混凝土疲劳剩余强度试验及理论研究
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摘要
在实际工程中许多混凝土结构除受静力荷载作用外，还受到重复荷载作用，这使得混凝土结构的疲劳破坏成为了一个被广泛关注的问题。而混凝土结构的疲劳破坏主要是因为混凝土材料内部产生损伤导致其强度下降，所以了解混凝土在疲劳荷载作用下剩余强度的变化规律具有很重要的实际意义。另外本文还结合国家自然科学基金项目：混凝土多轴变幅疲劳破坏准则(50078010)对不同侧压等级下混凝土的统一S-N曲线进行了研究。综上所述，本文的主要试验与理论研究工作包括以下几个方面：
(1)进行了变截面棱柱体和立方体混凝土试件的疲劳剩余抗拉强度试验。试验结果表明，用先对试件疲劳一定次数，再侧定其静载强度的方法，能够较好的揭示混凝土疲劳剩余强度的衰减规律。由根据试验结果绘出的P-R-N曲线(其中P为失效概率，R为剩余强度，N为疲劳次数)可以看出，混凝土剩余强度的衰减有着很明显的“突然死亡”的特点。
(2)利用可靠性理论对混凝土疲劳过程中的剩余强度进行研究，得到了混凝土抗压和抗拉疲劳的P-R-N曲线。P-R-N曲线能在表示出剩余强度衰减的同时给出相应的保证率。基于实效概率P=0.50时的P-R-N曲线可以对混凝土多级变幅疲劳剩余寿命进行预测，预测结果的精度好于Miner准则。
(3)无论是混凝土的抗压割线模量还是抗拉割线模量都随着疲劳次数的增加而衰减，剩余割线模量与疲劳次数之间符合半对数关系，而剩余割线模量与剩余强度的平方根之间有较好的线性关系。
(4)利用疲劳过程中试件的最大应变定义的损伤变量，物理意义明确，测量方便。损伤变量和抗压剩余强度、抗拉剩余强度之间有很好的线性关系，而剩余强度衰减规律与损伤发展规律十分相似，这表明剩余强度的衰减是由于混凝土内部的损伤引起的。
(5)进行了定侧压下混凝土双轴抗压疲劳剩余强度试验，综合单轴及一向有侧压混凝土抗压疲劳剩余强度试验结果，提出了同时考虑侧压应力比和疲劳荷载最大应力水平的统一公式。将公式用于对混凝土疲劳剩余寿命的预测，预测结果较为准确。
(6)在大量的混凝土单轴、双轴和三轴抗压及抗拉压疲劳试验数据的基础上，绘出了综合考虑侧压应力水平的统一S-N曲线；以S-N曲线为基础可以计算混凝土多轴受压疲劳强度，对规范给出的疲劳强度折减系数进行了修正。以水泥混凝土路面和混凝土海洋平台腿柱设计过程中的疲劳验算为例，将混凝土多轴变幅疲劳破坏准则用于实际工程的计算中，效果良好。
Many reinforced and prestressed concrete structures are widely used. These civil engineering structures may be subjected to fatigue loading. It is widely concerned in fatigue of concrete structures. Concrete in such structures works in the complex states. Attenuation of residual strength is the first cause of the failure of concrete structure under fatigue loading. Literature on the experiments and the theories of residual strength of concrete under fatigue loadings is extremely scarce, which is the drawback on the design and analysis of these structures. So the study of residual strength is necessary. The thesis is also an important part of the project of National Natural Science Foundation-Failure criterion of concrete under multi-axial variable-amplitude fatigue loading (No. 50078010), the main contents are summarized as follows:
(1) An experimental research program is carried out with the aim of investigating the residual strength of concrete under fatigue compression and tension. The experimentation method designed by the paper could research the attenuation rule of residual strength. When the specimens are on the verge of failure, the residual strength decreases immediately, the "Sudden Death" is seen distinctly.
(2) The probabilistic distribution of the fatigue residual tensile and compressive strength is found out, the P-R-N ( P for probability of failure, R for residual strength, N for number of cycles) curves are obtained based on test data with reliability. Based on the P-R-N curves for P = 0.50 , the residual fatigue life of plain concrete under variable-amplitude fatigue loading can be predicted. The result is more precise than Miner's rule.
(3) The experimental results show good relationship between residual tensile or compressive strength and residual secant elastic modulus. The residual secant elastic modulus declines with the residual strength in the structure under fatigue loading. Under fatigue loading the residual secant elastic modulus decreases linearly with logarithm of number of cycles.
