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水稻抗稻瘟病种质资源筛选评价及改造利用
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摘要
由Magnaporthe grisea(Hebert)Barr引起的稻瘟病是世界性水稻主要病害之一。实践证明,选育和种植抗病品种是控制该病害最经济有效的措施。稻瘟病菌致病性变异是导致水稻品种抗瘟性“丧失”的根本原因之一。因此,掌握稻瘟病菌生理小种组成、分布及其变异动态以及水稻主栽品种抗瘟性变化动态,对制定抗稻瘟病育种策略和指导抗病品种合理利用以及病害预测预报和防治具有重要意义。抗病种质资源的发掘、研究与利用是水稻抗稻瘟病育种的重要基础。本研究在探明四川稻区稻瘟病菌生理小种组成、分布及其变异动态和主要杂交稻品种抗瘟性变化动态的基础上,对现有部分抗源材料的抗性特点、主要农艺性状、稻米品质、恢、保特性、遗传多样性进行系统的研究评价,同时采用“细胞工程技术与杂交育种技术相结合,病圃低世代材料稻瘟病抗性鉴定筛选和高世代稳定材料恢复力、配合力测定相结合,快速创制优质、抗稻瘟病新材料”的技术路线,改造抗稻瘟病种质资源的综合农艺性状,创制可直接应用于高产、优质、抗稻瘟病突破性杂交稻新组合选育的新材料。主要研究结果如下:
     1、2002~2005年利用全国统一的7个鉴别品种对四川稻区477个稻瘟病菌单孢菌株进行鉴定。结果表明,2002~2005年四川稻区稻瘟病菌由7群33个小种组成,其中,ZB群出现频率为74.0%,为优势小种群,ZA群出现频率为19.7%,为重要小种群。ZB_(13)小种出现频率最高(36.5%),为优势小种,重要小种有ZA_(13)(9.6%)、ZB_(15)(8.2%)、ZB_(29)(7.6%)、ZB_(31)(5.7%)和ZB_5(5.2%)。年度间稻瘟病菌小种组成有差异,ZA群小种对水稻品种的致病力明显强于ZB群和ZC群,ZA群小种出现频率从2002~2003年的8.3%~3.4%上升到2004~2005年的30.3%~36.7%,达到历史最高水平,应引起高度重视,抗病育种策略应重点针对ZA群小种。不同生态区的稻瘟病圃雅安病圃、叙永病圃、蒲江病圃稻瘟病菌生理小种组成有差异。因此,有必要在不同生态区进行抗性鉴定,才能对水稻品种的稻瘟病抗性作出客观全面的评价。系统分析四川稻区历年(1979~2005年)来稻瘟病菌生理小种组成的变化动态和稻瘟病的流行危害情况。结果表明稻瘟病菌生理小种组成的变化与稻瘟病的流行危害密切相关,一个地区或生长季节的病原菌群体,其优势小种(群)所占的比例越高,该地区或生长季节病害发生危害就越严重。这对开展稻瘟病流行危害的中长期预测预报具有重要指导意义。
Rice blast, caused by Magnaporthe grisea (Hebert) Barr, is one of the most devastating plant diseases, infecting rice crops all over the world. It has been proved that breeding and planting disease-resistant cultivars is the most economical and efficient means to control this disease. The pathogenicity variation of rice blast fungus often lead to the loss of resistance in rice plants to different races. Consequently, comprehensive understanding of the composition, distribution and variation tendency of blast fungus races, as well as the resistance variations in main rice cultivars, plays an important role in making breeding strategy for resistance and in arranging appropriately resistant rice cultivars in order to predict and prevent the advent of rice blast disease. Screening and utilization of rice blast resistant germplasm resources is the foundational measure to breed resistant varieties. This study focuses on rice growing area in Sichuan Province, thoroughly analyzing the composition, distribution and variation tendency of blast fungus races, and the resistance variations in main hybrid rice varieties, and systematically investigating, for some of the resistant germplasm resources, the phenotype of blast resistance, main agronomic traits, grain quality, restoring or maintaining characteristics and genetic diversity. Moreover, in order to improve agronomic traits of the resistant germplasm and to produce breakthrough hybrid rice varieties with high-yield, high quality, and comprehensive resistance to blast fungus, the cyto-engineering approaches and conventional hybrid rice breeding techniques, combined resistance identification at early generation with assessment of restoring and combining abilities at advanced generation, have been employed. The main results of this study are as follows:
    1. From 2002 to 2005, 477 isolates of rice blast fungus collected from Sichuan Province were tested using 7 standard assessing lines. The results showed that the pathogen in Sichuan were composed of 7 groups containing 33 races, in which ZB and ZA group were predominant with a frequency of 74.0% and 19.7% respectively. ZB_(13) was the predominant race with a frequency of 36.5% and other main races were ZA_(13) (9.6%), ZB_(15) (8.2%)、 ZB_(29) (7.6%)、 ZB_(31) (5.7%) and ZB_5 (5.2%). The composition of pathogen races varies annually and the frequency of ZA group rose from 8.3%-3.4% in 2002 and 2003 to 30.3%-36.7% in 2004 and 2005, reaching the summit. Significantly, the pathogenicity of ZA group is more severe than ZB and ZC, so we have to pay more attention to this trend and make strategies aiming at ZA group. The composition of blast fungus races varies among different ecological regions such as Yaan, Xuyong and Pujiang disease nurseries; as a result it is necessary to assess the resistance in different ecological
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