塔里木盆地志留—泥盆系碎屑岩储层特征研究
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摘要
塔里木盆地面积约 56 万 km~2,是我国最大的含油气盆地,油气资源十分丰富,志留-泥盆系碎屑岩储层是塔里木盆地重要的勘探领域和层系之一,自1991年开始钻探以来取得了显著的勘探成果。但志留-泥盆系多为岩性、地层或构造-岩性等隐蔽油气藏,勘探难度很大,因此深入研究其储层特征具有重要意义。
本文运用油气沉积学、储层地质学、矿物岩石学、地球化学以及储层评价等理论和方法技术,对塔里木盆地志留-泥盆系碎屑岩储层的岩石学特征、砂体成因类型及分布、成岩作用类型、孔隙类型及演化、物性特征及其影响因素等进行了深入的研究,取得了以下主要成果:
(1)泥盆系储层岩性以中、细粒石英砂岩和岩屑石英砂岩为主,少量岩屑砂岩,砂体类型主要有滨岸、潮坪和河口湾相,其中前滨和临滨砂体比较有利;志留系储层岩性主要为细粒、极细粒岩屑砂岩,少量岩屑石英砂岩和长石岩屑砂岩,砂体类型主要有滨岸、潮坪、浅海陆棚和辫状河三角洲相,其中前滨、临滨和陆棚砂体好于潮坪砂体,局部发育的辫状河三角洲前缘水下分流河道砂体也比较有利。
(2)泥盆系储层压实作用中等,局部地区较弱,粒度较粗较纯净的滨岸石英砂岩抗压实能力强,硅质或粘土矿物胶结作用抑制了其他成岩作用的进行,保留了一定量的剩余原生孔隙,物性较好;碳酸盐胶结物类型与成岩阶段和储层性质关系密切,即早期碳酸盐胶结物主要见于粒度较细的砂岩,含量高,储层物性较差,晚期碳酸盐胶结物主要见于粒度较粗的砂岩中,含量很低,储层物性相对较好。总体反映了沉积相对泥盆系储层的控制更为明显。志留系储层压实作用相对较强,使原生孔隙大量减少;较纯净的滨岸石英砂岩由于硅质胶结发育,物性变差;而浅海陆棚等砂岩因含有一定量的易溶组分经溶解作用产生次生孔隙,储层可得以改善。即志留系储层主要受成岩作用的控制,溶解作用强度是储层发育的关键因素。
(3)将塔里木志留-泥盆系储层划分为六种成岩相类型,泥盆系储层有利的成岩相是粘土环边胶结成岩相和石英次生加大成岩相;志留系储层有利的成
The Tarim Basin is the largest petroliferous basin in China, with an area ofmore than 560,000 km2. The Silurian and Devonian clastic reservoir is one of thekey stratum series in the Basin. Since 1991, great achievements have been obtainedfrom well drilling and exploration. However, the large majority of the traps here aresubtle such as lithologic, stratigraphic and structural-lithologic, which makes itdifficult for the exploration. Therefore, it is necessary to make research into Silurianand Devonian reservoir characteristics.
Based on the theories and technologies of sedimentology, reservoir geology,petrology, geochemistry and reservoir evaluation, researches are carried out onseveral aspects such as reservoir petrologic characteristics, reservoir sandbodygenesis types and distribution characteristics, diagenesis type, reservoir pore typesand evolution, physical property characteristics and its controlling factors. Theresults are as follows:
(1) Devonian reservoir is mainly composed of mesograin or fine grain quartzarenite and lithic quartz arenite, with small ammount of litharenite. The main facieshere are shoreline, tidal flat and estuary. Among those facies, the foreshore andshoreface in the shoreline are favorable reservoirs. In the Silurian, the fine-grainedand very fine-grained litharenite and lithic quartz arenite constitute the reservoirs.The main facies are shoreline, tidal flat, shallow-marine shelf and braided river delta.The foreshore and shoreface in the shoreline and shallow-marine shelf are better thantidal flat facies as reservoirs. The sandstone in the distributary channel of the deltafront is also good as reservoirs.
(2) In the Devonian, compaction is moderate in most areas. The residual primaryporosity is dominant. Quartz arenites constitute good reservoirs because of quartzovergrowth or clay rims. Carbonate cementation have had a significant impact onreservoir quality. In the Silurian, compaction becomes relatively strong. The
dominant porosity is secondary dissolved porosity which is controlled by theintensity of the dissolving process.(3) Silurian and Devonian reservoirs of Tarim basin are divided into 6 types ofdiagenetic facies. In the Devonian, the clay girdle cementation and quartzovergrowth diagenetic facies are favorable. In the Silurian, the favorable diageneticfacies are the unstable component's dissolution and pyrite cementation. Favorablereservoir belts are predicted by combining the sedimentary facies with thecorrelation research between the diagenetic facies and electrofacies.
