚板块与蒙古—华北联合板块的会聚碰撞的触发有关。
     根据对现今博格达造山带内出露的古生代沉积物的层序划分对比研究,重建了晚古生代以来各地史期博格达地区的古地理格局,认为可以划分为地球动力学特征完全不同的西大构造演化阶段,即海西期的古博格达陆内裂谷和印支期以来近周期性复活再隆的(古)博格达板内造山带。
     海西期博格达地区的沉积层序结构特征与世界典型裂谷沉积体系组成及其三维展布模型相类似,自下而上逐渐由滨浅海相火山喷发—碎屑岩和碳酸盐建造过渡为深水海盆复理石建造至顶部的海陆交互相—近海河湖相碎屑岩沉积,完整地记录了古博格达裂谷从初始断陷→强裂陷→收缩的演化历程。
     古博格达裂谷的展布大体与今博格达山体叠合,其形态特征与世界典型的大陆裂谷也较相似,在横剖面上表现为半地堑形态,南、北两坡出现地形和沉积的分异,但具对应可比性。沿其走向裂谷可划分为极性交替、沉积构造演化特征具明显差异的乌鲁木齐—奇台一带的西段和木垒—七角井一带的东段,东西分段间以大河沿—木垒转换带为过渡。
     根据晚古生代古博格达裂谷向西与依连哈比尔尕残余洋盆没有沉积建造演化直接对应性、向东受克拉美丽—麦钦乌拉—哈尔里克碰撞造山带阻截终止,裂谷启动东段比西段早、裂陷更复杂强烈等特征,论文研究认为古博格达裂谷属于碰撞谷类型,是石炭纪准噶尔—吐哈陆块与西伯利亚板块强烈会聚碰撞时在克拉美丽—麦钦乌拉—哈尔里克板块缝合造山带前缘形成的剪刀状开口伸入准噶尔—吐哈陆块内部的张裂。
     根据露头层序分析,晚古生代古博格达裂谷回返隆升形成造山带以来,博格达地区先后经历了印支期、燕山期和喜山期这三个阶段的复活再隆及伴随的剥蚀夷平作用。从盆山耦合角度出发,论文中先后采用了盆地充填地层格架、不整合面、粗碎屑楔状体、沉积型式、水系型式、碎屑组分、沉积速率、地层磁性以及岩浆活动等一系列不同尺度的沉积响应标识反演了造山带发展和演变的过程及特征,并强调指出构造是控制盆山格局演变和层序发育的主控因素。
     以完整横跨博格达山的鄯善—高泉达坂—木垒公路地质剖面为基础,结合沿造山带其它十余条短程横剖面的观测成果,认为现今巍峨隆起的博格达造山带构造样式总体表现为以一系列纵向大断裂(带)为骨架,不同断块自造山带轴部分带、分层分别向南北两侧逆冲叠置的双向背冲推覆构造,它和山前坳陷的脆性逆冲推覆构造相连构成一个完整的逆冲系统。上述双向背冲推覆构造是由古博格达半地堑型裂谷演化成的大型厚皮反转构造,并非简单地仅形成于晚新生代喜山运动的一期构造变形中,其主体结构构造形成于印支期—燕山期,而在喜山运动中得到最终强化定型,是古生代末期以来博格达地区多阶段构造复活造山作用的最终记录。
     根据博格达造山带在挤压隆升同时往往同步叠加有走滑作用、山前盆地次级沉积中心往往具定向迁移等特征,发现博格达地区存在丰富的应变分配现象,博格达造山带地史期间多期复活造山的主导机制是构造扭压作用,因此是典型的扭压造山带,具狭窄的带状山链地貌。进一步分析并认为右行构造扭压作用是印支期古博格达裂谷闭合反转造山的主要机制,而燕山—喜山期则表现为左行扭压造山作用。
     天山东段的盆山构造格局自晚古生代开始出现以来,长期处于区域构造会聚挤压状态和板内构造环境,历了复杂的多期多旋回演化,论文将该区盆山构造格局演化的主要特点概括为如下五点:1)、与板块聚散直接相关的构造作用是控制盆山格局演化的主要因素;二、盆/山的地理展布往往长期继承而相对稳定;三、位于块体边缘的深大断裂(带)往往是制约盆山构造演化的重要变形边界条件;四、走滑、扭压、旋转及构造逃逸是盆山构造演化中块体间调整与相对运动的重要形式;五、盆山构造的多期演变是对区域构造演化的灵敏反映。
     研究东天山地区晚古生代以来盆山构造格局演化特征,不仅可以更好地了解其演化的具体过程,更是为了认识控制这一过程尤其是多旋回复杂板内构造变形的主要因素与机制,这对进一步认识中亚及亚洲地区的区域构造演化也是极好的补充与借鉴。
     将论文研究区盆山构造格局的演化置于更大范围的北疆甚至更广阔的中亚地区的区域构造演化背景内,可以很好地帮助鉴别其主要特征及其背后的地球动力学机制,甚至进一步指导区域地质及类似构造区的地质研究。论文最后即以此法尝试着对盆山构造演化的5个不同阶段进行了探索研究,取得了两个值得进一步探索的结论:
     A、早印支期,与今类似的陆内盆山构造格局在北疆地区开始出现,在北疆及更广阔的中亚甚至全球范围内均存在大规模的韧性走滑剪切作用及其夹持下的块体旋转作用,这些现象可能都与当时南北大陆间相对运动所导致的泛大陆巨型剪切作用有关(the Pangea megashear)。
