扬子陆块南缘（桂北地区）前泥盆纪构造演化的运动学和动力学研究
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摘要
与扬子陆块南缘东段的浙、皖、赣、湘地区相比,扬子陆块南缘西段桂北地区前泥盆纪地壳演化研究相对薄弱,特别是在元古代-早古生代地层和岩浆岩构造变形的几何学、运动学、动力学及年代学研究方面尤显薄弱。本文在大量的野外地质工作和丰富的第一手资料的基础上,运用现代构造解析、显微构造学、岩石学、岩石地球化学、构造地球化学、古地磁学、构造年代学、大地构造学、GIS(地理信息系统)、GPS(全球定位系统)及RS(遥感)等方法和手段,研究了桂北地区前泥盆纪地层变形构造、元古代-早古生代花岗岩岩类和镁铁质-超镁铁质岩类中韧性剪切带的几何学和运动学、韧性剪切带中糜棱岩的矿物成分和显微构造特征、岩浆岩和沉积地层的岩石地球化学和大地构造环境、前泥盆纪地层的古地磁特征、前泥盆纪地壳演化的年代学和动力学背景等内容,取得了以下主要成果:
1.首次在新元古代丹洲群中发现了普遍存在的“褶叠层”构造,在龙胜马海地区、融水四荣和安太地区、罗城宝坛地区最为典型。“褶叠层”构造由不同尺度的顺层掩卧褶皱、顺层劈理、粘滞型石香肠、构造透镜体、同构造分泌脉、顺层韧性剪切带等组成。以褶叠层构造为特征的顺层固态流变构造群落反映了地壳中深层次伸展环境下的顺层剪切作用,可能是雪峰运动在桂北地区的特殊表现形式,雪峰运动不是以往认为的挤压机制下的地壳收缩增厚过程,而是伸展体制下的地壳减薄过程。
2.首次在中元古代本洞花岗闪长岩体、新元古代摩天岭和元宝山花岗岩体、加里东期越城岭花岗岩体中发现并厘定了大规模的伸展型韧性剪切带。主体韧性剪切带为高绿片岩相条件下形成的糜棱片麻岩带,糜棱面理走向为NNE向,倾向NWW,倾角40～80°;拉伸线理向SWW或NWW倾伏;根据S-C面理构造、不对称长石残斑眼球体、不对称石英残斑眼球体等剪切指向标志判断,韧性剪切带运动学主要为正滑剪切。本洞、摩天岭和元宝山韧性剪切带内糜棱岩中新生云母类矿物的~(40)Ar/~(39)Ar法坪年龄分别为404.3±6.2Ma、425.67±0.9Ma、324.82±0.58Ma,为加里东晚造山期-后造山阶段。
3.首次在桂北地区元古代变镁铁质-超镁铁质岩体中发现韧性剪切带和镁铁质-超镁铁质糜棱岩。主要韧性剪切带的走向为NNE向,与桂北地区加里东期构造线一致。九万大山地区镁铁质-超镁铁质糜棱岩糜棱面理缓倾,倾角小于40°,倾伏角小于35°,运动学性质为正滑剪
Pre-Devonian crust evolution in North Guangxi at the west part of south margin of Yangtze block is less studied than in Zhejiang, Anhui, Jiangxi and Hunan at the east part. Especially, the geometry, kinematics, dynamics and chronology of Proterozoic-Early Paleozoic strata and igneous rocks are under-explored. On the basis of hard field work and abundant first-hand data, the deformation structures of Pre-Devonian strata, the geometry and kinematics of ductile shear zones in Proterozoic-Early Paleozoic granites and mafic-ultramafic rocks, mineralogy and microstructures of mylonites in the ductile shear zones, geochemical characteristics and tectonic environments of Pre-Devonian strata and igneous rocks, paleo-magnetic properties of Pre-Devonian strata, chronology and dynamics of Pre-Devonian crust evolution are extensively studied by using techniques such as modern structure analysis, microstructures, petrology, petrological geochemistry, structural geochemistry, paleo-magnetics, tectonic chronology, tectonics, Geographic information system(GIS), Global positioning system(GPS) and Remote sensing(RS). Achievements are made as follows:1. "Folding layers" are first widely discovered in Neoproterozoic Danzhou Group at Mahai of Longsheng, Sirong and Antai of Rongshui, Baotan of Luocheng. The "folding layers" are bedding solid rheological structures, which are composed of bedding recumbent folds, bedding cleavages, viscous boudins, lens-like structures, syn-tectonic secretion veins and bedding ductile shear zones. The bedding solid rheological structure, which indicates bedding shearing under extensional circumstance at middle-deep crust, is likely to be a special structure formed by Xuefeng orogeny in North Guangxi. The Xuefeng orogeny, a crust thinning process under extensional environment, may not be a crust thickening process under compressional environment as previously suggested.2. Large scale extensional ductile shear zones are first discovered and identified in Middle-proterozoic Bendong granodiorites, Neoproterozoic Motianling and Yuanbaoshan granites and Caledonian Yuechengling granites. Major ductile shear zones host mylonitic gneisses, which develop foliations striking to NNE and dipping to NWW at dip angle from 40° to 80° , stretching lineations plunging to SWW or NWW. Shear sense
