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基于运行模态识别的铁路客车动力学特性研究
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摘要
根据我国综合交通体系的基本规划,中国铁路将成为中国综合交通大能力运输的骨干通道,并与公路、水路、航空和管道运输能力协调发展。铁道部为此提出了中国铁路跨越式发展的基本思路,2004年国家发展改革委员会以交运[2004]159号文件颁布了“中长期铁路网规划”,详细规划了铁路未来发展要求。在未来铁路大提速中,将对客运车辆提出更高的要求,铁路客车动力学特性研究如何更好的适应铁路的发展以及如何提供最佳的技术支持,将面临更为艰巨的任务。
     为满足铁路快速发展的需要,充实铁路实用化技术的研究具有重要意义。本文在铁路客车实测试验的基础上,采用试验测试和样机分析相结合的方法综合研究铁路客车动力学问题,提出适合铁路客车动态特性研究的环境激励下的模态参数辨识方法,建立铁路客车运行特性和运行模态参数的关系,探索这些理论和方法在铁路客车的正确应用。
     首次提出了运用试验模态及计算模态分析相结合的机车车辆综合性能研究方法。该方法将机车车辆的数字样机与真实样机通过实测试验及工作模态的分析技术联系起来,综合利用动力学性能预测结果与实测试验数据,探讨提高动态性能的途径,通过试验模态分析和频谱分析等手段,达到完善和改进客车振动性能的目的。
     论文对环境激励下的多种模态参数辨识方法的特点、辨识能力和辨识效果进行了比较,结合铁路客车的结构和振动特点,选择了NExT法和SSI法两种环境激励模态参数辨识法,应用于铁路客车在运行工况下振动性能的研究。
     基于Matlab/Symbol模块的开发环境,编写并生成客车垂向及横向振动的符号化动力学方程,将动力学方程转化为状态方程后,用于本文模态参数的计算分析研究。
     针对环境激励下的模态参数辨识的特点,制定了试验台试验测试方案。选取了典型的铁路客车进行振动试验,运用SSI算法、直接子空间法和计算模态参数的分析比较,验证了环境激励下模态辨识方法的可行性和有效性。
     制定详细试验方案,在线路运行工况下,对铁路主型提速客车进行测试,获取了几种车型的运行振动响应,运用环境激励下模态参数辨识算法,对所测
Ride qualities of some types of passenger vehicle and locomotives are deteriorated as a result of the speed-up of railway vehicles in China, some of which even cause the majority, especially those long journey passengers, feel sick and uncomfortable, though those vehicles are predicted very good running performances with their virtual prototypes. To cater for the rapid development of railway industry in China, a synthesized performance analysis with modal parameters (SPAMP) is proposed in this research, which depends not only on online test analysis and also on the theoretical analysis.
    For the first time, SPAMP technique applied on the locomotive and passenger vehicles is proposed by using both the theoretical modal parameter analysis and the operational modal parameter identification techniques. To improve the running performances of railway vehicle, this method connects the virtucal prototype with its real prototype by modal parameters, build relationships between the modal parameters and physical ones and the relationships between the modal parameters and the dynamic qualities through theoretical analysis, which can help judge the vehicle dynamic performances and help know how to improve them, and then use power spectral analysis, estimation of transfer functions and cohere functions to verify the identification and improvements made by SPAMP technique.
    After comparing the features, capabilities and precisions of several operational modal parameter techniques, taking consideration of the vibration and structure characteristic of railway passenger vehicles, the NExT (Natural Excitation Technique) and SSI (Stochastic Subspace Identification method) are applied to study the vibration quality under the operational contidion.
    Based on the MATLAB/Symbol development environment, the lateral and vertical symbolic equation of railway passenger vehicle are generated respectively using the matrix installation method, which is used to calculate the theoretical modal parameters after transferred into the state space equations.
    Measurement schemes on test rig are carefully designed according to the
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