     B、中侏罗世晚期,在北疆地区普遍发生了强烈的构造运动和盆山格局变革,尤以准东地区的构造逃逸为著。已有研究多认为其动力源自亚洲大陆南缘的板块碰撞,与特提斯洋的闭合有关;但是论文作者强调指出北部鄂霍茨克洋的闭合和西伯利亚板块向南的构造挤压是当时重大变革的构造驱动,根据当时在北疆—兴蒙地区有规律展布有一系列与北部西伯利亚板块与华北—Amuria板块随其间的鄂霍茨克洋闭合而发生的强烈碰撞汇聚作用具成因联系的逆冲、走滑、逃逸、岩浆活动、造山带隆升与盆地沉降等强烈复杂的构造地质现象,作者提出动力学模式认为当时在环西伯利亚地区曾发育有一个与今青藏高原相类似的古蒙古高原。
The eastern section of the Tienshan Mountains with its typical basin-and-range structural pattern becomes the important window for understanding the tectonic evolution and geodynamic mechanism of the continent abdominal region of Xinjiang and Central Asia.
     Based on integrated analyses of the sedimentary sequence, tectonic evolution and geodynamic mechanism of the Bogda Mountains and foreland basins on its both sides, namely the eastern Junggar basin and the Turpan - Hami Basin, this thesis acquired the following major understanding:
     The basin-and-range continent geological structural pattern has already been shaped basically in the eastern section of the Tienshan Mountains and its adjacent areas in the Late Paleozoic era, which was the result of the closure of the Paleo-asian Ocean and its special but complicated Central Asia type orogeny. Afterward this pattern has undergone a multi-phase complex evolution.
     Using the method of tectosedimentary unit analysis, according to the isopach map and sedimentary facies diagram of 13 structure beds, this thesis recovered the eastern Junggar basin prototype nicely, which could be divided into six stages that have different features in sedimentary formation and structure reform.
     Reconstruction of the eastern Junggar basin prototype revealed that the shape and the central axis direction of the deposition sub-centers were in continuous changing, particularly in the Jimsar depression. Detailed studies of the sediment and structures of the basement and its cover strata indicate that it is related with the continuous rotation of the basement block, especially in the late Hercynian-Indosinian when the geodynamic environment in the region underwent substantial changes.