indicators, including S-C fabric, unsymmetrical feldspar and quartz phenocryst augens, indicate a normal ductile shearing. The 40Ar/39Ar ages of new micas in mylonites of Bendong, Motianling and Yuanbaoshan ductile shear zones are 404.3+ 6.2Ma, 425.67±0.91V^ 324.82±0.58Ma, respectively, which is from late Caledonian to post- Caledonian.3. Ductile shear zones and mafic-ultramafic mylonites are first discovered in Proterozoic altered mafic-ultramafic igneous rocks in North Guangxi. The major ductile shear zones, striking to NNE, are parallel to Caledonian structural trends. In Jiuwandashan area, mafic-ultramafic mylonites, with foliations gentle dipping at less than 40° and stretching lineations plunging at less than 35° , indicate a normal shearing. The 40Ar/39Ar age of actinolite in ultramafic mylonite is 339±36.4Ma, which demonstrates that it might be related to post-Caledonian extension. Mafic-ultramafic mylonites, with foliations steeply dipping at 50-80° , show a thrust shearing in Longsheng. They might be related to near W-E compression during Caledonian orogeny.4. Geochemical studies show that mafic-ultramafic igneous rocks in Jiuwandashan terrene are volcanic arc calc-alkaline basalts, which are generated by magmatism along convergent plate margin, not mantle plume. Mafic-ultramafic igneous rocks in Longsheng terrene are characterized by magmatic arc, MORB and in-plate basalt, which reflects a complicated tectonic environment. Two types of granites, biotite granites and granodiorite granites, are formed in different tectonic environment in Jiuwandashan terrene. Biotite granites are from syn-collision to post-orogenic granites, while granodiorites are mainly volcanic arc granites. Sandstone of Sibao group reflects an active continental margin and sandstone of Danzhou group reflects a transforming continental margin from active to passive in Jiuwandashan terrene, while sandstone of Danzhou group reflects an active continental margin in Longsheng terrene.5. Paleomagnetic analyses show that paleomagnetic pole of Sibao group in Yangmeiao area was located at Vlat=49.4, Vlong= 127.0, Plat=13.6. Paleomagnetic pole of Sibao group in Xingdongkou area was located at Vlat=48.1, Vlong=109.6, Plat=16.6. Sibao fracture was unlikely to be a collision zone between two plates or blocks because two blocks at each side of Sibao fracture were not significantly split and displaced. Paleomagnetic pole of Danzhou group in Sirong area was located at
Vlat=57.1, Vlong=354.4, Plat=9.0. Paleomagnetic pole of Danzhou group in Piaoli area was located at Vlat=18.2, Vlong=28.8, Plat=15.6. Sanjiang fracture was likely to be a collision zone between Jiuwandashan and Longsheng terrene because the two blocks were located in separate terrenes. Paleomagnetic pole of Cambrian system in Shoucheng area was located at Vlat=-70.9, Vlong=114.0, Plat=-6.1. Paleomagnetic pole of Cambrian system in Laochang area was located at Vlat—64.8, Vlong=168.2, Plat=-10.1. Paleomagnetic pole of Cambrian system in Jinxiu area was located at Vlat=-42.2, Vlong=157.0, Plat=10.8. Lipu fracture was likely to be a collision zone between Yangtze and Cathaysia plate because Jinxiu block at the south side of Lipu fracture was displaced 2000km to north and rotated 11° anti-clockwise from Laochang block at the north side of Lipu fracture.6. Axial planes of Caledonian folds are generally dipping to NWW at high or vertical dip angle and hinges trending NNE at low or horizontal plunging angle in North Guangxi, which shows that the Caledonian folds were formed under NWW-SEE compressional environment. From late Caledonian to post-Caledonian extensional stage, thickened crust was the most important dynamic constraints on extensional tectonics. Large-scale extensional ductile shear zones were controlled by gravitational collapse mechanism.
