不同水生植物吸收去除水体氮效果及机理研究
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摘要
随着经济的发展和人民生活水平的提高，我国的水资源越来越紧张，水污染问题也越来越严重，其中水体富营养化问题是一个主要的水域环境问题，严重的藻华现象产生的藻毒素等有毒物质威胁人们的生产和生活用水安全。如何经济、有效和简便地修复污染地表水(江、河、湖泊和水库等)是目前亟需解决的关键技术问题。
针对这些现状，本文以浙江本地的水生植物为研究对象，主要从筛选高效净化氮污染水体的夏季水生植物，以及水生植物氮吸收生理机制两方面作研究，以期为解决水体富营养化问题提供可行性依据。取得的主要研究结果和结论包括：
1．利用物理生态工程和技术原理，在华家池生态围隔中比较五种水生植物凤眼莲Eichhornia crassipes，黄花水龙Jussiaen repens，空心莲子草Alternanthera
philoxeroides，水鳖Hydrocharis dubia和浮叶植物四角菱Trapa quadrispinosa夏季对水质净化效果。总氮2.0mg L~(-1)左右，氮磷比低(2.5:1)、水域较深(＞2m)的自然水体条件下，五种水生植物对富营养化水体都有较好的净化能力，试验80天吸收去除水体总氮营养盐达60-70％，研究结果表明水生植物主要以去除水中硝态氮含量导致水中总氮含量降低，去除水体总磷和降低KMnO_4耗氧量能力较差。80天后，五种水生植物对总氮去除率比较：黄花水龙72％＞凤眼莲63％＞水鳖57％＞菱52％＞空心莲子草44％。黄花水龙处理围区水质最好、透明度也较高，凤眼莲提高水体透明度方面表现最佳。因此通过漂浮植物可以较容易地达到去除水体总氮水平的目标，凤眼莲和黄花水龙生长期长，是高效净化氮污染水体品种，适合修复氮污染水平较低的污染水体。
2．同时对发现的新型植物材料黄花水龙Jussiaen repens进一步的室内研究，我们设置了不同氮污染水平：高氮(18.0mg NL~(-1))、中氮(4.2mg NL~(-1))和低氮(1.5mg NL~(-1))，以及加底泥和不加底泥处理。结果表明黄花水龙在较低的水温条件下(20-21℃)生长良好，它可以应用于春季和初冬净化水质的植物系统中。不同氮污染水平下，黄花水龙表现出对NO_3~- —N有十分好的净化效果，去除水中NO_2~- —N的效果也比较好。20天后，黄花水龙植物系统对低氮和中氮污染水体总氮去除效果显著，水中总氮水平保持在1.0mg L~(-1)左右。但是它对氨氮敏感，不适合在高氨氮污染的水中生长，结果表明，污染水体氨氮浓度应低于0.5mg L~(-1)，黄花水龙才能正常生长。底泥处理的高氮污染水体(18.0mg L~(-1))，20天后，黄花水龙能够一定程度上抑制氨氮从底泥中释放至上覆水，水中氨氮吸收去除效果则不显著。处理5天后，黄花水龙显著降低水体pH值至中性水平，为维持湖泊生态系统保持稳定提供保障和支撑。
Due to rapid industrial development and growth of population, water resources are becoming scarce, and water contamination is appearing to be a serious problem. One of main water pollution is eutrophication. Eutrophication is mainly induced by too much nutrients load to water ecosystem, which makes algae proliferation that can produce toxic matter such as microcystin. Water eutrophication is harmful to people health. The key issue is how to rehabilitate polluted groundwater (including river, lake and reservoirs) in an economic and effective way.
Our research focused on the use of plants such as macrophytes that can absorb nitrogen, to assess their ability to purify nitrogen polluted water in microcosms. The main purpose was to understand abilities of different macrophytes species to rehabilitate eutrophicated water. Our main research work and conclusions were as follows:
1. By phsico-biological engineering, we compared five macorophytes species (Eichhornia crassipes, Jussiaen repens, Alternanthera philoxeroides, Hydrocharis dubia and Trapa quadrispinosa) to test their nitrogen removal capacities. In microscoms containing polluted water (2 m deep) with total N concentration of 2.0 mg L~(-1), nitrogen-to-phosphrous ratio 2-5:1, five macrophytes speices can decrease total N by 60-70% in 80 days, mainly by removing nitrate nitrogen in water. The total nitrogen removal capacity ratio was: Jussiaen repens 72% > Eichhornia crassipes 63% > Trapa quadrispinosa 52% > Alternanthera philoxeroides 44%. Jussiaen repens had the best effect on removing nitrogen and Eichhornia crassipes had the largest capacity on improving water transparency. In this experiment it was documented that macrophyte can efficient at decreasing total N in water, but are less efficient at decreasing phosphorus and CODMn. We concluded that Jussiaen repens and Eichhornia crassipes were the effective species on purifying nitrogen polluted water at low to moderate levels.
