奥陶系碳酸盐岩古岩溶及其储层研究
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摘要
论文从我国海相碳酸盐岩油气勘探的实际需要出发，以塔里木盆地塔中西部和鄂尔多斯盆地西部两个地区为例，主要以碳酸盐沉积学及岩石学、岩溶地质学和地貌学、碳酸盐岩储层地球化学、碳酸盐岩层序地层学和碳酸盐岩储层地质学等多个学科领域的理论和方法为指导，采用多种技术手段，充分发挥多学科协同研究的优势，系统研究我国奥陶系碳酸盐岩古岩溶及其储层，并对两个地区奥陶系古岩溶体系及古岩溶储层进行了平面预测。主要取得了如下研究成果：
(1)按照成岩阶段和成岩环境将奥陶系碳酸盐岩古岩溶划分为同生期、表生期和埋藏期岩溶三大类。①从沉积相的角度，首次将同生期岩溶区分为台缘滩、礁型，台内滩、潮坪型和蒸发潮坪型进行研究。主要通过镜下薄片的详细观察，总结出台缘滩、礁型和台内滩、潮坪型同生期岩溶的主要识别标志。台缘滩、礁型和台内滩、潮坪型同生期岩溶的发育模式基本一致，出现大气淡水透镜体，而蒸发潮坪中发育淡水、盐水双层透镜体。②根据区域构造形态，将研究区表生期岩溶划分为岩块构造型和平缓褶皱型两类。塔中西部及邻区奥陶系表生期岩溶属于岩块构造型，以加里东中期岩溶和海西早期岩溶的规模较大，其岩溶发育模式类似于“A”型自生岩溶模式；鄂尔多斯盆地西部奥陶系表生期岩溶属于平缓褶皱型。通过岩心的详细观察和对钻井显示、地球物理响应特征的研究，总结出表生期岩溶的主要识别标志。③认为埋藏期岩溶是碳酸盐岩在早、晚成岩阶段，埋藏成岩环境中发生的一切岩溶作用及出现的一切岩溶现象。综合两个地区奥陶系碳酸盐岩埋藏期岩溶类型，将奥陶系埋藏期岩溶分为埋藏有机溶蚀、压释水岩溶和热水岩溶三类。塔中西部上奥陶统良里塔格组灰岩中埋藏有机溶蚀作用发育，主要发育3期(晚加里东～早海西期、晚海西期和喜山期)；压释水岩溶和热水岩溶主要出现在鄂尔多斯盆地西部下奥陶统马家沟组。
(2)针对两个地区奥陶系碳酸盐岩中古岩溶的类型及叠加顺序，对碳酸盐岩叠加型古岩溶进行界定及类型划分。认为塔中西部上奥陶统良里塔格组灰岩中主要发育同生期岩溶+埋藏期岩溶的叠加型古岩溶；中下奥陶统鹰山组碳酸盐岩中主要发育表生期岩溶+埋藏期岩溶的叠加型古岩溶。鄂尔多斯盆地西部的东缘发育同生期岩溶+表生期岩溶+埋藏期岩溶的叠加型古岩溶。
(3)认为奥陶系碳酸盐岩同生期岩溶主要受高频海平面变化及滩、礁、潮坪沉积旋回控制；岩性、古构造、古地形和古水文体系、古气候及海平面变化等几方面对表生期岩溶具明显的控制作用；埋藏期岩溶主要受温度、压力、地层酸性水的运移规模和进入储层的时间及构造运动等因素控制和影响。
(4)对研究区奥陶系进行三级层序地层分析，认为奥陶系古岩溶的发育主要
The thesis aims at the practical demand of hydrocarbon exploration of marine carbonate rock in China. Taking the west Tazhong Area, Tarim Basin and the west Ordos Basin as examples, combining various kinds of techniques based on theories and methods of the carbonate rock sedimentology and petrology, karst geology and geomorphology, carbonate rock reservoirs geochemistry, carbonate rock sequence stratigraphy and carbonate rock reservoirs geology together, carbonate rock palaeo-rock-solution of Ordovician and its reservoirs have been studied systemically. Palaeo-rock-solution of Ordovician and its reservoirs of the two study areas have been predicted planely in this thesis. The main conclusions of this thesis are as follows:
(1) Palaeo-rock-solution of carbonate rock of Ordovician are divided into three main types according to diagenetic stage and diagenetic environment, that are, syngenesis solution, epidiagenesis solution and burial solution. ①According to facies, syngenesis solution is firstly divided into bank and reef of platform margin type, bank and tide flat of intra-platform type and evaporation tide flat type. Through a comprehensive analysis of core and thin-section, recognition symbols of syngenesis solution of bank and reef of platform margin type and bank and tide flat of intra-platform type are summarized. Development pattern of bank and reef of platform margin type and bank and tide flat of intra-platform type belongs to atmospheric fresh water lens. Fresh water and salt water lens form mainly in evaporation tide flat type. ② On the basis of structural shape of region, epidiagenesis solution of the study areas are classified into two main types. One is gently folded type, like in west Tazhong area and its adjacent areas, the other is block-faulted type, like in west Ordos Basin. The epidiagenesis solution development pattern in the west Tazhong area and its adjacent areas is similar to "A" type autogenetic solution pattern, of which the middle Caledonian epidiagenesis solution and the early Hercynian epidiagenesis solution are relatively sweeping. By means of observing core and thin-section carefully and studying drilling display and geophysical respondence systemically, the main recognition symbols of carbonate rock epidiagenesis solution are put forward. ③Burial solution is considered as all the solution effect and solution phenomena of carbonate rock, which occurred in the burial diagenetic environment in the early and late diagenetic phase. Through an analysis of rock-solution types of the carbonate rock of Ordovician in the two study areas, the types of the burial solution are synthesized into three main types in this thesis, that are, burial organic solution, compaction-released water solution and hydrothermal solution. Burial organic solution