本文运用油气沉积学、储层地质学、矿物岩石学、地球化学以及储层评价等理论和方法技术,对塔里木盆地志留-泥盆系碎屑岩储层的岩石学特征、砂体成因类型及分布、成岩作用类型、孔隙类型及演化、物性特征及其影响因素等进行了深入的研究,取得了以下主要成果:
(1)泥盆系储层岩性以中、细粒石英砂岩和岩屑石英砂岩为主,少量岩屑砂岩,砂体类型主要有滨岸、潮坪和河口湾相,其中前滨和临滨砂体比较有利;志留系储层岩性主要为细粒、极细粒岩屑砂岩,少量岩屑石英砂岩和长石岩屑砂岩,砂体类型主要有滨岸、潮坪、浅海陆棚和辫状河三角洲相,其中前滨、临滨和陆棚砂体好于潮坪砂体,局部发育的辫状河三角洲前缘水下分流河道砂体也比较有利。
(2)泥盆系储层压实作用中等,局部地区较弱,粒度较粗较纯净的滨岸石英砂岩抗压实能力强,硅质或粘土矿物胶结作用抑制了其他成岩作用的进行,保留了一定量的剩余原生孔隙,物性较好;碳酸盐胶结物类型与成岩阶段和储层性质关系密切,即早期碳酸盐胶结物主要见于粒度较细的砂岩,含量高,储层物性较差,晚期碳酸盐胶结物主要见于粒度较粗的砂岩中,含量很低,储层物性相对较好。总体反映了沉积相对泥盆系储层的控制更为明显。志留系储层压实作用相对较强,使原生孔隙大量减少;较纯净的滨岸石英砂岩由于硅质胶结发育,物性变差;而浅海陆棚等砂岩因含有一定量的易溶组分经溶解作用产生次生孔隙,储层可得以改善。即志留系储层主要受成岩作用的控制,溶解作用强度是储层发育的关键因素。
(3)将塔里木志留-泥盆系储层划分为六种成岩相类型,泥盆系储层有利的成岩相是粘土环边胶结成岩相和石英次生加大成岩相;志留系储层有利的成
The Tarim Basin is the largest petroliferous basin in China, with an area ofmore than 560,000 km2. The Silurian and Devonian clastic reservoir is one of thekey stratum series in the Basin. Since 1991, great achievements have been obtainedfrom well drilling and exploration. However, the large majority of the traps here aresubtle such as lithologic, stratigraphic and structural-lithologic, which makes itdifficult for the exploration. Therefore, it is necessary to make research into Silurianand Devonian reservoir characteristics.
Based on the theories and technologies of sedimentology, reservoir geology,petrology, geochemistry and reservoir evaluation, researches are carried out onseveral aspects such as reservoir petrologic characteristics, reservoir sandbodygenesis types and distribution characteristics, diagenesis type, reservoir pore typesand evolution, physical property characteristics and its controlling factors. Theresults are as follows:
(1) Devonian reservoir is mainly composed of mesograin or fine grain quartzarenite and lithic quartz arenite, with small ammount of litharenite. The main facieshere are shoreline, tidal flat and estuary. Among those facies, the foreshore andshoreface in the shoreline are favorable reservoirs. In the Silurian, the fine-grainedand very fine-grained litharenite and lithic quartz arenite constitute the reservoirs.The main facies are shoreline, tidal flat, shallow-marine shelf and braided river delta.The foreshore and shoreface in the shoreline and shallow-marine shelf are better thantidal flat facies as reservoirs. The sandstone in the distributary channel of the deltafront is also good as reservoirs.
(2) In the Devonian, compaction is moderate in most areas. The residual primaryporosity is dominant. Quartz arenites constitute good reservoirs because of quartzovergrowth or clay rims. Carbonate cementation have had a significant impact onreservoir quality. In the Silurian, compaction becomes relatively strong. The
dominant porosity is secondary dissolved porosity which is controlled by theintensity of the dissolving process.(3) Silurian and Devonian reservoirs of Tarim basin are divided into 6 types ofdiagenetic facies. In the Devonian, the clay girdle cementation and quartzovergrowth diagenetic facies are favorable. In the Silurian, the favorable diageneticfacies are the unstable component's dissolution and pyrite cementation. Favorablereservoir belts are predicted by combining the sedimentary facies with thecorrelation research between the diagenetic facies and electrofacies.
引文
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