     The chessboard pattern of alternatively arranged uplifts and depressions is the major structural feature of the eastern Junggar basin region. Different structural combination constructed the Kelameili fault zone, Qitai uplift basement deep fault, Santai uplift boundary fault and Zhangbei fault-fold belt, which show different types of tectonic styles and tectonic deformation, and acted as the important geometry and dynamic boundary and strain records of the complicated tectonic evolution of the eastern Junggar basin region.
     In the Indo-Yanshanian, as the Siberian plate and the North China-Korea plate collided to form the Asian continent assembly, the eastern Junggar basin region was situated at the western end of the compressional front, where the stress was concentrated, and with the compression of transpressional deformation of the Kelameili fault zone and the Bogda piedmont fault zone on both, the nearly triangle eastern Junggar basin region block escaped westward, and to the front of the tectonic escape intense compression constructed a large thrust-back fault-bend type composite fold belt, namely the Zhangbei fault-fold belt. This thesis also argued that the strongest performance and stereotype of tectonic escape in the late Jurassic might be related to the eventual closure of the Okhotsk Ocean and subsequent collision of the Siberia plate with the North China-Korea plate in far east.
     According to integrated analyses of the stratigraphy sequence of the Paleozoic sediments exposed in the current Bogda orogen, ancient geography situation of the Bogda area since Late Paleozoic was reconstructed, which can be divided into two completely different tectonic evolution stage: the Hercynian paleo-Bogda continental rift and the cyclical revived (paleo-) Bogda intraplate orogen since the Indosinian.
     The Hercynian sedimentary succession in the Bogda area had similar deposition system constitution and three-dimensional distribution pattern with typical rift in the world elsewhere, which gradually transformed from littoral volcanic eruption to shallow marine clastic-carbonate formation, deep water sea basin flysch, sea-land interfingering and coastal river-lagoon deposition from top to bottom, recording the complete history of the paleo-Bogda rift basin evolved from the initial rift to strong split and from sink to shrink.
     The paleo-Bogda rift generally matched with the present distribution of the Bogda Mountains, and the morphological character of the rift was similar to that of typical continental rifts, showing half-graben appearance on the cross-section. The south and north slopes differentiated in topography and deposition, but acted as comparable counterparts. And the rift could be divided into the western Urumqi-Qitai segment and the eastern Mulei -Qijiaojing segment, which alternated in polarity and had obviously different sedimentation and structure evolution characters, and the Daheyan-Mulei transfer zone acted as the transition between these two segments.
     Based the arguments that in late Paleozoic the paleo-Bogda rift had no direct sedimentary comparability with the western Yiliankhabirga residual ocean basin, and terminated by the Kelameili- Maiqinwula- Harlik orogen in the east, it is suggested that the eastern rift segment started rifting earlier than the western segment and had more complex rift evolution features than the later. This thesis concludes that the paleo-Bogda rift was an impactogen, which is a scissor tension crack extending from the orogen into the Junggar-Tuha block when the Junggar-Tuha block and the Siberia plate strongly collided to form the Kelameili-Maiqinwula-Harlik orogen in the Carboniferous.
     The outcrop sequence analysis revealed that since the Paleo-Bogda rift inverted to orogen in the late Paleozoic, this area had experienced three successively stages of rejuvenation and planation in the Indosinian, Yanshanian and Himalayan. From the perspective of basin-mountain coupling, this thesis has adopted a series sedimentary indicators of different scales to deduce the orogen evolution history and its features, such as the basin-fill stratigraphy framework, unconformity surface, wedge-shaped coarse clastic aggradation, sedimentation patterns, river types, debris constitution, deposition rate, stratigraphy magnetism and magmatic activity, etc., and stressed that structure is the main controlling factor of the basin-range evolution and the sedimentary sequence development.
     Based on the Shanshan-Gaoquandaban-Mulei highway geological section which crossed the Bogda Mountains completely, and dozen other short cross-sectional observations, this thesis concludes that the overall structural style of the present towering Bogda Mountains is a giant double-thrusting nappe, with a series of faulted block thrusting from the interior orogen to the north and south sides, respectively. This double-thrusting nappe and the corresponding brittle thrust structure in the foreland basin form a complete thrusting system. The double-thrusting nappe is a large thick-skinned inversion structure originated from the half-graben type Paleo-Bogda rift, and this was not formed just simply in the late Cenozoic Himalayan movement, but is full record of the multi-stage revival orogeny since the late Paleozoic, with the main structure formed in the Indo-Yanshanian, and finally stereotyped in the Himalayan.
