大型低速船用柴油机建模与系统仿真
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摘要
现代商船一般采用大型低速二冲程柴油机作为主推进动力装置，其性能决定了整条船舶的动力性能。建立能准确反映柴油机动力装置稳态和瞬态性能的数学模型对动力装置的控制、仿真和性能分析都有重要的意义。
应用于系统仿真的柴油机模型主要包括容积法模型、平均值模型等，这些模型在不同的应用领域起到了重要的作用。容积法模型可较准确的预测缸内气体压力的变化，但计算速度慢，传统上应用于柴油机工作过程稳态仿真。平均值模型相对简单，被广泛应用于柴油机非线性控制与状态观测，但没有充分考虑过量空气系数的计算，影响了计算精度。而且，上述模型不能直接用于控制系统的设计分析。因此，对现有模型进行优化和改进使之可以满足生产实践的需要就成为一个重要的课题。
本文以广泛使用的MAN B&W 6S60MC型大型低速二冲程船用柴油主机为母型机，分别建立了容积法模型、平均值模型和线性变参数模型。以Matlab／Simulink为仿真工具，进行了仿真计算，并与台架试验数据作了对比分析。
扫气模型是容积法模型的一个重要组成部分，对计算精度和速度都有重要的影响。改进了常用的“浓排气”扫气模型的不足，引入废气成分系数，将排出气体温度的计算统一一个公式中。采用插值法简化动态过程中燃烧放热规律参数的计算，并使用涡轮增压器的动态方程，使容积法模型具有了动态仿真的能力。在此基础上建立了柴油机容积法工作过程仿真模型。
在柴油机工作过程模型的基础上，引入曲柄连杆机构动力学，建立了船舶主动力装置的动态模型，从而将容积法模型优点引入到船舶动力装置的动态仿真中。提出并验证了容积法动态模型中刚性问题的存在。计算结果表明，采用求解刚性系统的数值方法可以大幅度提高模型的计算速度。动态模型的仿真结果与台架试验数据吻合良好，仿真示功图与实测示功图几乎重合，动态变化过程符合实际情况，计算速度满足实时仿真的要求。
建立了平均值模型，并改进了其在计算过量空气系数方面的不足。改进方法是引入扫气系数，重新定义平均值模型中过量空气系数的计算公式。在新公式中即考虑了容积效率对气缸空气流量的影响，也引入了扫气系数对扫气质量的影响。
Modern merchant ship is usually equipped with a large-scale low-speed two-stroke marine diesel engine as its main propulsion system. Dynamic capability of the whole ship relies on the engine's dynamic capability. The construction of an accurately dynamic model for diesel engine propulsion system is important to control, simulation and performance analysis.
Filling and emptying model, mean value engine model (MVEM) and others are models that are used to system simulation. These models are valuable in various application fields. Filling and emptying model can precisely predict pressure fluctuation in cylinders, but it is time consuming. Accordingly, it's traditionally used to steady simulation. MEVM is moderately simple. Therefore, the model is widely used to nonlinear control and state observation of diesel engine. But the excess air ratio is calculated without full considering all factors that affect the computation precision. Moreover, these two models can't be directly applied to control system design. Therefore, further studies on existent models become an important research field. These models are to be amended and optimized with the objective of satisfying the need of idustry.
The MAN B&W 6S60MC large-scale low-speed two-stroke marine diesel engine being taken as an example, filling and emptying model, MVEM and linear paratmeter varying model are developed respectively. The MATLAB/SIMULINK software is selected as the simulation tool. Simulation results are compared with experimental data.
Scavenging model, which deeply affects the precision and calculating speed, is an important component of "filling and emptying" model. The widely used "thick exhaust gas" scavenging model is amended. By introducing exhaust gas efficiency, a new formula is presents in the model. The formula unites the calculation of exhaust gas temperature. Then linear interpolation is applied to simplify parameters' computation for the combustion heat release rule in dynamic process. At last, by making use of the dynamic turbocharger model, "filling and emptying" diesel engine model is established.