2. We used Eichhornia crassipes to rehabilitate low nitrogen-polluted microcosms in summer. Our results showed that the plant system had good effect on rehabilitating polluted water. In the first 15 days of growth, Eichhornia crassipes absorbed nitrogen from water quickly, the cover area length from 10.0 m increased to 46.7 m; and at 44
针对这些现状，本文以浙江本地的水生植物为研究对象，主要从筛选高效净化氮污染水体的夏季水生植物，以及水生植物氮吸收生理机制两方面作研究，以期为解决水体富营养化问题提供可行性依据。取得的主要研究结果和结论包括：
1．利用物理生态工程和技术原理，在华家池生态围隔中比较五种水生植物凤眼莲Eichhornia crassipes，黄花水龙Jussiaen repens，空心莲子草Alternanthera
philoxeroides，水鳖Hydrocharis dubia和浮叶植物四角菱Trapa quadrispinosa夏季对水质净化效果。总氮2.0mg L~(-1)左右，氮磷比低(2.5:1)、水域较深(＞2m)的自然水体条件下，五种水生植物对富营养化水体都有较好的净化能力，试验80天吸收去除水体总氮营养盐达60-70％，研究结果表明水生植物主要以去除水中硝态氮含量导致水中总氮含量降低，去除水体总磷和降低KMnO_4耗氧量能力较差。80天后，五种水生植物对总氮去除率比较：黄花水龙72％＞凤眼莲63％＞水鳖57％＞菱52％＞空心莲子草44％。黄花水龙处理围区水质最好、透明度也较高，凤眼莲提高水体透明度方面表现最佳。因此通过漂浮植物可以较容易地达到去除水体总氮水平的目标，凤眼莲和黄花水龙生长期长，是高效净化氮污染水体品种，适合修复氮污染水平较低的污染水体。
2．同时对发现的新型植物材料黄花水龙Jussiaen repens进一步的室内研究，我们设置了不同氮污染水平：高氮(18.0mg NL~(-1))、中氮(4.2mg NL~(-1))和低氮(1.5mg NL~(-1))，以及加底泥和不加底泥处理。结果表明黄花水龙在较低的水温条件下(20-21℃)生长良好，它可以应用于春季和初冬净化水质的植物系统中。不同氮污染水平下，黄花水龙表现出对NO_3~- —N有十分好的净化效果，去除水中NO_2~- —N的效果也比较好。20天后，黄花水龙植物系统对低氮和中氮污染水体总氮去除效果显著，水中总氮水平保持在1.0mg L~(-1)左右。但是它对氨氮敏感，不适合在高氨氮污染的水中生长，结果表明，污染水体氨氮浓度应低于0.5mg L~(-1)，黄花水龙才能正常生长。底泥处理的高氮污染水体(18.0mg L~(-1))，20天后，黄花水龙能够一定程度上抑制氨氮从底泥中释放至上覆水，水中氨氮吸收去除效果则不显著。处理5天后，黄花水龙显著降低水体pH值至中性水平，为维持湖泊生态系统保持稳定提供保障和支撑。
Due to rapid industrial development and growth of population, water resources are becoming scarce, and water contamination is appearing to be a serious problem. One of main water pollution is eutrophication. Eutrophication is mainly induced by too much nutrients load to water ecosystem, which makes algae proliferation that can produce toxic matter such as microcystin. Water eutrophication is harmful to people health. The key issue is how to rehabilitate polluted groundwater (including river, lake and reservoirs) in an economic and effective way.
Our research focused on the use of plants such as macrophytes that can absorb nitrogen, to assess their ability to purify nitrogen polluted water in microcosms. The main purpose was to understand abilities of different macrophytes species to rehabilitate eutrophicated water. Our main research work and conclusions were as follows:
1. By phsico-biological engineering, we compared five macorophytes species (Eichhornia crassipes, Jussiaen repens, Alternanthera philoxeroides, Hydrocharis dubia and Trapa quadrispinosa) to test their nitrogen removal capacities. In microscoms containing polluted water (2 m deep) with total N concentration of 2.0 mg L~(-1), nitrogen-to-phosphrous ratio 2-5:1, five macrophytes speices can decrease total N by 60-70% in 80 days, mainly by removing nitrate nitrogen in water. The total nitrogen removal capacity ratio was: Jussiaen repens 72% > Eichhornia crassipes 63% > Trapa quadrispinosa 52% > Alternanthera philoxeroides 44%. Jussiaen repens had the best effect on removing nitrogen and Eichhornia crassipes had the largest capacity on improving water transparency. In this experiment it was documented that macrophyte can efficient at decreasing total N in water, but are less efficient at decreasing phosphorus and CODMn. We concluded that Jussiaen repens and Eichhornia crassipes were the effective species on purifying nitrogen polluted water at low to moderate levels.
2. We used Eichhornia crassipes to rehabilitate low nitrogen-polluted microcosms in summer. Our results showed that the plant system had good effect on rehabilitating polluted water. In the first 15 days of growth, Eichhornia crassipes absorbed nitrogen from water quickly, the cover area length from 10.0 m increased to 46.7 m; and at 44
引文
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