     Based on the phenomena that the mountain uplifting was often superposed with synchronous slipping, the sedimentation centers in the foreland basin often migrated directionally, this thesis concludes that there were abundant strain distribution processes in this region, and the (paleo-) Bogda Mountains was a typical transpressional orogen, with the transpression as the dominant mechanism of the cyclical revival orogeny, expressed in geomorphy as a narrow band chain. Further analysis also argues that the right lateral transpression caused the paleo-Bogda rift to invert to orogen in the Indosinian, and the orogen underwent left lateral transpression in the Yanshanian-Himalayan period.
     The basin-and-range structural pattern of the eastern section of the Tienshan mountain has suffered long-term intraplate tectonic compression since its first emergence in the Late Paleozoic, and experienced a complicated multi-stage evolution. This thesis generalizes the main features of the evolution as follows: 1). The tectonic process directly related to plate separation and assembling is the main factor controlling the evolution of the basin-and-range structural pattern; 2). Basins and mountains have relatively stability as they often remained in the same place over long time; 3). The deep faults (belt) at the edge of the block often acted as the important deformation boundary condition during the basin-and-range tectonic evolution; 4). Strike-slip, transpression, block rotation and tectonic escape are significant forms of the relative movement and adjustment between blocks during the basin-and-range tectonic evolution; 5). The multi-stage evolution of the basin-and-range structural pattern revealed the regional tectonic evolution sensitively.
     Investigation on the evolution characters of the basin-and-range structural pattern of the eastern section of the Tienshan Mountains since late Paleozoic can help understanding not only the specific process of its evolution, but also the main factors and mechanisms controlling this complex multi-stage intraplate deformation process, which would also provide a better understanding of the regional tectonic evolution of Central Asia and adjacent regions.
     Placing the basin-and-range structure pattern of the eastern section of the Tienshan mountain under wider regional tectonic evolution background of the north Xinjiang and even the vast Central Asian region could help identifying the main characters and the geodynamic mechanism of the basin-range evolution effectively, and even further provide guidance to the research of regional geology and other similar areas. And this method was tested on the five different basin-and-range evolution stages in the final part of this thesis, obtaining two interesting conclusions worth further investigation:
     A、In the earlier Indosinian, the continental basin-range pattern similar to present emerged in north Xinjiang. At the same time, large-scale ductile shearing and relevant block rotation occurred in both north Xinjiang and central Asia or even the broader global range. These phenomena may all have been caused by the global scale relative movement between the north and south continents as they were assembling to form the Pangea ,namely the Pangea megashear.
     B、In later middle Jurassic epoch, the north Xinjiang area underwent intensive tectonic movement and obvious change of the basin-range structure pattern, especially in the eastern Junggar basin area. Most previous studies suggest that the plate colliding at the southern edge of the Asian continent was the driving force, which was related to the closing of the Tethys Ocean. But this thesis would emphasize that the tectonic drive was from the north, namely the closing of the Mongolia-Okhotsk Ocean and the southward indentation of the Siberia plate. Based on that there existed a complex series of regularly arranged structures in north Xinjiang-Mongolia-Xing'an'ling area, such as thrusting, strike slip, tectonic escape, magmatic activity, mountain rise, and basin subsidence, and all their formation were evidently relevant to the closing of the Mongolia-Okhotsk Ocean and the subsequent violent collision and convergence between the Siberia plate and the north China-Amuria plate, this thesis proposes a geodynamic model which figures that there once developed an ancient plateau in the ring zone around the Siberia plate, namely the paleo-Mongolia plateau, whose tectonic evolution was similar to the present Tibetan Plateau.
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