(4) The damage variable based on normalized maximum strain in vertical direction is introduced into the analysis of the fatigue damage for concrete. The damage variable has a specific physical meaning and is fathomable. The damage and the residual strength have the similar evolution rule. The damage in concrete results in deterioration of residual strength.
(1)进行了变截面棱柱体和立方体混凝土试件的疲劳剩余抗拉强度试验。试验结果表明，用先对试件疲劳一定次数，再侧定其静载强度的方法，能够较好的揭示混凝土疲劳剩余强度的衰减规律。由根据试验结果绘出的P-R-N曲线(其中P为失效概率，R为剩余强度，N为疲劳次数)可以看出，混凝土剩余强度的衰减有着很明显的“突然死亡”的特点。
(2)利用可靠性理论对混凝土疲劳过程中的剩余强度进行研究，得到了混凝土抗压和抗拉疲劳的P-R-N曲线。P-R-N曲线能在表示出剩余强度衰减的同时给出相应的保证率。基于实效概率P=0.50时的P-R-N曲线可以对混凝土多级变幅疲劳剩余寿命进行预测，预测结果的精度好于Miner准则。
(3)无论是混凝土的抗压割线模量还是抗拉割线模量都随着疲劳次数的增加而衰减，剩余割线模量与疲劳次数之间符合半对数关系，而剩余割线模量与剩余强度的平方根之间有较好的线性关系。
(4)利用疲劳过程中试件的最大应变定义的损伤变量，物理意义明确，测量方便。损伤变量和抗压剩余强度、抗拉剩余强度之间有很好的线性关系，而剩余强度衰减规律与损伤发展规律十分相似，这表明剩余强度的衰减是由于混凝土内部的损伤引起的。
(5)进行了定侧压下混凝土双轴抗压疲劳剩余强度试验，综合单轴及一向有侧压混凝土抗压疲劳剩余强度试验结果，提出了同时考虑侧压应力比和疲劳荷载最大应力水平的统一公式。将公式用于对混凝土疲劳剩余寿命的预测，预测结果较为准确。
(6)在大量的混凝土单轴、双轴和三轴抗压及抗拉压疲劳试验数据的基础上，绘出了综合考虑侧压应力水平的统一S-N曲线；以S-N曲线为基础可以计算混凝土多轴受压疲劳强度，对规范给出的疲劳强度折减系数进行了修正。以水泥混凝土路面和混凝土海洋平台腿柱设计过程中的疲劳验算为例，将混凝土多轴变幅疲劳破坏准则用于实际工程的计算中，效果良好。
Many reinforced and prestressed concrete structures are widely used. These civil engineering structures may be subjected to fatigue loading. It is widely concerned in fatigue of concrete structures. Concrete in such structures works in the complex states. Attenuation of residual strength is the first cause of the failure of concrete structure under fatigue loading. Literature on the experiments and the theories of residual strength of concrete under fatigue loadings is extremely scarce, which is the drawback on the design and analysis of these structures. So the study of residual strength is necessary. The thesis is also an important part of the project of National Natural Science Foundation-Failure criterion of concrete under multi-axial variable-amplitude fatigue loading (No. 50078010), the main contents are summarized as follows:
(1) An experimental research program is carried out with the aim of investigating the residual strength of concrete under fatigue compression and tension. The experimentation method designed by the paper could research the attenuation rule of residual strength. When the specimens are on the verge of failure, the residual strength decreases immediately, the "Sudden Death" is seen distinctly.
(2) The probabilistic distribution of the fatigue residual tensile and compressive strength is found out, the P-R-N ( P for probability of failure, R for residual strength, N for number of cycles) curves are obtained based on test data with reliability. Based on the P-R-N curves for P = 0.50 , the residual fatigue life of plain concrete under variable-amplitude fatigue loading can be predicted. The result is more precise than Miner's rule.
(3) The experimental results show good relationship between residual tensile or compressive strength and residual secant elastic modulus. The residual secant elastic modulus declines with the residual strength in the structure under fatigue loading. Under fatigue loading the residual secant elastic modulus decreases linearly with logarithm of number of cycles.
(4) The damage variable based on normalized maximum strain in vertical direction is introduced into the analysis of the fatigue damage for concrete. The damage variable has a specific physical meaning and is fathomable. The damage and the residual strength have the similar evolution rule. The damage in concrete results in deterioration of residual strength.
引文
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