1.首次在新元古代丹洲群中发现了普遍存在的“褶叠层”构造,在龙胜马海地区、融水四荣和安太地区、罗城宝坛地区最为典型。“褶叠层”构造由不同尺度的顺层掩卧褶皱、顺层劈理、粘滞型石香肠、构造透镜体、同构造分泌脉、顺层韧性剪切带等组成。以褶叠层构造为特征的顺层固态流变构造群落反映了地壳中深层次伸展环境下的顺层剪切作用,可能是雪峰运动在桂北地区的特殊表现形式,雪峰运动不是以往认为的挤压机制下的地壳收缩增厚过程,而是伸展体制下的地壳减薄过程。
2.首次在中元古代本洞花岗闪长岩体、新元古代摩天岭和元宝山花岗岩体、加里东期越城岭花岗岩体中发现并厘定了大规模的伸展型韧性剪切带。主体韧性剪切带为高绿片岩相条件下形成的糜棱片麻岩带,糜棱面理走向为NNE向,倾向NWW,倾角40～80°;拉伸线理向SWW或NWW倾伏;根据S-C面理构造、不对称长石残斑眼球体、不对称石英残斑眼球体等剪切指向标志判断,韧性剪切带运动学主要为正滑剪切。本洞、摩天岭和元宝山韧性剪切带内糜棱岩中新生云母类矿物的~(40)Ar/~(39)Ar法坪年龄分别为404.3±6.2Ma、425.67±0.9Ma、324.82±0.58Ma,为加里东晚造山期-后造山阶段。
3.首次在桂北地区元古代变镁铁质-超镁铁质岩体中发现韧性剪切带和镁铁质-超镁铁质糜棱岩。主要韧性剪切带的走向为NNE向,与桂北地区加里东期构造线一致。九万大山地区镁铁质-超镁铁质糜棱岩糜棱面理缓倾,倾角小于40°,倾伏角小于35°,运动学性质为正滑剪
Pre-Devonian crust evolution in North Guangxi at the west part of south margin of Yangtze block is less studied than in Zhejiang, Anhui, Jiangxi and Hunan at the east part. Especially, the geometry, kinematics, dynamics and chronology of Proterozoic-Early Paleozoic strata and igneous rocks are under-explored. On the basis of hard field work and abundant first-hand data, the deformation structures of Pre-Devonian strata, the geometry and kinematics of ductile shear zones in Proterozoic-Early Paleozoic granites and mafic-ultramafic rocks, mineralogy and microstructures of mylonites in the ductile shear zones, geochemical characteristics and tectonic environments of Pre-Devonian strata and igneous rocks, paleo-magnetic properties of Pre-Devonian strata, chronology and dynamics of Pre-Devonian crust evolution are extensively studied by using techniques such as modern structure analysis, microstructures, petrology, petrological geochemistry, structural geochemistry, paleo-magnetics, tectonic chronology, tectonics, Geographic information system(GIS), Global positioning system(GPS) and Remote sensing(RS). Achievements are made as follows:1. "Folding layers" are first widely discovered in Neoproterozoic Danzhou Group at Mahai of Longsheng, Sirong and Antai of Rongshui, Baotan of Luocheng. The "folding layers" are bedding solid rheological structures, which are composed of bedding recumbent folds, bedding cleavages, viscous boudins, lens-like structures, syn-tectonic secretion veins and bedding ductile shear zones. The bedding solid rheological structure, which indicates bedding shearing under extensional circumstance at middle-deep crust, is likely to be a special structure formed by Xuefeng orogeny in North Guangxi. The Xuefeng orogeny, a crust thinning process under extensional environment, may not be a crust thickening process under compressional environment as previously suggested.2. Large scale extensional ductile shear zones are first discovered and identified in Middle-proterozoic Bendong granodiorites, Neoproterozoic Motianling and Yuanbaoshan granites and Caledonian Yuechengling granites. Major ductile shear zones host mylonitic gneisses, which develop foliations striking to NNE and dipping to NWW at dip angle from 40° to 80° , stretching lineations plunging to SWW or NWW. Shear sense