Based on the working process model, a marine power plant kinetics model is established by means of introducing crank-connecting rod kinetics model. Thus, characteristics of "filling and emptying" model are applied to simulation of marine power plant. Furthermore, it is presented that the "filling and emptying" dynamic model
应用于系统仿真的柴油机模型主要包括容积法模型、平均值模型等，这些模型在不同的应用领域起到了重要的作用。容积法模型可较准确的预测缸内气体压力的变化，但计算速度慢，传统上应用于柴油机工作过程稳态仿真。平均值模型相对简单，被广泛应用于柴油机非线性控制与状态观测，但没有充分考虑过量空气系数的计算，影响了计算精度。而且，上述模型不能直接用于控制系统的设计分析。因此，对现有模型进行优化和改进使之可以满足生产实践的需要就成为一个重要的课题。
本文以广泛使用的MAN B&W 6S60MC型大型低速二冲程船用柴油主机为母型机，分别建立了容积法模型、平均值模型和线性变参数模型。以Matlab／Simulink为仿真工具，进行了仿真计算，并与台架试验数据作了对比分析。
扫气模型是容积法模型的一个重要组成部分，对计算精度和速度都有重要的影响。改进了常用的“浓排气”扫气模型的不足，引入废气成分系数，将排出气体温度的计算统一一个公式中。采用插值法简化动态过程中燃烧放热规律参数的计算，并使用涡轮增压器的动态方程，使容积法模型具有了动态仿真的能力。在此基础上建立了柴油机容积法工作过程仿真模型。
在柴油机工作过程模型的基础上，引入曲柄连杆机构动力学，建立了船舶主动力装置的动态模型，从而将容积法模型优点引入到船舶动力装置的动态仿真中。提出并验证了容积法动态模型中刚性问题的存在。计算结果表明，采用求解刚性系统的数值方法可以大幅度提高模型的计算速度。动态模型的仿真结果与台架试验数据吻合良好，仿真示功图与实测示功图几乎重合，动态变化过程符合实际情况，计算速度满足实时仿真的要求。
建立了平均值模型，并改进了其在计算过量空气系数方面的不足。改进方法是引入扫气系数，重新定义平均值模型中过量空气系数的计算公式。在新公式中即考虑了容积效率对气缸空气流量的影响，也引入了扫气系数对扫气质量的影响。
Modern merchant ship is usually equipped with a large-scale low-speed two-stroke marine diesel engine as its main propulsion system. Dynamic capability of the whole ship relies on the engine's dynamic capability. The construction of an accurately dynamic model for diesel engine propulsion system is important to control, simulation and performance analysis.
Filling and emptying model, mean value engine model (MVEM) and others are models that are used to system simulation. These models are valuable in various application fields. Filling and emptying model can precisely predict pressure fluctuation in cylinders, but it is time consuming. Accordingly, it's traditionally used to steady simulation. MEVM is moderately simple. Therefore, the model is widely used to nonlinear control and state observation of diesel engine. But the excess air ratio is calculated without full considering all factors that affect the computation precision. Moreover, these two models can't be directly applied to control system design. Therefore, further studies on existent models become an important research field. These models are to be amended and optimized with the objective of satisfying the need of idustry.
The MAN B&W 6S60MC large-scale low-speed two-stroke marine diesel engine being taken as an example, filling and emptying model, MVEM and linear paratmeter varying model are developed respectively. The MATLAB/SIMULINK software is selected as the simulation tool. Simulation results are compared with experimental data.
Scavenging model, which deeply affects the precision and calculating speed, is an important component of "filling and emptying" model. The widely used "thick exhaust gas" scavenging model is amended. By introducing exhaust gas efficiency, a new formula is presents in the model. The formula unites the calculation of exhaust gas temperature. Then linear interpolation is applied to simplify parameters' computation for the combustion heat release rule in dynamic process. At last, by making use of the dynamic turbocharger model, "filling and emptying" diesel engine model is established.
Based on the working process model, a marine power plant kinetics model is established by means of introducing crank-connecting rod kinetics model. Thus, characteristics of "filling and emptying" model are applied to simulation of marine power plant. Furthermore, it is presented that the "filling and emptying" dynamic model
引文
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