(1)按照成岩阶段和成岩环境将奥陶系碳酸盐岩古岩溶划分为同生期、表生期和埋藏期岩溶三大类。①从沉积相的角度，首次将同生期岩溶区分为台缘滩、礁型，台内滩、潮坪型和蒸发潮坪型进行研究。主要通过镜下薄片的详细观察，总结出台缘滩、礁型和台内滩、潮坪型同生期岩溶的主要识别标志。台缘滩、礁型和台内滩、潮坪型同生期岩溶的发育模式基本一致，出现大气淡水透镜体，而蒸发潮坪中发育淡水、盐水双层透镜体。②根据区域构造形态，将研究区表生期岩溶划分为岩块构造型和平缓褶皱型两类。塔中西部及邻区奥陶系表生期岩溶属于岩块构造型，以加里东中期岩溶和海西早期岩溶的规模较大，其岩溶发育模式类似于“A”型自生岩溶模式；鄂尔多斯盆地西部奥陶系表生期岩溶属于平缓褶皱型。通过岩心的详细观察和对钻井显示、地球物理响应特征的研究，总结出表生期岩溶的主要识别标志。③认为埋藏期岩溶是碳酸盐岩在早、晚成岩阶段，埋藏成岩环境中发生的一切岩溶作用及出现的一切岩溶现象。综合两个地区奥陶系碳酸盐岩埋藏期岩溶类型，将奥陶系埋藏期岩溶分为埋藏有机溶蚀、压释水岩溶和热水岩溶三类。塔中西部上奥陶统良里塔格组灰岩中埋藏有机溶蚀作用发育，主要发育3期(晚加里东～早海西期、晚海西期和喜山期)；压释水岩溶和热水岩溶主要出现在鄂尔多斯盆地西部下奥陶统马家沟组。
(2)针对两个地区奥陶系碳酸盐岩中古岩溶的类型及叠加顺序，对碳酸盐岩叠加型古岩溶进行界定及类型划分。认为塔中西部上奥陶统良里塔格组灰岩中主要发育同生期岩溶+埋藏期岩溶的叠加型古岩溶；中下奥陶统鹰山组碳酸盐岩中主要发育表生期岩溶+埋藏期岩溶的叠加型古岩溶。鄂尔多斯盆地西部的东缘发育同生期岩溶+表生期岩溶+埋藏期岩溶的叠加型古岩溶。
(3)认为奥陶系碳酸盐岩同生期岩溶主要受高频海平面变化及滩、礁、潮坪沉积旋回控制；岩性、古构造、古地形和古水文体系、古气候及海平面变化等几方面对表生期岩溶具明显的控制作用；埋藏期岩溶主要受温度、压力、地层酸性水的运移规模和进入储层的时间及构造运动等因素控制和影响。
(4)对研究区奥陶系进行三级层序地层分析，认为奥陶系古岩溶的发育主要
The thesis aims at the practical demand of hydrocarbon exploration of marine carbonate rock in China. Taking the west Tazhong Area, Tarim Basin and the west Ordos Basin as examples, combining various kinds of techniques based on theories and methods of the carbonate rock sedimentology and petrology, karst geology and geomorphology, carbonate rock reservoirs geochemistry, carbonate rock sequence stratigraphy and carbonate rock reservoirs geology together, carbonate rock palaeo-rock-solution of Ordovician and its reservoirs have been studied systemically. Palaeo-rock-solution of Ordovician and its reservoirs of the two study areas have been predicted planely in this thesis. The main conclusions of this thesis are as follows:
(1) Palaeo-rock-solution of carbonate rock of Ordovician are divided into three main types according to diagenetic stage and diagenetic environment, that are, syngenesis solution, epidiagenesis solution and burial solution. ①According to facies, syngenesis solution is firstly divided into bank and reef of platform margin type, bank and tide flat of intra-platform type and evaporation tide flat type. Through a comprehensive analysis of core and thin-section, recognition symbols of syngenesis solution of bank and reef of platform margin type and bank and tide flat of intra-platform type are summarized. Development pattern of bank and reef of platform margin type and bank and tide flat of intra-platform type belongs to atmospheric fresh water lens. Fresh water and salt water lens form mainly in evaporation tide flat type. ② On the basis of structural shape of region, epidiagenesis solution of the study areas are classified into two main types. One is gently folded type, like in west Tazhong area and its adjacent areas, the other is block-faulted type, like in west Ordos Basin. The epidiagenesis solution development pattern in the west Tazhong area and its adjacent areas is similar to "A" type autogenetic solution pattern, of which the middle Caledonian epidiagenesis solution and the early Hercynian epidiagenesis solution are relatively sweeping. By means of observing core and thin-section carefully and studying drilling display and geophysical respondence systemically, the main recognition symbols of carbonate rock epidiagenesis solution are put forward. ③Burial solution is considered as all the solution effect and solution phenomena of carbonate rock, which occurred in the burial diagenetic environment in the early and late diagenetic phase. Through an analysis of rock-solution types of the carbonate rock of Ordovician in the two study areas, the types of the burial solution are synthesized into three main types in this thesis, that are, burial organic solution, compaction-released water solution and hydrothermal solution. Burial organic solution
引文
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