indicators, including S-C fabric, unsymmetrical feldspar and quartz phenocryst augens, indicate a normal ductile shearing. The 40Ar/39Ar ages of new micas in mylonites of Bendong, Motianling and Yuanbaoshan ductile shear zones are 404.3+ 6.2Ma, 425.67±0.91V^ 324.82±0.58Ma, respectively, which is from late Caledonian to post- Caledonian.3. Ductile shear zones and mafic-ultramafic mylonites are first discovered in Proterozoic altered mafic-ultramafic igneous rocks in North Guangxi. The major ductile shear zones, striking to NNE, are parallel to Caledonian structural trends. In Jiuwandashan area, mafic-ultramafic mylonites, with foliations gentle dipping at less than 40° and stretching lineations plunging at less than 35° , indicate a normal shearing. The 40Ar/39Ar age of actinolite in ultramafic mylonite is 339±36.4Ma, which demonstrates that it might be related to post-Caledonian extension. Mafic-ultramafic mylonites, with foliations steeply dipping at 50-80° , show a thrust shearing in Longsheng. They might be related to near W-E compression during Caledonian orogeny.4. Geochemical studies show that mafic-ultramafic igneous rocks in Jiuwandashan terrene are volcanic arc calc-alkaline basalts, which are generated by magmatism along convergent plate margin, not mantle plume. Mafic-ultramafic igneous rocks in Longsheng terrene are characterized by magmatic arc, MORB and in-plate basalt, which reflects a complicated tectonic environment. Two types of granites, biotite granites and granodiorite granites, are formed in different tectonic environment in Jiuwandashan terrene. Biotite granites are from syn-collision to post-orogenic granites, while granodiorites are mainly volcanic arc granites. Sandstone of Sibao group reflects an active continental margin and sandstone of Danzhou group reflects a transforming continental margin from active to passive in Jiuwandashan terrene, while sandstone of Danzhou group reflects an active continental margin in Longsheng terrene.5. Paleomagnetic analyses show that paleomagnetic pole of Sibao group in Yangmeiao area was located at Vlat=49.4, Vlong= 127.0, Plat=13.6. Paleomagnetic pole of Sibao group in Xingdongkou area was located at Vlat=48.1, Vlong=109.6, Plat=16.6. Sibao fracture was unlikely to be a collision zone between two plates or blocks because two blocks at each side of Sibao fracture were not significantly split and displaced. Paleomagnetic pole of Danzhou group in Sirong area was located at
Vlat=57.1, Vlong=354.4, Plat=9.0. Paleomagnetic pole of Danzhou group in Piaoli area was located at Vlat=18.2, Vlong=28.8, Plat=15.6. Sanjiang fracture was likely to be a collision zone between Jiuwandashan and Longsheng terrene because the two blocks were located in separate terrenes. Paleomagnetic pole of Cambrian system in Shoucheng area was located at Vlat=-70.9, Vlong=114.0, Plat=-6.1. Paleomagnetic pole of Cambrian system in Laochang area was located at Vlat—64.8, Vlong=168.2, Plat=-10.1. Paleomagnetic pole of Cambrian system in Jinxiu area was located at Vlat=-42.2, Vlong=157.0, Plat=10.8. Lipu fracture was likely to be a collision zone between Yangtze and Cathaysia plate because Jinxiu block at the south side of Lipu fracture was displaced 2000km to north and rotated 11° anti-clockwise from Laochang block at the north side of Lipu fracture.6. Axial planes of Caledonian folds are generally dipping to NWW at high or vertical dip angle and hinges trending NNE at low or horizontal plunging angle in North Guangxi, which shows that the Caledonian folds were formed under NWW-SEE compressional environment. From late Caledonian to post-Caledonian extensional stage, thickened crust was the most important dynamic constraints on extensional tectonics. Large-scale extensional ductile shear zones were controlled by gravitational collapse mechanism.
引文
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